Earticle

This study intends to examine the types and functions of interrogative sentences used in the interpreting of police-suspect interview discourse in Korea. The findings of this analysis are as follows: First, the Korean police usually employed wh-interrogative sentences to ask for information from foreign suspects while using negative yes-no questions or declarative questions to refute the statements of foreign suspects. This attests to the fact that police officers use different types of interrogative sentences based on their investigation strategies. Second, foreign suspects made a number of questions about the intention of police officers’ questions or others. In particular, they asked questions the most when they were read their Miranda rights. This was mainly caused by the imbalance of knowledge between the two sides, which is one of the features found in institutional discourse. In the end, foreign suspects use a question as a means to protect their rights and make a statement favorable to themselves. Third, interpreters asked questions mainly about the case under examination to foreign suspects and police officers. This was also attributable to the imbalance of information and knowledge between the parties involved. In addition, interpreters sometimes asked additional questions to foreign suspects to get exact answers to the questions asked by police officers. This shows that interpreters use questions to confirm the accuracy of their interpretation or lead foreign suspects to provide answers appropriate to the questions police officers ask.

In this thesis, conversational & structural features of echo question in the Russian colloquial discourse, and the difference between conversational structure and discourse function of repetitive question along with the preceding speech have been addressed. repetitive question is type of a speech that realizes both ‘repetition’ and ‘question’, and the ‘right to answer’ and ‘stimulating function of consequent utterance’ for the preceding utterance coexist in this speech. Meanwhile, repetitive question is a speech that occurs when there is a lack of understanding in the practical condition and receptive condition of the speech intended to utter. In terms of the practical condition, it realizes ‘confirmation of understanding question’, ‘deepening of understanding question’ and ‘examination of understanding question’. Furthermore, in terms of the receptive condition of the speech, it realizes ‘problem raising question’, ‘invalidating question’, and ‘examination of understanding question’.

연구목적: 본 연구는 유아가 질문을 활용하여 문제를 어떻게 해결해나가는지에 대해 살펴보고, 이러한 능력이 인지적 유연성과 작업기억을 비롯한 실행기능과 관련이 있는지 살펴보기 위해 실시되었다. 연구방법: P광역시와 경상남도 Y시에 거주하는 만 4, 5, 6세 유아 102명을 대상으로 스무고개 형식의 질문 게임을 활용하는 일대일 면담을 실시하였으며, 이 면담에서 유아의 질문을 통한 문제해결 능력을 측정하였다. 질문을 통한 문제해결 능력을 측정하기 위해서는 질문 유형별 빈도와 질문을 통해 얻은 정보를 활용하여 최종적으로 정답을 맞힌 횟수를 살펴보았다. 이외에도 EYT 한국판 애플리케이션을 통해 인지적 유연성과 작업기억을 비롯한 실행기능을 측정하였다. 자료 분석을 위해서는 분산분석, Pearson 상관분석, 편상관분석 및 위계적 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과: 분산분석 결과, 연령이 높은 유아들은 연령이 낮은 유아들에 비해 정답 후보를 좁혀나가는 데 필요한 가능성 좁히기 질문을 더 자주 사용하는 것으로 나타났으며, 질문을 통해 얻은 정보를 활용하여 정답을 맞히는 횟수도 더 많은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 연령과 표현어휘의 영향력을 통제하더라도 실행기능은 가능성 좁히기 질문의 빈도 및 정답을 맞힌 횟수와 정적 관계가 있었으며, 비효과적 질문의 빈도와는 부적 관계가 있었다. 연령과 표현어휘를 통제한 위계적 회귀분석 결과, 인지적 유연성은 가능성 좁히기 질문의 증가 및 비효과적 질문의 감소를 예측하고, 작업기억은 정답을 맞힌 횟수를 예측하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 유아의 연령이 증가함에 따라 효과적인 질문의 빈도와 질문을 통해 얻은 정보를 활용하여 실질적으로 정답을 찾아내는 능력이 증가하는 것으로 보이며, 실행기능이 이러한 변화에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 유아의 실행기능 향상을 돕는 것이 인지적 측면에서 질문을 통한 문제해결 능력을 증진하는 데 기여할 수 있다는 시사점을 얻을 수 있다.

