Earticle

사회적 기본권은 개인이 자유를 행사하기 위하여 필요한 조건을 보장하여야 하며, 따라서 헌법의 전체적인 구도 속에서 실현된다. 이 논문에서는 사회적 기본권의 논의구조와 관련하여 다음과 같은 세 가지 주제를 다루었다. 첫째, 사회적 기본권은 실현의 목표와 방향이 제시되어 있을 뿐 실체적인 내용이 구체적으로 헌법에서 도출되지는 않는다. 이에 한편 연역적으로는 다른 기본권 및 헌법원리와의 관계, 그리고 다른 한편 귀납적으로는 사회경제적 현실 및 국민의식의 성숙과 상호작용하면서 그 내용이 형성되어야 한다. 둘째, 사회적 기본권이 이와 같이 개방적인 성격을 갖기 때문에 정치과정에서 구체화되고 실현된다. 일반 정치적 판단과 사회적 기본권을 중심으로 이루어지는 판단은 어느 정도 괴리를 보인다. 민주주의의 역사에서 국민에 의한 의사결정과 국민을 위한 의사결정의 긴장관계는 항상 존재하고, 또 이를 경험하였다. 따라서 사회적 기본권의 실현이 정치과정에 유보되어 있다는 점을 수용할 수밖에 없지만, 정치과정을 사회적 기본권의 관점에서 점검할 수 있어야 한다. 사회적 기본권의 수범자, 실현과정에 참여하는 당사자, 해당 사항에 대한 전문가들이 균형있게 대표되는 제도와 조직, 그리고 제도와 조직의 기능에 참여하는 절차를 충실히 보장하는 방법론에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 셋째, 이 글에서는 본격적으로 다루지는 않았지만 사회적 기본권이 자유의 실현조건을 ‘안정적’으로 보장하기 위해서는 기존의 규범체계를 존중하여야 할 헌법적 필연성은 없지만, 체계를 일탈하는 입법적 결정을 정당화하는 이유가 제시되어야 한다.

The social basic rights should guarantee the conditions essential to exercise the freedoms, so that they are realized in the whole context of the constitutional law. This article deals with three points concerning the social basic rights and their dimension of realization. First, the constitutionals law indicates some goals without presenting the concrete substantial contents of the norms. For this reason the social basic rights should be formed deductibly in the intercourse with the basic rights as well as principles, on the one hand, and inductibly with the socioeconomic circumstances as well as the consciousness of the people about them. Second, as the social basic rights are of such an open character that they are realized in the political process. It is more or less unavoidable that the decision of the general politics and the decision from the perspective of the social basic rights show some deference. Such a phenomena were generally experienced in the long history of the democracy. The social basic rights, however, have to examine the political process from their own perspectives. The addressee of the social basic rights, other concerned parties and experts, institutions and organizations, procedure ect. should be contemplated to contribute to the realization of them. Third, In order to stably realize the conditions essential to exercise the freedoms, the legitimate reason should be presented, if the political decisions concerning the social basic rights deviate from the existing regime.

The isokinetic interactive line protocol (ILP) appears to enhance neuro-muscular function and may reduce posttraumatic stress and anxiety. However, the reliability of the protocol has not been investigated, nor has it been analyzed in relation to psychological states. A total of 165 participants took part in this study, with ages ranging from 21 to 24 years. The gender distribution was 68.4% male and 31.6% female. There was no significant difference in injury duration between males and females (z=-0.922, P=0.357). The intrarater reliability of the ILP, as indicated by the intraclass correlation coefficient, was high for both concentric and eccentric contractions of the quadriceps (ranging from 0.891 to 0.980). Likewise, the interrater reliability for these contractions was also high (range, 0.873–0.943). Additionally, during the ILP, there was a significant reduction in posttraumatic stress (t=9.795, P<0.001) and anxiety (t=5.965, P<0.001) related to knee reinjury after 2 weeks. Ultimately, the isokinetic game ILP demonstrates high intra- and interrater reliabilities and can be concluded to effectively reduce posttraumatic stress and anxiety when incorporated into retesting.

본 글은 사회적 경제가 수행하는 복지기능에 초점을 두어 그것이 복지국가의 대안이 되는지의 여부를 검토하는 탐색적인 연구이다. 사회적 경제의 복지기능실현은 복지국가이론을 준거 틀로 하고 양 이론을 비교하여 공통점과 차이점을 찾고 그에 근거한 대안 여부를 검토하였다. 비교를 위한 공통변수로는 등장배경, 범위, 추구하는 가치, 복지실현방법, 복지서비스전달체계로 선정했다. 분석결과 결론적으로 얻을 수 있는 것은 사회적 경제가 복지국가와 같은 일부의 복지기능을 수행 하지만 그것의 대안이라기보다 자본주의 실패를 보완하는 또 다른 기제라는 점이다. 사회적 경제 가 자본주의나 복지국가의 실패를 극복하는 대안이 되려면 틈새적인 역할이 아닌 주류적인 복지 기능의 실현을 위한 활동이 가능해야 한다. 그것은 또한 자본주의 시장원리 속에서 복지실현을 위한 실질적인 영역 설정과 효율적인 실현방법, 그리고 적실한 제도선택 등에 대한 체계적인 탐 색이 보다 심도 이루어져야 할 것이다.

