Earticle

Purpose : This study was to investigate usage satisfaction of multi type handpiece with equipped air-jet function Methods : The subjects of this study through the survey was conducted for fifty-nine dental technicians in Daegu and Gyeongsangbukdo from the May 7 to 19, after the June 23 to July 4 2014. The survey was about the function and quality through user testing environment by cutting zirconia specimens using appliance for zirconia. The collected date was analyzed by the statistical program SPSS Win Ver 19.0 for the satisfaction of handpiece and control system. To test for significance on each item, p<0.05 had been decided a standard. General characteristics and relationship between the handpiece and control system was performed correlation analysis. Results : The results of this study is as follows. 35 dental technicians had 1~2 years career in zirconia part as the highest 59.3%, 95% of subjects expected that the prospects for the zirconia material have bright prospects. The satisfaction of multi type handpiece and control system design and function showed a significant difference. Subjects satisfied with the design and function of the multi type showed negative correlation with those of Standard. The satisfaction of multi type handpiece showed 3.37 points of air jet, 3.05 points of noise level, 2.69 points of water flow rate, and 1.98 points of cruise function. Sample differences in all parameters showed a statistically higher difference. Conclusions : High-speed cutting mechanism of multi-type is recommended working with zirconia materials and the multi-type unit combined handpiece motor, air-turbine and air-gun will be expected the increase of user due to the high satisfaction of air jet.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that affect the performance of infection control of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) by nurses in intensive care units (ICU) in general hospitals. Methods: Participants were 105 ICU nurses from 6 general hospitals. The questions for the survey performed were based on the theory of planned behavior, such as attitude towards infection control of MDROs, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intention, and performance. Results: In the relationship between subjective norms towards infection control of MDROs and performance, intention showed a significant complete mediating effect; and in the relationship between perceived behavioral control and performance, intention showed a partial mediating effect. The attitude towards infection control of MDROs was excluded from the mediating effect verification because there was no significant correlation between intention and performance. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that department atmosphere and perceived behavior control promotion programs should be developed to enhance subjective norms in order to promote the performance of infection control of MDROs.

Cars using diesel have always had problems with reducing exhaust fumes, and have been studied steadily in this regard. There were studies on the remanufacturing effect of DOC catalyst deactivated by diesel vehicle smoke reduction device, analysis of vehicle fire accident cases caused by damage to diesel vehicle smoke reduction device, and related studies on the remanufacturing effect of diesel vehicle smoke reduction device DPF. This study is also to develop an exhaust flow control unit suitable for an exhaust engine to completely burn smoke generated by an engine using a diesel engine in a low temperature exhaust gas. The main systems to be developed are high-performance heaters, burner structures that can maintain ignition in exhaust flows, and exhaust flow control units that reduce exhaust gas backflow effects caused by diesel engines.

Purpose: This study examined the effects of a non-pharmacological multicomponent intervention on delirium, sleep quality, and total sleep time in patients admitted to an emergency intensive care unit (EICU). Methods: A non-equivalent control group time-series design was used. Data were collected from the EICU of a tertiary hospital in South Korea between October 2025 and March 2026. A total of 48 patients were included, with 24 each in the experimental and control groups. The 2-day intervention comprised delirium prevention, sleep promotion, and intervention adherence management. Delirium was assessed using the Korean Nursing Delirium Screening Scale, sleep quality using the Korean version of the Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire, and total sleep time was measured using a wearable device. Data were analyzed using generalized estimating equations, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and two-way repeated-measures ANCOVA using SPSS version 26.0 program. Results: Delirium scores were significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group, with significant group (χ2 = 5.21, p = .022), time (χ2 = 12.86, p = .005), and group-by-time interaction effects (χ2 = 10.76, p = .013). Adjusted post-test sleep quality was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (F = 16.15, p < .001, partial η2 = .26). Total sleep time showed significant main effects of group and time, whereas the group-by-time interaction was not significant (F = 2.61, p = .113, partial η2 = .05). Conclusion: The intervention helped prevent increases in delirium scores and improved sleep quality among EICU patients. This intervention may provide a feasible nursing strategy for critical care settings without the need for specialized equipment.