Objective: This study aimed to examine young children’s problem-solving ability through question-asking and its relationship with their executive function. Methods: A total of 102 children aged 4-6 participated in a question game in which they were asked to discover the contents of a box by asking questions. The study quantified the number of questions based on their types (i.e., constraint-seeking, confirmatory, and ineffective question) and assessed the game scores. Additionally, children’s executive function, including cognitive flexibility and working memory, was evaluated using the Korean version of the “Early Years Toolbox”. Children’s expressive language ability was considered a controlled variable, measured using REVT-E. Results: The number of constraint-seeking questions and performance scores increased with age. The study also found associations among the number of constraint-seeking and ineffective questions, game scores, and children’s executive function, even when considering age and expressive languages as controlled variables. Furthermore, cognitive flexibility predicted an increase in constraint-seeking questions and a decrease in ineffective questions, whereas working memory predicted an improvement in game scores. Conclusions: The study demonstrated that children’s problem-solving ability through question-asking improves in early childhood, and their executive function may play a crucial role in effective questioning and problem-solving.

커뮤니케이션은 사회와 인간의 조직이 존재하는 곳에는 필연적으로 발생하는 것으로 인간의 기본적 행동이며, 모든 사회활동의 바탕이 된다. 이러한 커뮤니케이션이 기록관에서는 이용자와 아키비스트 사이에서 발생하고 있다. 이용자는 자기의 생각을 정보 요구라는 표현으로 아키비스트에게 제시하고, 아키비스트는 이를 해독하여 정보제공 활동을 하고 있는 것이다. 기록관의 정보서비스는 이용자의 정보 요구를 충족시키기 위하여 제공하는 것이다. 이용자의 정보 요구를 정확히 파악하지 못한 채 마련된 어떤 정보서비스도 성공하지 못하다는 것이 정보서비스분야의 경험일 것이다. 따라서 기록정보서비스에서 가장 기본이 되고, 핵심이 되는 것은 이용자의 정보 요구를 파악하는 것이라 할 수 있다. 종래의 전통적인 기록관에서는 이러한 이용자의 정보 요구를 직접 대면에 의해서 파악할 수 있었다. 하지만 인터넷의 발전으로 활발해진 온라인 기록정보서비스 환경에서는 직접 대면에 의한 파악은 불가능하고, 다만 이용자의 정보 요구가 직접적으로 표출되는 전자적 질의/응답 기능을 통해서만 파악할 수 있게 되었다. 따라서 온라인 기록정보서비스에서는 이용자의 정보 요구가 표출되는 전자적 질의/응답 기능이 핵심이라 할 수 있다. 여기에 본 논문의 목적이 있다. 온라인 환경에서 이용자의 정보 요구를 파악하기 위한 전자적 질의/응답기능 분석을 통해 이용자 요구에 적합한 기록정보서비스를 제공하기 위한 방안을 모색하는 것이다. 본 논문은 아직까지 기록학계에 활성화 되어 있지 않은 이용자 연구에 있어서 하나의 방법론이 될 수 있을 것이다. 따라서 본 논문에서 실시한 전자적 질의/응답 기능 분석뿐만 아니라 여러 가지 방법으로 실시 할 수 있을 것이다. 이러한 이용자 연구는 보다 나은 기록정보서비스 제공에 있어서 중요한 정보가 될 수 있을 것이다. 앞으로 이 계기를 기반으로 전자적 질의/응답뿐만 아니라 현장에서의 이용자와 아키비스트의 질의/응답까지 확대하여 연구함으로써 다양한 이용자 관련 연구가 기록학계에 활성화되기를 바란다.