This study searches the welfare function of social economy and examines whether it can be the alternative of welfare state or not. To do this, the welfare state was set as reference frame for comparing both theories in terms of welfare functions and tried to find out the similarities and differences of them and also examined the identities of the social economy substituting for the welfare state. The common variables for comparison were selected as background, scope, value to pursue, welfare realization method, and welfare service delivery system. The result of analysis is as follow: the social economy performs some welfare functions such as welfare state, but it is another mechanism to complement capitalist failure rather than its alternative. In order for the social economy to be an alternative to overcome the failures of capitalism and the welfare state, it should be possible to carry out activities for the realization of mainstream welfare functions rather than a niche role. it is also necessary to systematically search for the actual scope of the welfare realization, the way of efficient realization, and relevant institution choice in the capitalist market principle.

법치국가에 있어 국민의 자유와 권리의 보장을 위해서 법은 당연히 명문규정으로 보호받아야 한다. 하지만 명문규정의 미비로 보호받지 못하는 국민의 자유와 권리를 법체계 안으로 넣어서 법규정의 정립과 해석을 통하여 그 보장을 실현하여야 한다. 이는 법치국가의 원리는 현재뿐아니라 미래의 국민의 자유와 권리를 보장해 주는 기능도 가지고 있게 한다. 법치국가의 기능은 법률에 의한 통치기능과 국민의 자유와 권리를 보장하기 위한 법률에 의한 기본권보장기능이 있는데, 여기서 통치기능이 강화되면 국민의 기본권을 침해받을 수 밖에 없고, 이렇게 되면 국민은 법을 불신하게 될 것이다. 그렇기에 국민의 기본권 보장을 강화하여 법치국가의 기능이 조화를 이루었을 때 법치국가의 가 이상적으로 실현될 것이다. 본 논문에서는 법치국가의 과거, 현재 및 미래의 관점에서 먼저 법치국가의 역사적 전개에 대하여 고찰하여 그 성립의 기초에 대하여 살펴본 후 현재의 관한 법치국가의 규범적 내용인 권력분립주의와 기본권보장과 과잉금지의 원칙, 국가기관의 법규속성, 법률에 의한 행정, 법률의 명확성의 원칙, 신뢰보호의 원칙, 사법적 구제에 관하여 정리하고 미래의 요청으로서 법치국가의 기능변화에 따른 미래에 국민의 자유와 보장을 더 강조하기 위한 새로운 권리의 대두에 대하여 살펴보았다.

The law ought to be protected with clearly stated regulations so that peoples’ freedom and rights can be secured. However, people’s freedom and rights unprotected due to poorly stated regulations have to be guaranteed by being put into the law system through the establishment and interpretation of laws and regulations. And it put more emphasis on guaranteeing people’s freedom and rights for the future to the law-governed state’s modern requests and strengthened functions of a law-governed state. In a law-governed state’s functions are government by law to govern people and guarantee of their basic rights by law to protect their freedom and rights, to which if its governing function is strengthened, people’s basic rights can’t help being intruded upon, in which case people will not trust the law. For this reason, the basics of a law-governed state will be correctly erected only when the functions of a law-governed state are in harmony by strengthening the guarantee of people’s basic rights. Principles of a law-governed state guarantees not only peoples’ current freedom and rights but also their future ones. This thesis finds out the historical unfolding of a law-governed state and then arranges its normative contents of balance of power, guarantee of basic rights, excessiveness-banning principle, law attributes of national institutes, administration by law, principle of legal clearance, principle of trust protection and judicial relief.

본 연구는 절차 공정성과 상호작용 공정성이 채용결과에 따라 개인의 자아존중감에 미치는 효과를 살펴보는 것이었다. 이를 위해 신입사원 선발 상황에서 모의 취업 시험 과제를 사용하여 절차 공정성 및 상호작용 공정성 정도를 실험적으로 조작하였다. 이 실험에서 2(절차 공정성: 공정/불공정) x 2(상호작용 공정성: 공정/불공정) x 2(채용결과: 선발/탈락) 요인의 실험참가자간 요인설계가 사용되었으며, 종속변인으로 수행에 대한 상태 의존적 자아존중감이 측정되었다. 연구 결과, 선발된 집단의 경우 절차 공정성이 높은 조건의 실험참가자들이 절차 공정성이 낮은 조건의 실험참가자들에 비해 수행 자아존중감이 높게 나타났으며, 탈락된 집단의 경우 절차 공정성이 낮은 조건의 실험참가자들이 공정한 절차 조건의 실험참가자들에 비해 수행 자아존중감이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 상호작용 공정성도 자아존중감에 대해 절차 공정성의 효과와 동일한 결과가 나타났다. 끝으로, 본 연구의 한계점과 조직 차원에서 자아존중감을 고양하기 위한 시사점이 논의되었다.

This research examined the effect of procedural justice and interactional justice on individual self-esteem as a function of selection outcome. The justice factors and selection outcome were manipulated by means of employee selection tests in an experimental context. The experiment was conducted using 2 (procedural justice: just/unjust) x 2 (interactional justice: just/unjust) x 2 (selection outcome: pass/fail) between-participants design, and state-dependent self-esteem was measured as a dependent variable. The results suggest that the self-esteem for those who passed the selection tests was higher in the high justice condition than in the low justice condition, whereas the self-esteem for those who failed the selection tests was higher in the low justice condition than in the high justice condition. Finally, the limitations of this research and implications for enhancing self-esteem in an organization were discussed.