서 론: 중환자실에서 집중적 인슐린 요법에 의한 평균혈당강하는 사망률을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났으나 이로 인한 저혈당 및 혈당변동은 새로운 문제로 대두되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 혈당과 관련한 여러 요인들이 사망에 미치 는 영향을 규명하고 적정 혈당치를 확인하고자 하였다. 연구방법: 2008년 2월부터 7월 사이인 6개월 동안 서울아산병원 외과계 중환자실에서 4일 이상 재실한 18세 이상의 성인 환자를 대상으로 전자 의무기록 조사를 통해 후향적으로 연구가 진행되었다. 연구를 위해 환자의 인구학적 특 성, 수술의 종류, 중환자실에서의 재실기간, 사망여부, 스테로이드 사용 유무, 기계적 인공호흡기의 사용유무, 신대체요 법의 사용유무, 혈당치, 재실기간 중 스테로이드 사용유무와 인슐린 양, 입원 후 첫 24시간 동안의 포도당 주입속도, 입원 후 2일 이내와 그 이후에 발생한 균혈증 감염, APACH II와 SOFA 점수를 조사하였다. 혈당수치는 각각의 환자에서 중환자실 입실 후 가장 처음 측정된 혈당, 재실기간 중 가장 높은 혈당과 가장 낮은 혈당수치를 조사하였 고 중환자실 전체 재실기간 동안 혈당수치의 평균과 변동계수를 계산하였다. 이상의 혈당관련지표를 포함한 인자들이 일차 종속변수인 사망에 어떠한 영향을 주는지를 환자를 생존군과 사망군으로 나누어 분석하였고 ROC (receiver operator characteristic) 곡선을 사용하여 혈당지표와 APACH 및 SOFA 점수의 cut-off치를 구하여 이로부터 단변량 및 다변량 분석을 시행하였다. 결 과: 연구에 포함된 환자는 170명 이었고 그 중 23명이 연구 기간 중 중환자실에서 사망하였다. 생존자에 비 해 사망자의 최대혈당은 유의적으로 높았고 최소혈당치는 유의적으로 낮아 높은 변동계수를 보였다. ROC곡선으로부터 산출된 혈당치들의 cut-off 수치는 최소혈당치 70 mg/dL, 변동계수 25%, 최대혈당치 250 mg/dL, 평균혈당치 150 mg/ dL이었다. 다변량분석에서 최소혈당이 70 mg/dL 보다 큰 경우가 낮은 경우에 비해 오즈비가 0.922(95% 신뢰구간 0.881-0.965)로 유의성 있게 낮았으며 변동계수가 25% 보다 높은 집단의 경우 그보다 낮은 집단에 비해 오즈비가 1.121(95% 신뢰구간 1.017-1.236)로 유의성 있게 높았다. Kaplan-Meier 생존분석 결과 최소혈당치 70 mg/dL와 변동 계수 25%에 따라 생존기간에 유의성 있는 차이가 나타났다.(각각 P < 0.001, P < 0.05) 결 론: 고혈당 발생의 감소뿐 아니라 최소혈당치를 70 mg/dL 이상으로 유지하면서 변동을 최소화하는 것이 외과 계 중환자실에서의 사망률감소를 위한 중요한 요인임을 알 수 있었다.

음향분리기(acoustic release)는 해양 수중 관측기기의 계류와 회수에 유용하게 사용되는 장비이다. 이연구에서는 천해역에서 사용될 수 있는 음향분리기를 개발하였다. 개발 내용은 수중에 음향으로 분리명령을전송하는 선상음향제어장치, 음향신호를 수신하고 이를 처리하여 자신에 해당하는 분리명령을 구분한 후 분리기구 동작기능을 작동시키는 수중장치이다. 개발된 음향분리기를 수심 200 m 실해역에서 실험하여 기능을 성공적으로 확인하였다.

An acoustic release is a device used for the deployment and recovery of the oceanographic monitoring instrument. In this study, we designed and manufactured an acoustic release system which can be used in the shallow sea. The system includes the deck acoustic control unit that generates and transmits the release command, and the underwater release unit that receives the acoustic signals, processes them to interpret the release command, and operates the release part. The acoustic release system we developed was tested at a 200 m deep sea. We confirmed the successful functioning of the system.

