Earticle

The research objective of this study is to derive the standards for efficient development and the conservation level for the eco-friendly development and the demarcation of forestland among the rural areas. The problems of the classification were discussed through the literature review. To solve the problems, the evaluation criteria were suggested through the Delphi survey and the AHP method. The result of this study showed that the classification criteria for forestland have not been developed from the past framework. Moreover, the classification of the zoning among the rural areas is affected by the distinction between reverse forestland and semi-reserve forestland according to ｢Forest law｣ in 1985. As a result of the Delphi and AHP survey, the derived items for the evaluation of the conservation level and the efficient development were significantly different from the evaluation indexes for the land suitability assessment and the classification criteria of the forestland under the ｢Forest Land Management Law｣. The necessity of reorganizing the classification system for the zoning in the rural areas is brought up as a significant topic by presenting the current issues on classification for the forestland through the legislation analysis. Finally, the evaluation standards from the statistics will contribute to the improvement of eco-friendly standards for developing the forestland and the classification of the zoning in the rural areas.

Climate change has become a major challenge for sustainable development of human society. This study is an attempt to analyze existing literature to identify economic indicators that hamper the process of global warming. This paper includes case studies based on various countries to examine the nexus for environment and its relationship with Foreign Direct Investment, transportation, economic growth and energy consumption. Furthermore, the observations are analyzed from the perspective of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and probable impact on carbon emission of Pakistan. A major portion of CPEC investment is allocated for transportation. However, it is evident that transportation sector is substantial emitter of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas. Unfortunately, there is no empirical work on the subject of CPEC and carbon emission for vehicular transportation. This paper infers that empirical results from various other countries are ambiguous and inconclusive. Moreover, the evidence for the pollution haven hypothesis and the halo effect hypothesis is limited in general and inapplicable for CPEC in particular. The major contribution of this study is the proposal of an energy efficient transportation model for reducing CO2 emission. In the end, the paper suggests strategies to climate researchers and policymakers for adaptation and mitigation of greenhouse gases (GHG).

This study is to identify cases and status of the system operation in the event of a disaster by investigating the operation and management systems for domestic and overseas disaster resources, and to design a prototype for efficient operation by deriving operation and management improvement measures. In order to analyze the status of systems for disaster resource operation and management, we investigated the system operation cases and status used for the operation and management of disaster resources in the event of a disaster. We then derived improvement measures for the operation and management of disaster resources through several cases in advanced countries. Based on these measures, users should be able to efficiently manage key disaster resources by disaster type. They will also be able to identify the disaster risk level by stage, and inquire organizations capable of support near disaster areas. If a disaster resource management prototype is developed through this study, it may be used in conjunction with the "digital-based integrated management system for disaster resources" project (2020-2022) supported by the Ministry of the Interior and Safety. It can be also used as a reference for establishing a disaster resource stockpile plan.

An overview is provided on the past and ongoing efforts aiming at efficient utilization of an extensive empirical data from permanent experiments and monitoring plots in building and validation of forest growth and yield models. First, the properties and suitability of different types of data for different purposes are briefly evaluated. Then, a brief overview to the design, measurements and management of long-term experimental data at Luke is provided with the help of some examples. The main focus is to highlight the role of empirical data in assessing the performance of simulation tools, as well as individual growth and yield models. The validation process heavily depends on the goals set to validation. The goals of growth modelers may be quite different from those of the user of the models. Alternative methods applicable to different types of model evaluation are discussed starting from testing of individual growth functions, analyzing the interaction of sub-models in a simulation system, and finally in assessing the performance of whole simulation system. Finally, some examples of different evaluation methods of models and simulation tools using empirical data are presented.

컴퓨터는 수업시의 문제 해결에 대한 동기유발과 이해를 강화시켜 오늘날의 교육에 강조되고 있는 문제 해결 학습에 가장 적합한 교육공학 도구이고 우리에게 다양하고 풍부한 학습경험을 적시적소에 전달할 수 있는 정보화시대의 대표적인 교수-학습 방법으로 인식되고 있다. 멀티미디어 저작도구는 멀티미디어 시스템의 제반기술을 이용하여 단시간 내에 교육용 코스웨어의 개발과 유지보수를 도와준다. 본 논문에서는 멀티미디어 저작도구를 이용하여 효과적인 교육용 소프트웨어 개발과정을 제시하며 이의 교육에의 응용에 대한 교육적 이점, 제한점 그리고 향후 나아가야할 발전 방향을 모색해 보고자 한다.