This study aims for the above mentioned. After all, through the analysis of Electronic Question/Answering Function to understand a user’s demand under online circumstances, groping for the method to provide an appropriate Archival Information Service is the most important thing. For this, in this study, it researched the users interviews and the research related to users as a precedence study, and the studies having examined the state of demanding information by users through analyzing the e-mail actually. Additionally, by looking over the study of Library and Information Science that is activated in a field of Electronic Question/Answering Function rather than Archival Science, as a matter of fact, the study has come up with the standard for analyzing Electronic Question/Answering Function. And based on the precedence study, the instances for the National Archives from USA, England, Australia and Canada were analyzed, and the chance of activating Archival Information Service were tried to grope for in the study. This study might be one of methodologies in examining the users study that is not activated yet in Archival Science. Therefore, the users study can be carried out in various methods as well as Electronic Archives/Answering Service. This study might be the important information in providing far better Archival Information Services. It is desirable that based on this opportunity, the study related to the various users by examining not only Electronic Archives/Answering Function but also Question/Answering of the users and the Archivists in the filed to the larger extend will be activated for Archival Science.

This paper examines a question of whether a neologism ‘faction,’ the mixture of fact and fiction can function as a historical narrative, focusing on a newly found Persian epic tale, Kush-nameh and recent artistic adaptations of it in Korea. This epic tale can be conceived as a historical narrative in three-folded reasons:First, it belongs to and follows traditional Persian epic tales that are largely based on real historical figures and events; second, the Silla parts that this work describes by and large accord with real historical facts that some authentic historical references and relics in Korea record and reveal; third, faction has begun to be recognized as a legitimate source in historical understanding mainly due to what is called the ‘linguistic turn’ in history. A series of artistic adaptations of this epic tale in suchareas as fiction, children’s story, animation, dance music further reinforce historical contexts that the original text infers. In addition, some local governments including ancient Silla with its capital city and its outport within their current administrative districts have supported and utilized the Silla story of Kush-nameh and its adapted works in a way to (re-)positioning ancient cities or kingdoms into both ancient and modern global networks such as the Silk Road. With regard to historical accuracy and authenticity, this move is likely to raise a question of whether the genre of faction such as Kush-nameh and its artistic adaptations can deserve, as historical narratives, an earnest attention and consideration from academia for its potential meditative function. This paper concludes that literary works and their artistic adaptations may well deserve an earnest attention from academia as historical narratives.

Using the periodic continued fraction, we give concrete examples of the points at which the derivatives of the Minkowski question mark function does not exist. We also give examples of the differentiability points which show that recent apparently independent results are consistent and closely related.

목적: 본 연구는 CBS 라디오 <김현정의 뉴스쇼>에 나타난 앵커 김현정의 질문 기능을 분석하여 관계 지향적 질문, 반응형 질문의 교육적 의미와 가치를 밝히는 데 목적이 있다. 방법: 질문 기능을 크게 ‘관심 표현 질문’과 ‘경청 표시 질문’, ‘의문 수행 질문’, ‘방송 진행 질문’ 네 가지로 나누어 뉴스쇼에 나타난 사용 빈도를 분석하고, 세부 기능을 질적으로 분석하였다. 결과: 김현정은 질문을 수행할 때 항상 상대방에게 경청하는 자세를 보여 주는 것으로 나타났다. 김현정은 직접 정보를 요구하기보다 먼저 선행 화자의 발화에 대한 관심이나 경청을 한 다음에 다시 질문하곤 한다. 김현정의 질문은 질문 기능에 따라 ‘청자 관심 및 주의 끌기’, ‘사건 관여 의지 보이기’, ‘청자의 답변 의지 유도’, ‘공감’, ‘강조’, ‘놀람’ 등 12가지 기능으로 세분화할 수 있다. 결론: 언어나 정보, 지식에 중점을 두었던 질문 지도에서 ‘존재와 관계’, ‘소통과 공감’에 중점을 두면서 언어, 정보, 지식을 아우르는 질문 지도의 필요성을 주장한다.