최근 다양한 드론과 항공 무기 체계의 발전으로 정밀 항법 장치의 중요성이 강조되고 있으며, 이러한 무기들은 목표에 정확히 도달하기 위해 고도화된 항법 장치를 사용한다. 그러나, 정밀 항법 장치의 중요한 센서인 관성측정센서 (IMU; inertial measurement unit)의 누적 오차 발생은 목표 타격의 정확도에 중대한 영향을 미친다. 이를 해결하기 위해, 본 연구에서는 무향칼만필터 (UKF; unscented kalman filter)의 예측 단계와 확장칼만필터 (EKF; extended kalman filter)의 업데이트 단계를 결합한 무향확장칼만필터 (UEKF; unscented extended kalman filter)를 최초로 제안한다. 본 연구는 EKF, UKF, 그리고 필터를 적용하지 않는 환경을 대상으로 다양한 실험을 수행하여 기존 필터 알고리즘 대비 최대 62%의 정확도 향상과 최대 21% 더 빠른 실시간 처리 성능을 확인하였다. 이러한 성능 개선은 다양한 항법 무기 체계에서 혁신적인 기여를 할 것으로 기대되며, 향후 더 나은 항법 장치 개발에 중요한 알고리즘으로 활용될 수 있다.

Recent advancements in drone and aerial weapon systems have emphasized the importance of precise navigation systems. Such weapons require sophisticated navigation technology to accurately reach targets. However, accumulated errors in the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), a critical sensor in precise navigation systems, significantly impact targeting accuracy. To address this issue, this study introduces a novel Unscented Extended Kalman Filter (UEKF) algorithm, which combines the prediction step of the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) with the update step of the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). Our experiments, conducted across various environments including EKF, UKF, and a no-filter baseline, demonstrate that the UEKF algorithm improves accuracy by up to 62% and achieves up to 21% faster real-time processing performance compared to traditional filter algorithms. This performance enhancement is expected to greatly advance the efficacy of various navigation weapon systems and lay the foundation for developing next-generation precision navigation devices.

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the effects of simulation-based infection control training on the ICU nurses’ perception, clinical performance, and self-efficacy of infection control. Methods: Thirty-eight nurses were assigned into two groups using a career stratified randomization. In the experimental group, the subjects received a simulation-based infection control training, whereas the control group participated in a conventional lecture-based training. Two weeks after the completion of the training sessions, the participants were evaluated for perception, clinical performance, and self-efficacy regarding the infection control. Results:The experimental group that received simulation-based infection control training showed an improvement in perceiving the infection control compared to that of the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant. In terms of the clinical performance, the experimental group and the control group scored 26.05±3.22 and 18.53±3.37 points respectively, demonstrating a statistical significance (p<.001). There was no significant difference between the two groups in regards to the self-efficacy. Conclusion: The developed simulation-based infection control training showed positive effects in improving clinical performance of infection control over conventional lecture-based training, confirming that a simulation-based training is an effective method in advancing the practical performance of ICU nurses.