Computers can intensify the students' motivation and understanding about the solution to the problems in class, therefore, computers can be the most appropriate educational tools for the study of problem solving and have been also recognized as a representable study method in the information age, which can pass on various educational experience to the right place at the right time. Mutimedia producing tool helps us develop and maintain the educational courseware by way of using general technology of multimedia system. In this thesis, it presents the efficient development process of educational software by using mutimedia producing tool, its educational advantages and problems, and its future progress direction as well.

하수처리장의 방류수 수질기준이 강화되고 있으며, 이에 따라 하수처리장 시설도 고도화되고 있다. 또한 하수처리장의 방류수질은 높은 수준으로 유지되어야 하며, 이에 따라 효율적인 하수처리장 운영이 매우 중요한 이슈로 대두되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 하수처리장의 Blower Control Loigc 개발을 위해, 하수도 시설기준의 기본 송풍량 산정 방식을 기반으로 유입수질에 따른 필요 산소량 및 송풍량을 산정하였다. 본 연구를 통해 A 하수처리장의 실제 4월 수질 데이터를 적용하여 송풍량을 산정한 결과, 평균적으로 약 12 %의 송풍량이 절감이 될 수 있다는 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 산정한 결과에 따라 Blower Control Logic을 개발하여 실제 하수처리장에 적용하게 된다면, 유입수질을 기반으로 송풍량 제어가 가능함에 따라 운전자의 경험에 의존하고 있는 기존의 하수처리 운영방식에서 벗어나 하수처리장 자율제어가 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 또한, 송풍량 및 전력비 절감이 이루어진 효율적인 하수처리장 운영을 기대 할 수 있으며, 이를 통해 불필요한 에너지 및 탄소 절감에 기여할 수 있을 것이라고 판단된다.

The standards pertaining to the quality of discharged water in sewage treatment plants are strengthening, and accordingly, facilities in sewage treatment plants are being upgraded. In addition, the discharge water quality of sewage treatment plants must be maintained at a high level, and efficient sewage treatment plant operations have thus emerged as a very important issue. For the efficient operation of sewage treatment plants, this study applied a basic blowing amount calculation method based on sewage facilities to evaluate the required oxygen amount and blowing amount according to inflow water quality by logicizing various influencing factors. As a result of calculating the amount of air blown by applying actual April water quality data from sewage treatment plant A to the blower demand calculation developed through this study, it was found that the average amount of air blown was reduced by about 12%. When the blower demand calculation developed here is applied to an actual sewage treatment plant, the amount of air blown can be controlled based on the inflow water quality. This can facilitate the realization of an autonomous control of sewage treatment plants, in contrast to the existing sewage treatment operation method that relies on operational experience of operator. In addition, it is expected that efficient sewage treatment plants can be operated by reducing blowing amounts and power costs, which will contribute to both energy and carbon savings.

This paper develops an efficient algorithm for the minimum distance calculation between two general polyhedra(convex and/or concave) in three-dimensional space. The polyhedra approximate objects using flat polygons which composed of more than three vertices. The algorithm developed in this paper basically computes minimum distance between two polygons(one polygon per object) and finds a set of two polygons which makes a global minimum distance. The advantage of the algorithm is that the global minimum distance can be computed in any cases. But the big disadvantage is that the minimum distance computing time is rapidly increased with the number of polygons which used to approximate an object. This paper develops a method to eliminate sets of two polygons which have no possibility of minimum distance occurrence, and an efficient algorithm to compute a minimum distance between two polygons in order to compensate the inherent disadvantage of the algorithm. The correctness of the algorithm is verified not only comparing analytically calculated exact minimum distance with one calculated using the developed algorithm but also watching a line which connects two points making a global minimum distance of a convex object and/or a concave object. The algorithm efficiently finds minimum distance between two convex objects made of 224 polygons respectively with a computation time of about 0.1 second.

This paper develops an algorithm for efficiently computing the intersection points between rays and an object in a simulated radiograph. This algorithm allows interactive calculation of simulated radiographs for very complex parts. It needs a geometric model of a part which is approximated by a bounding surface made up of flat triangular polygons. Since rays have a point source, a perspective transformation is applied to convert the point source problem to one that has parallel rays. This permits to use a scan-line algorithm which utilizes the coherence of the grid of rays for the intersection calculations. The efficiency of the algorithm is shown by comparing compute time of the intersection calculations to a commercial software that computes each ray intersection independently.