본 연구는 범죄의 사회적 의미가 영화 ‘범죄와의 전쟁: 나쁜 놈들 전성시대(2011)’에서 어떻게 묘사되고 있는 지 근대국가체제 국가가 갖는 국민보호 기능을 중심으로 분석하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 영화에서 국가는 공 권력으로서 하나의 조직 혹은 경찰 개인이 아닌 검사, 안기부 직원 등 다양한 모습으로 등장한다. 체계로서 국 가가 국민보호 기능을 어떻게 수행하고 있는가를 보여주기 위한 좋은 자료를 영화가 제공하고 있는 것이다. 본 연구는 체계로서 국가가 국민보호 기능을 어떻게 수행하고 있는지를 내러티브 분석을 사용하였다. 즉, 등 장인물의 생애사ㆍ사회화 과정으로서 서술, 서술한 생애사ㆍ사회화 과정을 이론적 틀에 근거하여 해석한 분 석적 추출, 해석한 등장인물 간 생애사ㆍ사회화를 비교 분석하며 일반화시켰다. 먼저 등장인물 간 생애사에서 보이는 상호의존성은 검사들 간 승진과 출세를 위한 ‘수단적 의존관계’, 최익현과 검사, 국회의원, 안기부 직원 간 ‘돈과 권력의 의존관계’, 최형배와 최익현, 김판호 간 ‘착취적 의존관계’, 최익현과 조범석 검사 간 ‘협조적 의존관계’를 보인다. 두 번째로 자신이 현재 누리는 혜택이 정당한가에 대하여 성찰하는 의식인 실존적 책임 의식은 연대, 정의 개념에 대한 인식에 따라 달라지는데, 영화 속 등장인물들에게서는 ‘믿을 것은 결국 피붙이 밖에 없다’는 사회적 통념을 확인하는 차원에 그쳐 실존적 책임의식은 발견되지 않는다. 세 번째는 비연대적 행위이다. 영화 속 비연대적 행위로서 범죄는 국가 차원에서 수사원칙 실천보다 검사 간, 선후배 간 이해관계 를 유지하는 수단으로 나타난다. 또한 가족ㆍ혈연관계는 어떤 범죄도 눈감아줄 수 있는 근거가 된다. 결국 영화에서 보여주는 국가의 모습은 두 가지로 요약된다. 첫째, 무기력하고 부패한 모습이다. 둘째, 국가보 다 더 중요한 것은 집안ㆍ문중의 이해관계이다. 이러한 모습의 국가는 심지어 국가와 결탁하지 않은 가해자를 처벌함으로써 피해자 보호가 아닌 가해자 보호 기능을 수행하는 반근대적 체제를 드러내고 있다. 결국 국민보 호 기능을 제대로 수행하지 못하는 국가의 모습이 존재하는 한 거시적 연대 실천은 불가능하다. 또한 국민 부 담을 전제로 한 복지제도의 확대와 발전도 불가능하다. 이런 국가의 모습은 더 이상 1980년대가 아니라 현재 에도 진행될 수 있음을 영화는 암시하고 있다. 본 연구는 한 편의 영화에 등장한 인물 내러티브를 통해 국민보호 기능을 수행하지 못하는 국가 모습을 분석 하였다. 이에 다양한 영화를 통한 국가 모습을 도출하지 못했다는 점에서 한계를 가진다. 그러나 영화 ‘범죄와 의 전쟁’이 470만 명 이상의 관객을 동원한 영향력을 감안한다면 국가에 대한 대중의 인식을 일반화할 수 있는 소재로서 충분히 분석할만한 가치가 있다고 판단한다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze how social meanings of crime are explained focused on the function of civilian protection of modern states system in the movie ‘War against crime: the golden days for bad guys(2011). The state in the movie appears as a public prosecutor, National Security Agency employee, and etc. instead of a organization or police officer of governmental authority. And it shows a good resource how the state of the systems conducts the functions of the civilian protection. This research use narrative analyses to discuss how the state of the systems conducts the functions of the civilian protection. That is, it has three steps as in the following; the description as a course of life historiesㆍsocialization of characters, analytic extraction that interprets the described courses of life historiesㆍsocialization based on the theoretical frames, and comparison, analyzation, and generalization of the interpreted the course of life historiesㆍsocialization of characters. Above all, the interdependence of life histories among characters is ‘instrumental dependency’to be a promotion and success between prosecutors, ‘depencency for money and power’among Choi, ikhyun, prosecutor, a member of the National Assembly, and a National Security Agency employee, ‘cooperative dependency’between Choi, ikhyun and Cho, bumsuk. Secondly, existential sense of responsibility that people introspect whether the enjoying privileges and benefits are reasonable and fair depends on the recognition about the concept of solidarity and justice. However the characters don’t seem to have the existential sense of responsibility, but do the social conventions that the family is the only one that they should believe. Thirdly, it is the solidarity behaviors. The behaviors are regarded as the crime according to the dimension of state because characters prefer the interest between senior-junior relationships among prosecutors rather than the fulfillment of investigation principles. Also, the relationships of family and kinship makes any kinks of crime be innocent. To sum up, the nation is explained to the two phrases. First, it is powerless and corrupt nation. Second, the nation is less important than the interest of family and relatives. What’s worse, the nation reveals the non-modern systems that protect assailants rather than victims through punishment of the assailant who does not conspire with the nation. As long as the nation is not able to conduct the functions of civilian protections, it is impossible to achieve macroscopic solidarity, as well as to expand and develop the welfare systems that is premised national burden. The movie implies that this image of nation can be the present figure even though the background was the 1980s in the movie. This study analyze the phrases of nation that does not function of civilian protection through the narratives of characters in the movie of ‘War against crime: the golden days for bad guys(2011)’. Accordingly, it has limitations in terms of that the images of nation as the systems have not made through a various movies related to crimes. However, this movie can be well worth analyzing as the subject materials that are able to generalize the public awareness toward the nation if it considers the influence that the movie, ‘War against crime: the golden days for bad guys(2011)’ mobilize more than 470,000 people.