연구목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 중소종합병원 중환자실 간호사를 대상으로 감염관리 조직문화, 감염관리 자원의 지원, 임파워먼트, 감염관리 지식이 중심정맥관 관련 혈류감염 감염관리 수행도에 미치는 영향 요인을 파악하기 위한 상관적 조사연구이다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 중소종합병원 중환자실에 근무하는 간호사를 대상으로 2023년 7월 17일부터 8월 8일까지 연구를 진행하여 총 129부의 자료가 수집되었다. 연구결과 : 감염관리 조직문화 정도는 5점 만점에 평균 4.08점, 감염관리 자원의 지원은 5점 만점에 평균 3.81점 이었고, 임파워먼트는 5점 만점에 평균 3.63점이었다. 감염관리 지식 정도는 총 15점 만점에 평균 11.44점이었다. 중심정맥관 관련 감염관리 수행도는 5점 만점에 평균 4.24점이었다. 중심정맥관 관련 감염관리 수행도에 영향을 미치는 가장 주요한 요인은 감염관리 조직문화(β=.33, p<.001), 감염관리 자원의 지원(β=.24, p=.011), 임파워먼트(β=.23, p=.002), 근무부서(β=.14, p=.038) 순이었으며, 총설명력은 48.0%이었다(F=30.23, p<.001). 결론 : 본 연구결과 중소종합병원 중환자실 간호사의 감염관리 수행도 증진을 위한 가장 중요한 요인으로 조직 차원의 긍정적인 조직문화 조성이 필요함이 확인되었다. 의료현장에서 긍정적인 조직문화 조성을 위해서는 감염관리 지침 준수의 중요성에 대한 경영진과 리더그룹의 인식 변화가 무엇보다 중요하다.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing the performance of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) control among intensive care unit (ICU) nurses in small and medium-sized general hospitals, focusing on organizational culture and resource support for infection control, empowerment, and infection control knowledge. Methods: This study was conducted from July 17 to August 8, 2023 with 129 ICU nurses from general hospitals who voluntarily participated. Results: The average scores were 4.08 out of 5 for organizational culture, 3.81 out of 5 for resource support, 3.63 out of 5 for empowerment, and 11.44 out of 15 for infection control knowledge. The performance of CLABSI control averaged 4.24 out of 5. Factors influencing CLABSI control performance among ICU nurses were organizational culture (β=.33, p<.001), resource support (β=.24, p=.011), empowerment (β=.23, p=.002), and working department (β=.14, p=.038). These factors collectively explained 48.0% of the variance in the performance of CLABSI control (F=30.23, p<.001). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that enhancing CLABSI control performance in general hospitals requires fostering a positive organizational culture for infection control at the institutional level. This can be achieved by increasing awareness among hospital management and leader group regarding the importance of actively adhering to infection control guidelines.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a blood glucose control protocol for medical intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Methods: The subjects were recruited from medical ICU adult patients whose blood glucose levels exceeded 200 mg/dL in two consecutive tests. The experimental group (n=62) received the modified Yale (MY) insulin protocol, whereas the control group (n=64) was treated with the conventional insulin therapy methods. Results: In the experimental group, the mean blood glucose levels (p<.001) and the time to reach the target range of glucose (p<.001) decreased significantly while the incidence rates of a target range of glucose of 100-140 mg/dL (p<.001) increased significantly as compared to the control group. However, no statistically significant differences were found in the incidence of hypoglycemia(p=.644), or the number of glucose tests (p=.236) between the groups. The length of stays in the ICU (p=.001), ventilator care days (p=.038), and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (p=.029) in the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group. Conclusion: Application of the protocol was effective in improving the state of blood glucose control in medical ICU patients. Therefore, this protocol is expected to be used as a part of nursing intervention in critical care nursing.

교통여건의 변화로 좌·우회전, 중앙버스 및 자전거 전용신호에 대한 요구가 증대되고 있다. 그러나 현재 운영되고 있는 표준규격 교통신호제어기는 4색등화기를 기반으로 하고 있어, 3색등화기의 방향별 차종별 전용신호를 운영하는 데 제약이 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 기존 표준 교통신호제어기에서 좌·우회전 및 중앙버스의 전용신호를 제어할 수 있는 물리적 소프트웨어적인 방안을 제시하였다. 물리적으로 보행 적, 보행 녹, 적, 황, 화살표 및 녹색등화의 6개 출력단자로 설계된 4색등화기의 신호등구동장치(LSU)를 적, 황, 녹색의 3개 씩 2단 배열로 그룹화 하여, 3색등화기의 전용신호로 사용하는 방안을 제시하였다. 소프트웨어적으로 신호 맵 데이터의 코드값을 3색등화기의 적1·황1·녹1·적2·황2·녹색2의 LSU 출력에 맞게 설정하여, 링별(A/B링) LSU별로 전용신호를 스텝별로 구동하는 방안을 제안하였다. 전용신호 도입 시의 운영효과를 중앙버스전용차로가 운영되고, 좌회전이 허용되는 서울시 망우역교차로를 대상으로 분석한 결과 버스전용차로가 운영되고 있는 주도로(동-서)에서 지체가 크게 개선되어 교차로 전체의 지체시간이 70초/대 이상 개선되는 것으로 분석되었다.