Purpose: This study analyzed anchor Kim Hyunjung’s questioning function on CBS <Kim Hyunjung’s News Show>. Method: Kim Hyunjung’s question functions were broadly divided into four types, ‘questions to express interest’, ‘questions to indicate listening’, ‘questions to perform questions’, and ‘broadcast questions’, and the frequency was analyzed, and the detailed functions for each function were qualitatively analyzed. Results: Kim Hyunjung always showed an attitude of listening to the other person when asking questions. Rather than requesting information directly, Kim Hyunjung first pays attention to or listens to the preceding speaker’s utterance and then asks the question again. Depending on the question function, Kim Hyunjung’s questions can be subdivided into 12 functions, including ‘attracting the listener’s interest or attention’, ‘showing the listener’s willingness to participate in the event’, ‘inducing the listener’s willingness to answer’, ‘empathy’, ‘emphasis’, and ‘surprise’. Conclusion: It is argued that there is a need for a change in the direction of Korean language education, which has focused on language, information, and knowledge, to focus on ‘existence and relationships’ and ‘communication and empathy’ and encompass language, information, and knowledge.

對古代漢語“乎”的功能描寫的質疑 眾多學者一直以來認為“乎”具有語氣詞‧助詞與介詞等詞性，本文認為對於古代漢語虛詞“乎”的詞類與功能的語法描述是不準確的｡ 通過調查與分析，可以知道實際上“乎”不但沒有介詞功能，而且全部都是語氣詞(語氣助詞）。進一步探究發現，其只限於疑問語氣範圍之內。主要依據如下： 一. “乎”本身並不具備是非‧特指‧選擇‧反語‧推測等意義｡ 而這些意義之所以存在，是因為上下文之間詞彙差異所造成的，因此，“乎”根本沒有祈使‧感歎‧停頓等功能｡ 二. “乎”和“於(於)”的表現形式只有部分相同或相似，儘管如此，差距還是很大。 尤其是“乎”不出現在狀語前面的時候｡ 這些差異均證明“乎”不是介詞。一直以來“乎”被認定為具有介詞功能，而如此界定的依據恰恰就是根據其上下文之間的句法及語義關係，並非“乎”之本身功能。 三. 通過詳盡地考察“乎”字句的上下文, 我們可以發現“乎”均表達疑問語氣。該疑問語氣既包括強弱的不同，又可用於各種不同用途的疑問句之中。

The purposes of this study is to show the function and the development aspect of question in the conversation of elementary schoolchildren. This research analyzes one side of the development of the linguistic interaction ability of schoolchildren through functional peroformation aspect of question, and also observed what kind of differences appeared by sex in the development aspect of the function of question. The analysis data was made of what we talked naturally and recorded in pairs for 40 minutes with a total of 120 children who belong to same sex and age. The functions of question observed in data are the information request function, the confirmation function, the hearer participation inducement function, the speech adjustment function, the indirect performative function, the recreation function and so on. Among them, the characteristics in which information request function, confirmation function and hearer participation inducement function are related to the language development are found. First, information request function is divided into others-information request and self-information search. As the grade rises higher, the amount of information to deliver through conversation increases and speech length increases, and so others-information request decreases. Second, the function of confirmation is divided into the confirmation of speech act and confirmation of contents, but the confirmation of speech act decreased and the confirmation of speech act increased as the school year rises. The reason is that the lower the grades, the ability to concentrate on conversation drops, and confirmation on the preceding speech act appeared high, and as the school year rises they show the attitude to participate more actively in conversation and the confirmation about the contents of speech shows high. Third, the hearer participation induction function is classified into the solicitaion agreement and the focusing, the former increased and the latter decreased as school year rises. The focusing is a strategy of delivery information effectively, as the schoolyear ries, it nicreased. The solicitaion agreement is a strategy of self-center, it shows high in the lower schoolchildren. Schoolboys are showing high frequency in the information request function, the confirmation function, the hearer participation inducement function, so we can grasp the fact that language development of schoolboy is late than schoolgirls.