본 연구의 목적은「무지개 물고기」그림책을 교류분석(Transctional Analysis) 관점에서 분석함으로써 동화를 활용한 유아 갈등 해결 프로그램의 기초 자료를 제공하는데 있다. 이를 위하여 ‘또래갈등’이 드러난 그림책인「무지개 물고기」를 교류분석의 주요 개념인 자아상태의 구조 및 개념, 교류패턴의 두 가지 측면에서 분석하였다. 분석 결과「무지개 물고기」 그림책에는 또래갈등의 발생부터 해결 과정, 종결에 이르는 전 과정이 드러나 있었으며, 그 과정에서 무지개물고기가 부모자아, 어른자아, 어린이자아를 다양하게 사용하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 갈등 해결에 결정적인 역할을 한 자아상태는 어른자아상태였다. 교차교류를 하였을 때 갈등이 발생하였으며, 상보교류를 통해 갈등 해결과정에 이르는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 갈등해결을 위한 조력자 역할을 하는 등장인물은 A자아, NP자아를 활용하였고, 상보교류를 통해 자신의 마음을 진실하게 표현하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구결과를 토대로 동화책을 활용하여 유아들과 상호작용함으로써 교류분석에 기반하여 유아 갈등해결 프로그램을 개발하는 것의 시사점을 얻을 수 있었다.

This study analyzed picture book “Rainbow Fish” from transactional analysis standpoint to provide primary data to conflict resolution program. More in specific, it focused on two main aspects of Transactional Analysis: the structure and the concept of ego-state and the Transaction Pattern, to analyze the “Rainbow Fish” infant picture book. From the analysis, the entire process of ‘Peer conflict’ from its inception to resolution was found in the book and during which we could observe the use of the comprehensive ego-states: the parent ego-state, adult ego-state, and the child ego-state. Effectively, it is considered that the adult ego- state played a vital role in resolving the conflict. Conflict was observed with crossed transaction and it could come to a settlement of conflict through complementary transaction. In this book, both A ego(Adult ego-state) and NP ego(Nurturing Parent ego-state) were described as a helper to resolve the conflict, and we could see the comprehensive ego-state helps one to express its feeling truthfully. Based on the analysis, by utilizing fairy tales to interact with children, we could anticipate the prospect of developing conflict resolution program in the basis of Transactional Analysis theory.

본 논문은 지역사회 재가 노인(65세 이상)의 인지수준에 영향하는 신체적 요인을 파악하기 위하여 수행되었다. 분석에 사용된 자료는 2010~2012년도 서울시 보건소 방문건강관리사업의 대상자 중 352명의 노인을 대상으로 하였다. 노인의 인지수준은 한국어판 하세가와 치매척도(HDS-K)를 사용하였으며, t-test, ANOVA, 다변량 회귀분석을 사용하여 노인의 인지수준에 영향하는 요인을 파악하였다. 연구대상자 중 13.6%에서 경도인지장애가 나타났다. 지역사회 재가 노인은 연령, 체중변화량, 체질량 지수 변화량, 걷기운동, 유연성 운동에 따라 인지수준의 차이가 나타났다. 특히 정상 체질량 지수를 보이는 노인들은 최근 2년간 체질량 지수가 3이상 감소된 그룹에서 인지수준이 가장 낮았다. 정상 체질량 지수를 보이는 노인의 인지수준에 영향하는 요인에는 연령, 최근 2년간 체중변화, 최근 2년간 체질량 지수 변화, 걷기 운동 등이 있었으며, 이들 변수들은 노인의 인지수준을 12.2% 설명하고 있었다. 그러므로, 최근 갑작스런 체질량 지수 변화가 있는 노인들의 인지 장애 예방을 위하여 이들에 대한 영양관리 및 걷기 운동 프로그램의 적용이 필요하다.

A descriptive research is studied to identify the physical factors affecting to cognitive function among elderly residents over 65 years old in a community. The data were collected from 352 participants as part of a health-related survey by home visits in Seoul in 2010-2012. Their cognitive function was measured using the Korean form of Hasegawa Dementia Scale(HDS-K) and the collected data were analyzed by using t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis. From the analysis, the prevalence rate of cognitive impairment was 13.6%. Elderly residents in a community showed different cognition levels by the status of age, change of weight, change of BMI, walking and flexibility exercise. Especially, the lowest cognition level was found in the normal BMI group with decreased BMI change by over 3. The factors influencing on cognition level of the elderly with normal BMI were age, change of weight, change of BMI, and walking exercise. The variance indicated 12.2% as their cognition level. Therefore, for preventing the cognitive impairment of the elderly that were rapidly decreased of BMI, we need the program to manage their nutrition and walking exercise.

The system of fair markets does not operate in developing states. Government intervention as a complement to markets can be regarded as the role of human capital. The appropriate balance of state versus market is significant to developing countries. Developing states may not be expected to have the social conditions of a successful free market such as industrialized countries. It can be argued that state intervention may fundamentally be necessary in developing fair markets. It was a regulated state in South Korea that had actively promoted the process of industrialization through subsidies, tax incentives, and tariff protection. State agencies can essentially complement the market under the reasonable role and function of government. Asian countries such as South Korea have exerted greater government control over markets. It is the coexistence of the traditional and modern governance that disputes the seemingly paradoxical traits between traditional administration and new public management (NPM). A worthy notion is that the process of Korean economic development is not based on the theory of traditional dichotomy between state and market for providing the best balance of state and market. There have been policies of the different systems regarding the role and function of government in the economy, including neoliberalism, neocorporatism, neostatism, and neocommunitarianism which can be explained by the theory of historical and sociological institutionalism.