According to the change of the traffic conditions, the requirement of controlling the separated left(or right) turn, the median bus lane and bicycle signal is increasing. However, the traffic signal controller standard based on the four-set lights restricts to control the three-set lights which control the separated direction and kind of traffics. This study suggests the method to control the three-set lights signal by improving the hardware and software for the traffic signal controller which is operated currently in the traffic scene. The 6 output ports of Load Signal Unit(LSU) which is consisted of Pedestrian Red, Pedestrian Green, Red, Yellow, Arrow and Green signal reconstitute 2 rows of the Red, Yellow, Green for three-set lights while the Signal Map data's code values which control the signal step of an individual Ring and LSU are established to adjust the LSU's output ports(R1·Y1·G1·R2·Y2·G2) of the three-set lights. The effect of using the separated through/left turn and the median lane bus signal of three-set lights is analyzed from a Mangwoo intersection in Seoul. The results of analysis show that the delay time of the east-west direction where the median bus lane is operated is especially improved with over 70 sec/veh.

본 논문은 기간단위의 제시방법에 따른 기간지각의 차이가 소비자의 자기통제에 미치는 영향을 검증하였다. 기존의 단위효과 연구들은 동일한 정보에 대한 지각이 제시되는 단위에 따라 달라지는 단위효과를 보여주었다. 본 연구는 소비자의 기간지각에 초점을 두어, 기존 문헌에서 다루지 않았던 동일한 기간을 표현하는 단위의 개수가 소비자의 기간지각과 자기통제에 미치는 영향을 검증하였다. 구체적으로, 동일한 기간을 하나의 단위를 사용하여 ‘단일단위’로 제시하는 경우(예, 45일)와 두 개의 단위를 사용하여 ‘복합단위’로 제시하는 경우(예, 1달 15일)에 나타나는 기단단위의 제시효과를 소비자의 자기통제 문제와 관련된 두 개의 의사결정상황에서 확인하고자 하였다. 본 논문은 복합단위로 제시된 기간이 비연속적인 기간들로 범주화되어 지각될 수 있음에 주목하여 두 기간의 합을 하나의 기간보다 더 길게 지각하는 준가법적 할인효과를 이론적 근거로 제시하였다. 첫 번째 의사결정상황은 시점간 선호(실증연구 1)로 지연된 시간이 복합단위로 제시될 경우에 단일단위로 제시될 경우보다 더 많은 보상을 희망하는 것으로 나타났다. 두 번째 의사결정상황은 목표추구 상황(실증연구 2)으로 기간단위의 제시방법이 잔여목표량 지각에 미치는 영향을 검증하였다. 실험 결과 목표와 관련된 기간정보가 단일단위로 제시될 경우보다 복합단위로 제시될 경우에 잔여목표량을 더 길게 지각하였다. 기간단위의 제시방법이 목표와 관련된 기간의 평가에 미치는 영향은 목표의 자기관련성이 높은 실험참여자들에게서 크게 나타났다.

This research examines the influence of perceived time affected by time unit framing on consumer self-control. Prior research on unit effect focuses on whether numerical information is presented in small units or in large units and compares the difference in consumers’ decision making based on the numerosity. The purpose of this research is to examine the time unit framing effect, which has not been tested in the existing literature. Specifically, we investigated the time unit framing effect when the same period of time is presented either in mixed-unit time frame (e.g., 1 month and 15 days) or in single-unit time frame (e.g., 45 days). The theoretical explanation for the unit framing effect is based on the phenomenon that people categorize the time presented with mixed-unit frame in discrete periods of time and the subadditive discounting effect, where a time interval broken into subintervals is perceived to be longer than a single time interval. This research tests the time unit framing effect in two different decision-making situations requiring self-control. The first decision-making situation, intertemporal preference, was tested in Study 1. The results showed that satisfactory rewards were higher when delayed time interval was presented in mixed-unit time frame than in single-unit time frame. The second decision-making situation, goal pursuit, was tested in Study 2. We examined the influence of time unit presentation on the perception of remaining goal. Participants reported higher perception of remaining goal when goal-related information was presented in mixed-unit (vs. single-unit) frame. The effect of time unit framing on the evaluation of goal-related time was stronger in participants with higher goal self-relevance.