This paper analyzes talk show host Yu Jae-seok’s questioning technique in <You Quiz on the Block>. By analyzing question functions in the dialogue, the importance of the questions was identified and the role of the question function in the progress of the dialogue was examined. The analysis revealed that Yu Jae-seok used information-oriented questions and relationship-oriented questions in almost equal proportions. While communicating, it is paramount that the facilitator obtains the information he or she seeks, but relationship-oriented questions conveying respect, care, and interest in the other party are also important, even if specific information is not requested in the dialogue. Thus, Yu Jae-seok elicited interest and empathy from the performers by asking not only “information-oriented questions,” which solely seek to obtain information, but also “empathetic information-seeking questions.”

這篇文章的核心結論如下 : 1. 我以爲副詞“已”的意義項目應該縮小｡ 因爲“已”的“太, 過, 甚”等意義本來在“已經”這個意義裏面包含着｡ “太, 過, 甚”等意義实际上整个句子或者上下文表達出來, 絶不是動詞“已”的引伸義｡ 2. 我以爲從來看成助詞(語氣詞)的“已”不是虛詞｡ “已”竝不是只能表達語法意義的功能成分, 就是實質的意義成分｡ “已”就是動詞｡ “已”的共通意義就是依靠上下文使用以“停止”爲中心的各種詞彙飜譯得出來｡ 這些詞彙也包括“完成, 完畢”等意義｡ 在這個共通意義下有些句子也具有表達“(只是)～罢了”的意義的语境｡ 只有这时候我们可以翻成“(只是)～罢了”｡

這篇文章的核心結論如下 :我以爲“爲”不是接續詞(連詞)也不是前置詞(介詞)｡ “爲”絶不是功能成分, 就是意義成分｡ 所以不能把“爲”的功能分爲接續詞和前置詞｡ 大家從來分析接續詞和前置詞的機種功能, 可是根據句法結構來分析, 就可以知道不跟古代汉语的實際情況合致｡“爲”的整个意義都属于動詞, 平聲和去聲各有一個共同意義｡ 個別文义的不同就是前後詞義和“爲”的義意結合和上下文造成的｡ “爲+○”都是“謂賓(動賓)”結構｡ 只是後面伴隨詞組或分句時, 又表示假設或選擇的上下文關系, 又充當爲謂賓詞組的副詞語(狀語)而表示各種義意的修飾關系罢了｡特別要注意的依據是古代汉语基本上不使用表示接續關系的詞彙成分, 而且充當爲副詞語的成分没有詞類和詞組形式的制約｡

這篇文章的核心結論如下 :我們以爲“如”不是虛詞｡ “如”絶不是功能成分, 就是意義成分｡ 所以不能把“如”的功能分爲副詞和連詞｡ 大家從來分析副詞詞和連詞的機種功能, 可是根據句法結構來分析, 就可以知道不跟古代汉语的實際情況合致｡“如”的整个意義都属于動詞, 具有一個共通意義｡ 個別文义的不同就是前後詞義和“如”的義意結合和上下文造成的｡ “如+○”都是“謂賓(動賓)”結構｡ 只是後面伴隨詞組或分句時, 往往表示假說關系罢了｡ 特別要注意的是‘如+○’結構又表达動詞性義意又表达名词性義意｡ 這就是古代汉语詞組的獨特用法之一｡