The candidates for the state civil service examination in the Goryeo period must have submitted two kinds of particular documents to the state department in charge, Gongwon(貢院) of the Ministry of Rites(禮部) before the examination. The documents were called Haenggwon(行卷) and Gajang(家狀). Haenggwon was, in fact, a bunch of papers bound together that demonstrates the candidate’s composing poems and prose skills. The other document, Gajang, contained the necessary information of the candidate’s main family members. The basic regulations for these two documents and their submission were believed to be established sometime during 1091～1116, and were in action till the end of the dynasty. According this regulation the candidates for the civil service examination usually presented the two documents at least two months before the examination date, so the examiners could have enough time to appraise the individual candidate’s overall capability as well as his social rank, on which the information of the candidate’s family members could tell, during the sixty days. However, the actual deadline for submission showed slight changes according to period. And for the unfortunate candidates who happened to lose their family members, the ministry in charge of the examination often exceptionally extended submission date. Reading the two documents before the examination was in fact an appraisal of the applicants’ qualifications. This process also revealed not only the applicant himself but his own family members who might already have been officials of the government. It is highly possible that the information on the newly recruited officials, which was pre-acquired via Haenggwon and Gajang documents, affected the crucial post recruitment process such as identification and immediate appointment. The state civil service examination was a recruiting system fundamentally based upon the applicant’s ability. However, looking inside the actual operating aspect of the examination system, submission of the Heanggwon and Gajang documents for instance, it is clear to see that the recruiting system was run in favor of the renowned aristocratic families. It also, once again, confirms the aristocratic feature of the Goryeo dynasty.

본 연구는 사회복지관 3대 기능의 하나인 지역조직화 기능의 현황을 점검하고, 국내외 사례 분석을 통해 활성화 조건과 사회복지사 역량강화·교육 방안을 도출하는 데 목적이 있다. 문헌고찰과 사례연구를 결합하여 국내 문헌과 미국·영국·일본의 사례를 제도·개념·실천·구조의 틀로 검토하되, 해외 사례를 모범사례로 한정하지 않고 그 실패와한계를 함께 분석하였다. 분석 결과 한국의 지역조직화는 제도적으로 확립되었으나 개념적으로 주민조직화로 환원되고, 실천적으로 단기·가시적 성과 중심으로 형식화되며, 구조적으로 민간위탁과 정부 예산·평가에 종속되어 주변화되어 있었다. 해외 사례에서는미국 IAF의 단명과 포섭, ABCD의 구조·권력 무시, 영국 생활임금 운동의 낮은 적용률, 일본 사회복지협의회의 형해화가 확인되었다. 이에 본 연구는 제도화와 자율성의 긴장을핵심 축으로 전담 인력 확보·과정 중심 평가·자원개발 다변화·개념 재정의·단계적 제도적 옹호를 거버넌스 관점에서 통합 제시하고, 해외 실패 분석에서 도출되는 독자적 역량교육 모듈을 제안하였다.

This study examines the current state of the community organization function-one of the three core functions of community welfare centers in Korea-and derives conditions for its activation and measures for strengthening social workers’ competencies through an analysis of domestic and overseas cases. Combining literature review and case study, it analyzes Korean institutional and academic sources alongside community-organizing cases in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan, using an analytic framework of institution, concept, practice, and structure. Rather than confining the analysis to best practices, it examines the failures and limitations of each model, while explicitly distinguishing the analytic level of each case: Japan’s councils of social welfare as a quasi-public institutional delivery system directly comparable to Korea, the U.S. IAF and U.K. Citizens UK as grassroots civic movements, and ABCD as a practice paradigm. The findings show that community organization, though institutionally established, is conceptually reduced to resident organizing, practically formalized around short-term outputs, and structurally marginalized through dependence on contracted-out delivery, public budgets, and evaluation. The case analysis reveals the short organizational lifespan and machine-politics co-optation of the IAF, the neglect of structure and power in ABCD, the voluntary limits of the U.K. living-wage movement, and the hollowing-out of Japanese councils. Centering the tension between institutionalization and autonomy, the study proposes a governance-based adjustment that separates fiscal publicness from practical autonomy, a staged model of institutional advocacy within the contracting-out structure, and failure-derived competency modules for social work education.

현대사회에 있어서 사회적 정의의 실현을 위하여 국가가 시민생활에 광범위하고 적극적으로 배려·개입하게 됨에 따라 법의 정책화・행정화 경향이 강화되고 있다. 뿐만 아니라 전통적 법학이 추구하는 법규범의 해석과 정책학적 법학이 요구하는 정책적 고려 사이에 존재할 것으로 예상되는 경계선이 매우 불확실하고 유동적이어서, 이를 보편타당성을 지닌 일반적 기준에 의해 설정하는 것이 불가능하여짐에 따라 법정책(학)의 필요성이 더욱 강조되기에 이르렀다. 그러므로 법규범 내지 법제도에 정책론적 관점을 도입하는 목적은 바로 법규범에 함축되어 있는 각종 정책적 요소가 그 목표를 달성할 수 있도록 함으로써 법규범의 실현 - 국가작용의 구체적 실현 - 이 ‘공정성’을 확보하지 않으면 안 되기 때문이다. 즉 법정책을 통하여 국가작용은 그 자체의 목표설정과 그 구체적인 실현에 정당성을 실현하게 된다고 할 수 있다. 한편 법정책의 기능이 국가작용의 구체적 실현에서 공정성을 확보하는데 있다면, 국가작용에 대한 평가는 필연적으로 법정책의 평가를 요청하게 된다. 법정책에 대한 평가는, 법의 실효성 관점을 중시하는 법사회학, 비용과 효용의 관점을 중시하는 법경제학, 정의실현을 중시하는 법철학 등을 포섭하고, 법정책의 결정과정뿐만 아니라 주로 입법의 형태로 귀결되는 법정책을 평가하여 대안적 수단뿐만 아니라 그 수단의 집행에 따른 결과에 합리성・타당성・공정성 등을 부여한다. 그리고 제시된 평가기준은 국가작용과 법정책이 갖추어야 할 요건 또는 평가기준임과 동시에 구체적인 목표자체도 된다고 할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 그 구체적인 평가기준으로 효과성, 효율성, 공평성 및 경제적·정치적 합리성, 투명성, 민주적 참여성과 국제성 등을 제시하였다.