This study analyzes the automotive behavior and its impact on driving safety when the Micro controller Unit (Micom), a core component of the automotive Engine Control Unit (ECU), is exposed to high temperatures. The automotive behavior was observed with and without the ECU housing cover under thermal exposure, and the temperature of the Micom was determined using heat transfer principles. The results showed that with the housing cover in place, a thermal equilibrium was maintained at approximately 160[°C], and the Micom's temperature was about 73[°C], which is within its guaranteed operating limits and did not affect the automotive behavior. When the housing cover was removed, the engine stoped to operate at approximately 220[°C], and it is presumed that the Micom's internal circuitry was damaged. These findings can provide useful quantitative data for future reliability assessments of ECUs and for investigations into sudden unintended acceleration phenomena.

본 논문에서는 밝기제어장치 및 색상제어장치 그리고 기존의 제어장치와의 호환성을 갖는 통합 인터페이 스 제어장치 설계하고 제작하여 구현하였다. 구현 방법으로는 데이터 전송방식은 DVI/HDMI 전송방식의 규격을 적용하였으며 적용한 IC는 Sil1169 IC를 사용하였다. 밝기제어는 AT89C2051을 사용하여 8단계의 밝기조절 기 능을 갖도록 프로그래밍하였다. 또한 영상 및 디밍 데이터 처리를 위하여 EPM240T100C5 IC를 사용하여 제작하 였다. 그 결과로 기존에 제작하여 사용되어지고 있는 DVI/HDMI 전송방식을 적용한 제어장치와 호환이 가능하고, 주변 밝기에 따라 선명하고 고품질의 Full HD급 영상을 LED 디스플레이 장치에 통하여 재생할 수 있는 결과를 얻었다.

In this paper, we designed manufactured and design an integrated interface control unit that has compatibility with brightness control unit, color control unit, and existing control unit. As the implementation method the standard of DVI/HDMI transmission method is applied to the data transmission method, and the Sil 1169 IC is used as the applied IC. Brightness control is programmed to have eight levels of brightness control using the AT89C2051. Also, EPM240T100C5 IC was used for image and dimming data processing. As a result, it is compatible with the control unit using the DVI/HDMI transmission method manufactured by each company and can reproduce clear high quality full HD video according to the surrounding brightness through the full color LED display system.

식 구간에서 인공위성이 필요로 하는 모든 전력을 공급하는 배터리의 수명은 인공위성의 수명과 직결된다. 배터리의 수명은 배터리충전 방식에 의해 영향을 받으므로, 배터리 충전을 제어하는 전력제어유닛은 배터리 수명을 고려하여 설계되어야 한다. 배터리 충전은 낮 구간에서 태양전지로부터 생성된 전력을 전력제어유닛의 충전 전류 제어를 통해 이루어진다. 계절마다 다른 식 구간의 빈도를고려하고 배터리 과충전 방지를 위하여 배터리 충전관련 변수들은 계절에 따라 각각 다르게 설계되어야 한다. 또한 충전 시 과전류충전과 과전압 충전을 방지하기 위해 배터리 충/방전 상태, 충전전류 양, 배터리 전압, 배터리 용량, 배터리 온도, 배터리 셀 전압등을 모니터링 하여 충전 전류를 제어한다. 인공위성에서는 각 조건을 반영하여 충전 전류를 제어하는 tapering 방식을 사용한다. 본 논문에서는 tapering 충전 방식을 적용한 인공위성 전력제어유닛의 배터리 충전 알고리즘을 설계한다. 설계된 알고리즘을 위성에업로드 할 수 있는 코드로 변환하고 구축된 위성환경에서의 시험을 통해 동작을 검증한다.