최근 "Log4j 보안 취약점 사태" 가 발생함에 따라 오픈소스인 "Log4j"를 활용하는 정보시스템이 취약점에 노출되었다. 이번 사태로 인해 전 세계뿐만 아니라 국내 주요 정부 기관 또는 기업들의 정보시스템에 큰 취약점이 발생하여 오픈소스의 취약점에 대한 문제가 대두되었다. 오픈소스는 여러 장점에도 불구하고 오픈소스를 활용하여 개발하는 현재의 개발 패러다임으로 인해 소프트웨어 보안 취약점이 손쉽게 확산될 수 있다는 문제점이 많아 오픈소스의 안전성 및 신뢰성 확보하기 위해 오픈소스에 대한 취약점 점검이 필요하다. 하지만 오픈소스 취약점 스캐닝 도구는 종류도 많고 지원하는 언어와 기능들이 상이한 다형적인 특징을 가지고 있다. 따라서, 기존 소프트웨어 평가 기준으로는 평가하기 모호하고 장단점을 평가하기 어려우므로 본 논문에서는 오픈소스 취약점 분석 도구에 대한 새로운 평가 기준을 개발하였다.

The recent "Log4j Security Vulnerability Incident" has occurred, and the information system that uses the open source "Log4J" has been exposed to vulnerabilities. The incident brought great vulnerabilities in the information systems of South Korea's major government agencies or companies and global information systems, causing problems with open source vulnerabilities. Despite the advantages of many advantages, the current development paradigm, which is developed using open source, can easily spread software security vulnerabilities, ensuring open source safety and reliability. You need to check the open source. However, open source vulnerability scan tools have various languages and functions. Therefore, the existing software evaluation criteria are ambiguous and it is difficult to evaluate advantages and weaknesses, so this paper has developed a new evaluation criteria for the vulnerability analysis tools of open source

It is well known that the test and evaluation plan (TEP) is very crucial in the successful development of safety-critical systems. As such, this paper discusses an approach to the development of the TEP for a system that should meet safety requirements in the systems development process. It is studied how to incorporate the result of preliminary hazard analysis (PHA) in generating the safety requirements. It is also discussed how to deal with them when the system requirements (i.e., functions, performance, constraints, components, etc) and the safety requirements are integrated into one model. While doing so, we have constructed the required traceability among them, which is necessary and very useful when the safety requirements need to be corrected or be changed. The use of the traceability makes it possible to easily check out whether and how the safety requirements are properly incorporated in the system design process. Furthermore, without the verified traceability, the system cannot be changed or upgraded later. In order to implement the model on a computer-aided tool, we have constructed a database (DB) schema. As a result, the implemented model/DB allows to automatically generate TEP which can be used to measure the performance and safety level of the developed system.

현재 다짐공사는 작업자가 정해진 다짐횟수, 두께, 속도, 진동여부 등을 자신의 경험에 의해 개별적으로 판단하고 감독자의 육안 검사에 의해 다짐공사의 품질측정이 이루어지고 있으며, 작업 후 대표성이 떨어지는 재래식 다짐강도 측정방법인 일점시험(Spot test)을 통하여 후속 단계의 작업을 진행하고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 다짐작업 결과에 대한 정량적 확인이 불가능하며, 시공부실로 인한 문제점이 제기될 가능성이 상존하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 여러 가지 시험조건에서 실제 현장규모로 다짐을 수행한 후 연속 다짐강도 측정 방법과 재래식 다짐강도 측정 방법과의 비교를 통해 연속 다짐강도 측정 방법의 사용 타당성을 입증하였다. 타당성 입증은 연속 다짐강도 측정방법인 GPS (Global Positioning System)와 가속도계로 구성된 IC (Intelligent Compaction) 롤러의 CMV (Compaction Meter Value)를 분석하는데 있으며, 입증된 결과를 토대로 일점시험을 배제한 현장 전 범위 품질확인이 가능하다. 품질 확인은 본 연구에서 개발한 다짐공사 관제프로그램에 시각화되며, 이를 통해 현장관리자는 다짐작업과 동시에 실시간 품질 모니터링이 가능하다.