It might have been settled that the definition of the 'Legal-Policy' is "the policy-process, for the authoritative distribution of scarcity values, [for the authorities] to establish the objective of any policy and to realize through the instrumentation of law", in other words, "legal system planning for the purpose of the actualizing lots of social(or public) goals, which is a work or process to establish various types of guiding principle as a legal-system, i.e., reflecting the will of the people, to make legal systems which are equitable, utilizable, full of vitality and in favor of the weak prior to all things"These days, laws and legislations are being recognized a sort of the implement of the meditation for polices, that is, to induce the state-working, that affirm the dynamic process of unifying society or state and that promote the process of unifying coincident with the realistic necessity of such a process. On the basis of the intrinsic nature of laws and legal systems as mentioned above, state-work realizes the common value, namely, the distributive justice which puts a premium on "J. Rawls' 'maxmin principle'", created in the society and induces the unifying to be pointed to the value and spontaneously generated. Thus, in connection with the Legal-Policy, the justice-impartiality- of the state-working might be evaluated upon the fairness of the static·dynamic Legal-Policy. Finally, there could be presented criteria of the evaluation Legal-Policy, such as effectiveness, efficiency, equity, political-economic rationality, clarity, democratic participation, internationality.

대상판결인 대법원 2022. 8. 30. 선고 2018다212619 판결은 유신헌법하에서 발령된 긴급조치 제9호의 위반으로 구속기소되어 유죄판결을 받았던 사람들에 대한 국가배상의 인정 여부를 다루고 있다. 대법원은 기존의 판례를변경하여, “긴급조치 제9호의 발령부터 적용 · 집행에 이르는 일련의 국가작용은, 전체적으로 보아 공무원이 직무를 집행하면서 객관적 주의의무를 소홀히하여 그 직무행위가 객관적 정당성을 상실한 것으로서 위법하다고 평가되고, 긴급조치 제9호의 적용 · 집행으로 강제수사를 받거나 유죄판결을 선고받고복역함으로써 개별 국민이 입은 손해에 대해서는 국가배상책임이 인정될 수있다”고 판결하였다. 다수의견에 대하여 대통령의 긴급조치 발령으로 인한국가배상책임이나 법관의 재판으로 인한 국가배상책임이 독자적으로 인정된다는 별개의견들이 제시되었다. 대상판결은 기존에 책임의 제한논리로 사용되었던 ‘객관적 정당성’이라는 기준을, 일종의 책임확대를 포함한 일반적인 책임인정기준으로서 제시하였다고 평가할 수 있다. 이 연구는 대상판결의 기초가 되는 기존 논의를 검토한 후 대상판결의 기초가 되는 법리를 프랑스법, 독일법, 영국법의 논의를 비교법적으로 검토하였다. 더 나아가 대상판결의 법리의 적용범위와 별개의견에서 제기한 대통령과 법관에 대한 책임이 독자적으로 인정될 지에 관하여도검토하였다. 대상판결은 국가배상을 기존의 주관적인 대위책임에서 국가의 자기책임으로 전환하여 이해할 수 있는 단초를 제공하는 공법적 책임제도의 특질을보여준 사례란 점에서 의미가 있다, 대상판결의 법리로 인하여 국가배상의성립에 있어서 주관적인 책임의 요소는 향후 상당히 완화되어 판단될 것이다. 향후의 과제는 오히려 국가배상제도를 운영하는 재원을 마련하는 국민전체의 납세자의 입장에서 즉, 일종의 보험자의 입장에서 적절한 수준에서배상액이 결정되는 것에 관심을 가져야 할 것이다. 그 수준은 일응 법률상 형평의 관점에서 결정되는 행정적인 보상의 수준이 참고가 될 수 있을 것으로본다. 대상판결은 다소 논쟁적인 사안을 채택하여 논란이 심화된 측면이 있으나, 타협적이지만 올바른 결론을 택했다고 생각한다. 사후적으로 소급하여 법관에게 “실정법률의 정에 대한 위반이 참을 수없는 정도에 이르렀다면, ‘부정당한 법’인 그 법률은 정의에 자리를 물려주어야 할 것이다.”는 라드브루흐 공식을 실현하도록 요구하는 것은 정치적으로무리한 요구이며, 법원의 중립성에도 큰 타격이 되는 선택이라고 할 것이다.