The lifetime of a battery that supplies all the power required by a satellite in the eclipse is directly related to the lifetime of the satellite. Because the lifetime of the battery is influenced by the charging method of the battery, the power control unit that controls the charging of the battery should be designed in consideration of battery life. The battery charging is performed by controlling the charge current in the power control unit generated from the solar cell in the daytime. In order to prevent overcharge of the battery and for considering frequency of eclipse in each season, parameters related battery charging should be designed differently according to the season and to prevent over-current charging and over-voltage charging during charging, charge current is controlled by monitoring battery charge / discharge status, charge current amount, battery voltage, battery capacity, battery temperature and battery cell voltage. In satellite, tapering method is used to control charge current by reflecting each condition. In this paper, design battery charging algorithm of satellite power control unit using tapering charging method. convert the designed algorithm into a code that can be uploaded to satellites and verify the operation through testing in the established satellite environment.

오수처리시설물 제어하는 기존 제어장치는 PLC에 의한 것으로 조건제어, 유지관리, 기능확장에 따른 운영에 많은 어려움을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 임베디드 시스템에 의한 제어장치를 개발하여 다양한 환경에 대한 유입수량, 농도상태에 따른 반응시간 및 전체 진행시간을 프로그램 하기 쉬운 구조로 하였다. 또한 효율적인 장비가동으로 설비보전을 할 수 있어 유지비용을 줄일 수 있다. 가장 큰 목적은 사용자와 관리자가 쉬운 유지관리를 위해 보다 더 신뢰할 수 있는 배출수 운영으로 하천 수질개선을 위함이다.

Purpose : This study was performed to identify the influencing factors of unplanned intensive care unit (ICU) readmission. Methods : The study adopted a Rretrospective case control cohort design. Data were collected from the electronic medical records of 844 patients who had been discharged from the ICUs of a university hospital in Incheon from June 2014 to December 2014. Results : The study found the unplanned ICU readmission rate was to be 6.4%(n=54). From the univariate analysis revealed that, major symptoms at $1^{st}$ ICU admission, severity at $1^{st}$ ICU admission (CPSCS and APACHE II), duration of applying ventilator application during $1^{st}$ ICU admission, severity at $1^{st}$ discharge from ICU (CPSCS, APACHE II, and GCS), and application of $FiO_2$ with oxygen therapy, implementation of sputum expectoration methods, and length of stay of ICU at $1^{st}$ ICU discharge were appeared to be significant; further, decision tree model analysis revealed that while only 4 variables (sputum expectoration methods, length of stay of ICU, $FiO_2$ with oxygen therapy at $1^{st}$ ICU discharge, and major symptoms at $1^{st}$ ICU admission) were shown to be significant. Conclusions : Since sputum expectoration method was the most important factor to predictor of unplanned ICU readmission, a assessment tool for the patients' capability of sputum expectoration needs to should be developed and implemented, and standardized ICU discharge criteria, including the factors identified from the by empirical evidences, might should be developed to decrease the unplanned ICU readmission rate.

This study was to identify the level of knowledge and performances on evidence-based infection control and influencing factors on performance among nurses in intensive care unit. Methods: A descriptive crosssectional survey design was used. Two hundred thirty-nine nurses at intensive care units were conveniently recruited from seven hospitals located in Seoul and Kyounggi province. Data were collected with a questionnaire survey about evidence-based infection control. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 17.0 program. Results: Both level of knowledge (mean 9.15 out of 19) on preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia and central venous catheter induced bloodstream infection, and performance on evidence-based infection control (1.94 out of 4) were moderate. Performance of evidence-based practice for infection control was related to reading research articles regularly, professional satisfaction, and taken education course. Conclusion: These results indicate that systematic and organizational strategies for enhancing evidence-based infection control are needed to improve quality of intensive nursing care.

This study investigates the impact of both direct and indirect moisture ingress into an automotive engine control unit(ECU) on vehicle behavior and operational safety. Two experimental conditions were examined: exposure to an environment with 100% relative humidity(indirect ingress) and direct injection of 1.0~2.0 cc of water onto the ECU(direct ingress). The results showed no abnormal behavior under indirect moisture conditions. However, direct moisture ingress caused engine malfunctions, warning light activations, and irregular vehicle behavior. Notably, the vehicle's safety logic functioned as intended, resulting in engine shutdown without leading to unintended acceleration. These findings provide quantitative data valuable for future reliability assessments of ECUs and investigations into sudden unintended acceleration phenomena.