Currently, the quality measurement of the work is carried out by the supervisor's visual inspection, as the workers individually judge the number of resolutions, thickness, speed and vibration. After work, we are conducting follow-up work through traditional spot test, which is less representative. Therefore, it is impossible to check the results of the resolution, and there is always the possibility that problems will arise due to poor construction. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using the continuous compaction strength measurement method by comparing the continuous compaction strength measurement method and the conventional compaction strength measurement method after performing the compaction in the actual field scale in various test conditions. The validity is verified by analyzing the Compaction Meter Value of an Intelligent Compaction roller composed of a Global Positioning System and an accelerometer, Based on the proven results, a full range of quality can be confirmed without a single test. The quality confirmation is visualized in the compaction control program developed in this study, This enables the field manager to perform real-time quality monitoring at the same time as compaction.

어떤 선박에서도 마찬가지로 적정한 전력의 공급은 매우 중요하며, 육지와 거리가 먼 대양 운항 선박에서는 특히 더욱 중요하다. 이와 같이 운항 중인 선박의 전력 공급 시스템의 효율성과 경제성 측면의 문제를 해결하기 위해서 본 논문에서는 선박에서의 전력공급을 지능적으로 제어하는 전력관리 시스템을 제안한다. 본 설계에서의 전력관리 시스템은 부하전력 감지 시스템, 발전기 제어 시스템, 그리고 전력 모니터링 시스템으로 각각 구성된다. 부하전력 감지 시스템에서는 CT 및 PT 센서를 이용하여 전류와 전력량을 측정하며, 그리고 발전기 제어 시스템에서는 여러 가지 다양한 센서로 부터의 취합정보를 이용하여 주/부 발전기를 On/Off 하게 된다. 마지막으로 모니터링 시스템은 부하 전력 감지 시스템과 발전기 관리 시스템에서 수집된 정보를 사용자가 한눈에 알아볼 수 있게 상태 정보를 출력한다. 본 논문에서 구현된 전력관리 시스템은 실시간 실험을 통해서 설계된 바와 같이 잘 작동하는 것을 확인하였으며, 그리고 공인 인증기관으로부터 KSCIEC61892-1:2012 및 KSCIEC60950-1:2008 인증을 획득하였다.

As with any ships, adequate power provision is crucial, especially on the ocean navigating ships far from the land. In order to resolve the effective and economic power supply system of any ship in operation, in this paper, we propose a power management system that intelligently controls the power supply in ships. Power management systems in this design consist of a power load detection system, a generator configuration system, and a power monitoring system respectively. The CT / PT sensor is used to measure amount of current and power in the power detection system, and according to the collected information from various sensor, the generator configuration system will switch on and off the main / sub generator effectively. Finally, the power monitoring system will display all status information of this power management system at a glance for users. This power management systems implemented in this paper is evaluated via real-time experiments, which works well as designed, and certified by KSCIEC61892-1:2012 and KSCIEC60950-1:2008.

This study aims to contribute to efficient paddy field water management by developing an IoT-based automatic paddy inlet that can consider water level changes according to variations in the supplied water quantity through irrigation channels. This IoT-based automatic paddy inlet not only ensures water level changes based on the supply of irrigation water but also secures irrigation efficiency. The effectiveness and efficiency of the developed IoT-based automatic paddy inlet were presented to contribute to efficient paddy field water management. As a result, the IoT-based automatic paddy inlet demonstrated the capability to maintain the optimal water level in the paddy field. Particularly, it exhibited up to 18.4% higher water resource usage efficiency compared to conventional paddy inlet, emphasizing the IoT-based automatic paddy inlet's advantage in terms of water resource usage.

Construction automation can be an effective alternative for the lack of skilled labor and loss of productivity. With such a background, Korean government has provided a lot of financial supports for the development of construction automation technology. However, despite of those efforts, automation systems at construction sites have rarely been employed. This is because the systems have not been developed with full consideration of the needs and environments on construction sites. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify the critical success factors for efficient development of construction automation systems. This study compares and analyzes key factors for automated construction system(ACS) and construction information system(CIS). As a result, ‘stability and reliability’ in the ACS showed the highest importance while ‘manageability’ in the CIS was. Consequently, for the successful introduction of the ACS, technical capability and stability should be firstly considered to cope with dynamic construction environment, while the CIS should be built to enable efficient management and use of information. The result of this study can serve as an evaluation base for the current construction automation technologies and an index for more efficient technology development in the future as well.