本篇论文得出以下核心結論: 笔者认爲“及至”不是虛詞，“及至”絶非功能成分，而是意義成分，因此不能把“及 至”的功能视爲介詞和連詞。学者们至今将之归纳出了介詞和連詞的几種功能，其实這些功能 是“及至”前后實詞成分的意思和上下文表达的具體意思。如果把“及至”看做是一種功能成 分的话，“及至”根本就不能表达学者們所提出的各種语法解释。 “及至”的全部意思都属于動詞，具有共同的意思。個別语法解释的不同是因前后詞義和 “及至”的意思結合造成的。所以“及+○” “至+○”是“謂賓(動賓)”結構，后面跟其他的謂語 時，一般修飾這個謂語。“及至”没有后面賓語省略的例子。上下文表达的具體意思差異絶不 是“及至”的多項義意, 各種关系是全靠有关詞彙的實質意思来决定的。 至于“至”这个詞, 從來以为另有副詞用法。可是這些用例上的“至”也是動詞的。

本篇论文得出以下核心結論:笔者认爲“與”不是虛詞，“與”絶非功能成分，而是意義成分，因此不能把“與”的功能视爲介詞和連詞。学者们至今将之归纳出了介詞和連詞的几種功能，其实這些功能是“與”前后實詞成分的意思和上下文表达的具體意思。如果把“與”看做是一種功能成分的话，“與”根本就不能表达学者們所提出的各種语法解释。“與”的全部意思都属于動詞，具有共同的意思。個別语法解释的不同是因前后詞義和“與”的意思結合造成的。所以“與+○”是“謂賓(動賓)”結構，后面跟其他的謂語時，一般修飾這個謂語。因为“與”是謂語，所以后面的賓語即可省略。上下文表达的具體意思差異絶不是“與”的意思分化-本义和引伸義的关系，包括比較對象，各種关系是全靠有关詞彙的實質意思来决定的。

사회봉사명령이란 유죄가 인정되거나 보호처분 등의 필요성이 인정된 사람에 대하여 일정시간 동안 무보수로 사회에 유익한 근로를 하도록 명하는 것을 말한다. 사회내 처우의 대표적 제도로서 매년 그 수가 증가하고 있다. 그러나 일정시간 동안 자유가 제한되면서 시간과 노동력을 투여해야 하는 이 처우를 대상자는 어떻게 생각하고 있을지, 보호관찰관 및 협력기관 관계자는 사회봉사명령을 어떻게 인식하고 있는지, 사회봉사명령은 어떠한 기능과 효과가 있는지에 대한 검증이 필요했다. 이를 위해 사회봉사명령을 이행하는 대상자, 집행하는 보호관찰관 그리고 집행을 협력하는 기관의 담당자를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과 사회봉사명령 대상자들은 사회봉사명령을 이행하기 전에는 사회봉사명령을 처벌로서 인식했지만, 사회봉사명령을 수행하면서 반성과 지역사회에 대한 기여, 또 다른 기회를 주는 제도라고 인식이 바뀌었다. 보호관찰관과 협력기관 담당자 역시 반성과 지역사회 기여, 또 다른 기회를 주는 제도라고 인식하고 있었다. 세 집단 모두 사회봉사명령은 처벌로서의 기능을 갖는다고 생각하고 있지만, 그보다 반성과 또다른 기회라는 측면에서 사회봉사명령이 재사회화에 실질적 기능을 담당하고 있음을 발견할 수 있었다. 사회봉사명령이 처벌이라는 법적 성격이 있다면, 사회봉사명령은 예측가능성이 전제되어야 한다. 그런데 지금의 사회봉사명령은 선고되는 범죄군에 대한 기준도 없을 뿐만 아니라 범죄군에 적정한 봉사 시간에 대한 기준도 없다. 우리가 양형기준을 통해 자의적이고 차별적인 예측 불가능한 선고를 예방하려 하듯이 사회봉사명령 선고 기준안 내지 가이드라인이 필요하다. 사회봉사명령이 범죄자의 재사회화, 봉사와 지역사회 기여라는 기능을 갖는 이상, 대인원조형 봉사 분야의 다양화, 봉사 활동에 대한 동기부여(감사표현), 탄력집행 및 야간·휴일집행의 활성화가 필요해 보인다.