The Supreme Court's decision of August 30, 2018, 2018Da212619, addresses the question of whether state compensation is available to those who were arrested, prosecuted and convicted of violating Emergency Measure No. 9, which was issued under the 7th amendment Constitution(‘Yushin Constitution’). The Supreme Court changed its precedent and ruled that "a series of state actions from the issuance of Emergency Measure No. 9 to its application and enforcement, taken as a whole, can be evaluated as unlawful because the officials neglected their objective duty of care in executing their duties and their actions lost their objective legitimacy, and state compensation liability can be recognized for damages suffered by individual citizens as a result of being forcibly investigated, convicted and sentenced as a result of the application and enforcement of Emergency Measure No. 9." Against the majority opinion, two separate opinions were presented: the state liability for the issuance of emergency measures by the president and the state liability for the trial by a judge could be acknowledged. It can be evaluated that the target decision presented the standard of ‘objective justification’, which was previously used as a logic for limiting liability, as a general standard for recognizing liability, including a kind of expansion of liability. After reviewing the existing discussions on the basis of the decision, this study examines the legal theory underlying the case comparatively in French, German, and English law. Furthermore, this study examines the scope of the case law and whether the liability of the president and judges raised in the separate opinions can be recognized independently. This decision is significant in that it demonstrates the characteristics of the public law liability system, which provides a basis for understanding state compensation by shifting from the existing subjective subrogation responsibility to the state's own responsibility. Due to this precedent, the element of subjective liability in establishing state compensation will be significantly relaxed in the future. The task for the future will be to ensure that the amount of compensation is determined at an appropriate level from the perspective of the taxpayers of the country as a whole, who fund the system, i.e., from the perspective of an insurer. The level of administrative compensation, which is determined from the perspective of legal equity, may be a guide. The decision adopts a somewhat controversial approach to the issue, which has made it more controversial, but I think it reaches a compromise but correct conclusion. It would be politically unreasonable to ask judges to retroactively implement the Radbruch’s formula, which states that "The positive law, secured by pronouncement and power, takes precedence even when its content is unjust (ungerecht) and fails in its purpose of benefiting the people, unless the conflict between positive statute and justice reaches such an intolerable degree that the statute, as 'flawed law (unrichtiges Recht)’ must yield to justice" This is a choice that would be a major blow to the neutrality of the courts.

本文要探讨的是, 在中国中古时期皇权将佛教瑞像复制而流通的意识形态和其机制。具体而言, 以唐高宗的阿育王像制作为例进行分析, 得出了皇帝将瑞像大量复制而流布于天下的政治性质、颁布机制以及对此佛教教团发挥的作用。 高宗所作的阿育王像的数量较多共为四件, 而且这些阿育王像的分布范围较广, 从都城长安、陕西岐州、河北赵州到广西容州, 几乎攘括了唐朝整个地区。在南北朝时期从未有皇权将特定的佛像大量复制而流布于天下, 到了隋炀帝才开始出现, 继而唐高宗再实行。因此可以说这种现象的出现与统一王朝的成立密不可分。本文首先梳理高宗的阿育王像制作情况以及此像的分布范围, 而后探明了高宗通过“诸州佛教官寺制”将阿育王像流布于天下。作为皇帝的政治表象, 高宗为何选择阿育王像？本文对此作深入地探讨, 同时揭示在高宗复制而流布阿育王像的背后存在当时西明寺上座道宣。 阿育王像是, 没有佛典的依据而在中国创造出来的佛像, 从五世纪以来作为“政治瑞像”一直受到崇拜。在显庆五年(659年)十月, 在岐州法门寺塔佛舍利出现而放光, 高宗把它认为祥瑞, 下令制作“朕等身阿育王像”而安放于法门寺塔内。当时法门寺塔被认为是印度阿育王建立的佛舍利塔。显庆五年四月, 高宗彻底肃正旧臣派而掌权, 成为名副其实的皇帝。因此, 可以说同年制作的“朕等身阿育王像”是, 追求“皇权第一主义”的高宗之政治表象。大约664年左右, 高宗在为了夭折的安定公主再建的长安崇敬寺內安放了阿育王像, 而在高祖李渊的第四、三代祖的陵墓(即为“帝陵)的陵寺光业寺又供奉了阿育王像。乾封元年(666年)由于泰山封禅之后“大瑞”庆星出现, 高宗下令天下诸州设置佛教官寺。由于庆星的出现, 当时佛教官寺一般被名为“庆星寺”。据卢藏用所撰的《庆星寺碑文》, 当时容州庆星寺安放了阿育王像, 从此我们可以推定高宗时期佛教官寺里一般供奉阿育王像。 高宗重视阿育王像的背后存在当时佛教教团的领导道宣。对高宗而言, 阿育王像是作为自己的政治表象, 将他直接联系于佛教转轮圣王；对道宣而言, 阿育王像是作为护法像可以保护佛教教团。唐朝成立以来佛教教团面临着皇权对佛教的严管而感到佛教沙太的危机感, 因此, 僧团一边接近于皇权, 一边将阿育王像提升到护法像。正因为阿育王像是将中国佛教直接联系于印度,可以保障中国佛教的正统性而表示中国佛教的历史悠久性。换言之, 对高宗和道宣, 阿育王像均成为他们的象征物。加之,在民间阿育王像被认为感通力殊胜而礼拜它可以除去罪障, 因此将阿育王像的复制像颁布于天下, 皇帝可以达成对全民教化的统治, 僧团也依靠皇权可以将佛教传扬天下。

본 논문에서는 첫째, 지체부자유의 병인에 따른 교육의 이원화가 각 주립 지체부자유아병원에 있어 어떠한 양상을 나타내었는지에 대해 분석하였다. 결핵성 아동 중심의 일시적 지체부자유아에게는 공교육을 의도한 기초교육이, 소아마비를 중심으로 한 영속적 지체부자유아에게는 직업 교육이 이상적 자활 형태로 인식되었다. 둘째, 주립 지체부자유아병원에 요구되고 있었던 새로운 사회적 역할에 따라 각 병원은 학교 기능과 더불어 보호수용 기능도 갖추지 않으면 안 되었다. 이는 주로 영속적 지체부자유아를 중심으로 한 입원아의 원내 체류현상에 의한 것이었다.