4D 영화는 3D 혹은 일반영상과 함께 물리적인 효과를 추가한 영화이다. 시청자에게 물리적 효과를 제공하기 위해선 각 장면마다 적용할 물리 효과 데이터를 작성해야 한다. 본 논문에서는 영화의 폭발 장면이나 빙설, 적설 장면의 상황을 판단하여 효율적으로 물리효과를 제공할 수 있는 영상 검출 시스템을 제안한다. 제안하는 영상 검출 시스템은 R컬러와 적색차 정보인 $C_r$값을 이용한 화염 검출 알고리즘과 RGB 컬러를 이용한 적설 영역 검출 알고리즘, 8051 계열의 MCU를 사용한 제어시스템으로 구성된다. 성능평가 결과 화염의 경우 91%의 검출율을 보였으며, 적설 영역의 경우 26%의 오검출이 발생하였다. 또한 해당 알고리즘을 통한 자동적인 물리적 효과 제공이 가능함을 보였다.

4D film is just a film that made by adding some physical effects to 3D film or general film. In order to provide physical effects to the audience, the data that make the physical effect must be added to each frames. In this paper, we proposed a video detection system that can efficiently provide physical effects by assessing the present situation such as explosion scene, snowing scene. The proposed video detection system contains an algorithm for fire detection by using R color and $C_r$ value, and also an algorithm for snow detection by using RGB color model. The system constitutes in a MCU that from 8051 family. In the performance evaluations, the result shows that 91% of detection rate in case of fire and 25% of false detection rate in case of snow. Also the system is capable of providing physical effects automatically.

Hydrostatic bearings are widely used in precision machines due to their high motion guide accuracy, low friction and high load carrying capacity. It is very useful to estimate the moving characteristics of hydrostatic bearings in the design stage. A new method is suggested for the analysis of fluid film in hydrostatic bearings. A combined mesh of 8 node solid elements with negligible deformation resistance and spring-dashpot elements is used in conjunction with the user subroutine of ABAQUS to represent the fluid film. The mesh can be used to capture the deformation of the bearing structure as well as the varying properties of fluid film. Analysis results from the finite element model are compared with theoretical solutions, results from FLUENT analysis and some previous works. With this method, static and dynamic analyses of the system containing the bearings can be performed efficiently.

초고전압투과 전자현미경(HVEM)을 이용한 e-Science 환경을 구축하기 위해서는 HVEM의 원격제어시스템과 HVEM에 의해 생성된 데이터의 효율적인 관리와 공유를 위한 데이터포털이 필요하다. 그리고 이러한 데이터포털에서 생성된 데이터의 구조화, 저장 및 관리, 탐색, 공유를 위해서는 HVEM에 적합하게 특화된 메타데이터가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 e-Science 환경 하에서 HVEM에 의해 생성된 데이터의 보다 효율적인 관리와 공유를 위하여 HVEM에 적합하게 특화된 메타데이터 모형을 제시하였다.

The purpose of this study is to building e-Science environment based on HVEM, remote control system of HVEM and the data portal, which is made by HVEM for efficiently management and sharing of data, are needed. Furthermore, specialized metadata is required as well for the structuralization, storage, management, search and share of the data created from the data portal. In this research paper, we propose the specialized metadata model, only suitable for HVEM, for more efficient management and share of data created by HVEM under the e-Science environment.

Propofol is widely used for anesthesia and sedation due to its rapid onset and short half-life but has potential for abuse, leading to its regulation as a controlled substance in South Korea since 2011. Effective monitoring methods for propofol in urine are crucial due to its quick metabolism and excretion. This study presents an improved GC/MS method for detecting propofol by adjusting urine pH to acidic conditions, reducing nicotine interference. The method achieves reliable detection without derivatization or hydrolysis, with an LOD of 0.01 μg/mL and LOQ of 0.05 μg/mL. Testing on 10 urine samples showed no matrix interference, excellent linearity (correlation coefficient > 0.999), and satisfactory recovery rates (mean 107%). Precision and accuracy met validation criteria with within-run and between-run values within 15% and ±15%, respectively. Dilution tests confirmed minimal impact, maintaining 97－115% recovery. The effectiveness of excluding nicotine interference by adjusting pH was verified. Nicotine's interference was tested with QC samples at different pH levels, showing minimal interference at pH 4 compared to pH 9.5 (p<0.05). Acidic conditions improved propofol extraction and detection of hydroxylated metabolites. The study included 15 subjects (9 female, 6 male, aged 27－44), with an average propofol concentration in urine of 29.7 μg/mL (range 9.1－86.0). This approach is valuable for clinical and forensic toxicology applications, enhancing early detection of abuse and informing public health strategies.