A community service order refers to ordering those who are found guilty or need for probation to work in society without pay for a certain period of time. As a representative system of treatment in the community, the number has been increasing every year. But what the subjects of this treatment, which requires time and labor to be administered as freedom was restricted for a certain period of time, needed to be verified of the function of the community service order. To that end, the survey was conducted on those who fulfill the community service order, the probation officer who executes it, and the staff of the agency that cooperates with the execution. As a result, the subjects of the community service order recognized the community service order as a punishment before the fulfillment of the community service order, but the recognition changed as a system that gives reflection, contribution to the community and another opportunity while carrying out the social service order. Proation officers and associated the staffs of the agency also recognized the system as a reflection, community contribution and giving another opportunity. On the other hand, among the three groups, the probation officer tended to view the community service order as a punishment strongly. All three groups believe that the community service order has a function as a punishment, but in terms of reflection and another opportunity, we were able to find that the community service order actually plays a real role in re-integration in the community. If we view the community service order as a legal nature of punishment, then a community service order should be predictable. However, the current community service order does not have the standard for the criminal group to be sentenced, nor does it have the standard for the proper service hours for the criminal group. Just as we have created guideline standards to prevent arbitrary, discriminatory and unpredictable sentencing, there is a need for a standards of community service sentencing. As the community service performs the functions of re-integration, reflection, and community contribution of criminals, it is recommended to diversify the interpersonal service type, to motivate volunteer activities (expression of appreciation), and to execute order discontinuously.

這篇文章的核心結論 : 古代漢語里的“而”不是連詞, 就是語氣助詞｡ 下面是其理由｡1. 現今所有的古汉语語法論著把“而”以爲連詞, 因而描写“而”具有好几種區別上下文的關係的功能｡ 对于“而”的这样描寫是重大矛盾｡ 因为一个詞没由特別的理由就不能表达多種不同意義｡ 如果一个词能表达各種功能, 基本上应该具備某種語音差異｡ 不然的话, 在實際语言環境中, 人们不能互相沟通｡ 上下文的各種關係絶對不是由虛詞“而”直接表達, 就是由其他詞彙意義結合表達｡2. 從不用“而”的句子, 我們可以確認詞･詞組･分句之間的各種文脈關係大體上都存在｡ 雖然只有極少數文脈里使用表示文脈關係的詞彙, 詞性是副詞｡ 表達上下文關係上基本上不需要連詞成分, 但是附加某種詞彙就是加强上下文關係已經具有的關係罷了｡ 而且這些詞彙屬于副詞･動詞･代詞類｡

這篇文章的核心結論 : 古代漢語里的‘於(于)’不是介詞, 就是語氣助詞｡ 下面是其理由｡1. 現今所有的古汉语語法論著把“於(于)”以爲介詞, 因而描写“於(于)”具有好几種功能｡ 对于“於(于)”的这样描寫是重大矛盾｡ 因为一个詞没由特別的理由就不能表达多種不同意義｡ 如果一个词能表达各種功能, 基本上应该具備某種語音差異｡ 不然的话, 在實際语言環境中, 人们不能互相沟通｡ 現今对于“於(于)”描写的功能內容实际上是由于别的實詞意義構成的, 絶不是‘於(于)’这个虛詞直接表达｡2. “謂語+賓語”表達的各種意義基本上跟“謂語+於(于)+賓語”平行｡ 而且名詞或名詞詞組可以位于謂語或主語全面充當爲狀語｡ 可以用在这些狀語全面的“於(于)”不是必要條件｡ 用“於(于)”的和不用“於(于)”的句子意義相同｡ 所以“於(于)”沒有介詞功能｡ 位于宾语全面, 就强調宾语, 位于狀語全面, 就强調狀語｡ 这個功能才是“於(于)”的全面性的共同功能｡