The purpose of the present study was to clarify what duality of educational function dependent on the cause of disease was like and how educational function changed with new social role required to the state hospitals for crippled children. The analysis led to the following conclusions. First, primary education for public education was thought to be good for the temporarily crippled children. Meanwhile vocational education was regarded as best means for self-support of permanently crippled children. Second, new social role made state hospitals for crippled children be characteristic of custodial institution as well as school.

This paper noted that the combination of Oda and adjectives is very constrained, and examined what caused the combination to occur. First, the combination of Oda and adjectives assumed that the use of the auxiliary verb Oda was expanded, and examined the relationship between the detailed functions of Oda. Comparing to the continuation of the motion which is another function of Oda, the two functions differ greatly in the time characteristics of their configurations. And the verbs that can be combined with Oda to draw a change in state is also very semantically constrained. Therefore the function of state change cannot be regarded as a variation according to the specific context of the function of the continuation of the motion, but can be viewed as an independently developed function.The function of Oda is considered to have the characteristic of the main verb, and we looked at how it affects the combination of Oda and adjectives. Oda can't be combined with Meolda, and it is interpreted that the restriction on the direction of movement of the main verb Oda has affected the usage of auxiliary. Oda is usually combined with adjectives that represent a situation in which changes occur gradually. This characteristic of adjectives that can precede Oda is related to the meaning of movement.

In the 21st century, juvenile crimes, delinquencies, and domestic violences have much more attracted social attention, which cannot be separated from the changed social environment, where, on the one hand, the traditional ‘head of family’ system not only as a social entity, but also as a legal system has eventually been abolished in 2005, and where, on the other hand, the conflict between traditional and new value system has arisen as the ideology of democracy, equality, and respect to human rights has rapidly entered the Korean society since the end of 20th century. In other words, the traditional way of dealing with problematic behaviors of adolescents and family members against other family members has begun to face limitations. Coincidently, the problem-solving function of the family court has been emphasized. This paper is the result of research, whereby what systemic change would be required to have the family court dealing with juvenile cases, dependent children cases, and domestic violence victim cases function as the problem-solving court and what roles the family court investigators should play for this purpose have been investigated. This paper sought to make clear that the fact that juvenile cases, dependent children cases, and domestic violence victim cases are under the jurisdiction of the family court reflects the unique Korean state parent idea. In this regard, Korean family court’s cases mentioned above are similar to western juvenile courts and dependency courts, which have developed in close relation with the state parent idea. That being said, western state parent idea has developed as with the local authorities’ intervention into families for the protection of abused and delinquent children, and juvenile courts and family courts have played as assistants and facilitators for local authorities to do partnership with families as the state parent idea changed, whereas the state parent idea has developed in Korea only in the judicial proceedings for abused and delinquent children cases, where public prosecutors and judges play role as state parents. Based on this unique development, this paper argues that transforming the family court into the problem-solving court is recommended to facilitate local authorities intervening into family matters for the protection of abused and delinquent children and domestic violence victims. For this purpose, this paper suggests that the legal provisions related to the proceedings and protection measures of juvenile cases, child abuse cases, and domestic violence cases should be reformed for partnership between the state and families to materialize. Furthermore, this paper suggests that expertise of family investigators should be developed to facilitate the suggested reformation, and that the social welfare and protection function of family courts, which have been introduced in some family courts to meet immediate needs of protecting vulnerable parties and participants in the proceedings, should be delegated to an independent support agency under the court.

Wonhyo describes the practice of bodhisattvas in the Exposition of the Vajrasamādhi Sūtras as a state of non-duality, in which extinction is in fact production and production is in fact extinction. When he is enlightened, he has matured from the stage of distinguishing between production and extinction, “Because of the arising of thought, various phenomena arise,” to the later stage of non-duality, “extinction is in fact production and production is in fact extinction”. A stage of non-duality is Wonhyo's own state of enlightenment, in which he exquisitely embraced both Mādhyamika and Yogācāra. Based on omitted sentences of the external activity(事) in Wonhyo’s Expository Notes on the Awakening of Faith(大乘起信論別記), it is possible to divide the one mind into two parts, the true-thusness aspect(眞如門) and the production-and-extinction aspect(生滅門), and to divide them into the fundamental essence(理) and the external activity. Therefore, this thesis assumes that the fundamental essence of the true-thusness aspect and the fundamental essence of the production-and-extinction aspect are the essence of thusness and that the external activity of the true-thusness aspect and the external activity of the production-and- extinction aspect are the function of thusness and this paper is called ‘the essence of thusness and the function of thusness’ to examine the state of enlightenment and practice of Wonhyo. ‘The essence of thusness and the function of thusness’ is a state where the function of thusness is embedded in the essence, and the essence of thusness is embedded in the function. The analysis was possible because it was extrapolated from the first of the ten bodhisattva-bhūmis, the level of Wonhyo. The essence of fundamental essence is something out of the form of arising and ceasing aspect of the mind but the essence does not abide permanently, the function of the external activity occurs in all dharmas due to avidyā. The true-thusness aspect is not limited to the essence, and the production-and-extinction aspect is not limited to the function, but through each other, they become a “circle-like circulating structure” and become a free-flowing middle way. It is the enlightened state of Wonhyo, who stays in the true thusness and practices and edifies. The essence of thusness and the function of thusness, which states that the true-thusness aspect and the production-and- extinction aspect are not separated, seems to be a very suitable point of view to explain Wonhyo's free and mysterious state of enlightenment. It concludes with the ultimate state of enlightenment, ‘true thusness’.