본고는 현대중국어에서 비교적 사용성이 풍부한 ‘吧’의 의미기능과 그 어법 지위에 대해 기존과는 다른 새로운 각도에서 재조명하였다. 본고의 논의는 ‘吧’가 가지는 어법 특징에 있어 기존의 단순 묘사 혹은 묘사적 해석에서 벗어나 ‘양태(modality)’와 ‘증거성(evidentiality)’등 언어학 개념과 이론을 기반으로 언어학적 해석을 가해 유의미한 결과를 도출했다는 것에 그 의의를 둘 수 있겠다. 이러한 본고의 논의를 종합해 보면, 현대중국어에서 ‘[±의문]’의 문장에 사용된 ‘吧’는 ‘[+확신]’의 의미기능을 가지며, ‘[+의문]’의 문장에 사용된 ‘吧’ 본연에는 의문의 기능이 없고, 이 문장에서의 의문 기능은 상승 어조가 담당함과 동시에 ‘[+확인]’의 기능을 수행한다. ‘吧’의 이러한 의미기능으로 볼 때, ‘吧’는 ‘인식론적 증거성’을 내포한 ‘증거양태’의 어법 기능 수행을 위해 사용된 것으로, 그 어법 지위를 ‘증거양태조사’로 보는 것이 타당할 것이다.

This paper re-examined the semantic function and its grammatical status of 'ba', which are relatively useful in modern Chinese, from a new angle different from the previous one. This paper's discussion is meaningful in that it derived meaningful results by using linguistic interpretations based on linguistic concepts and theories such as "modality" and "evidentiality" in terms of the grammatical characteristics of ‘ba’ To sum up these discussions in this paper, 'ba' used in the sentence of '[±question]' in modern Chinese has a semantic function of '[+certainty]'. In addition, there is no questionable function in the original 'ba' used in the sentence of '[+question], and the question function in this sentence is played by the rising tone and performs the function of '[+confirmation]. In view of this semantic function of 'ba', 'ba' was used to perform the grammatical function of 'evidential modality' that implies 'epistemic evidence', and it is reasonable to grant the grammatical status as 'evidential modality particle'.

본 연구에서는 특정한 학생의 질문에서 시작된 고민을 다루고 있으며, 교과서 분석을 통하여 해당 질문이 충분히 제기 가능한 질문임을 확인하였다. 또한 면담을 거쳐 두 대응관계가 연결된 새로운 대응관계에서 학생들이 합성함수 여부 판정과 역함수 존재 여부 판정에서 정의역에 대한 고민이 학생들에게서 어떻게 의미 있는 수학 지식으로 재구성 되어가는 지에 대한 사례를 관찰하였다. 본 연구에서 제시된 사례들은 제한된 상황에서의 특정한 사례라는 한계가 있기 때문에 곧바로 교수학습 상황에 적용될 수는 없으나 다른 연구자들에게 함수 학습 관련 연구에 대하여 통찰의 기회를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This study deals with the anxieties that originated from specific student questions. Through the analysis of the textbooks, we confirmed that the question was a sufficiently plausible question. Third interviews were also held with three high school students. Through the interviews, we analyzed students' expressions about the new correspondence relationship that the two correspondence relations are linked. In the determination of the composite function and the determination of the inverse function existence, We have observed a case of how the worries about domain are being reconstructed from students into meaningful mathematical knowledge. Through this, we confirmed that the question will be confusing to students in the field. In this study, we observed the transfer of domain in relation to student domain in composite function. In particular, a present study revealed that the students involved in the interview were influenced by this domain transfer phenomenon in determining whether the task given in the interview was a function. This was the same in determining the existence of a inverse function. The examples presented in this study are limited to specific cases in limited circumstances. Therefore, it can not be applied directly to teaching and learning situations. However, it is expected that this study will provide other researchers with insight into function learning related research.