Earticle

This paper is intended as an investigation of the aspectual meanings of ｢-sitekuru｣ sentences that indicate the internal states of human. There are four items; <conception, emotion, perception, sensation> in the verbs that show the internal states of human. The aspectual meanings of｢-sitekuru｣sentences depend on the semantic features of verbs of｢-sitekuru｣construction. In conclusion: it follows from what has been said through analysis, the aspectual meanings of｢-sitekuru｣sentences with transitive and volitional verbs(eg. omou, kangaeru etc) are ‘continuous’, and those with intransitive and not volitional verbs are ‘initiation’. Especially in the verbs show the spontaneous meanings(eg. omeru, omoidasareru etc), ‘initiation’ is overwhelmingly expressed in the｢-sitekuru｣sentences. As the internal states of human have not dynamic phases, the events of those sentences tend to be represented by a perfective aspect, not divided into phases. Therefore, instead of ‘continuous’ as a imperfective aspect, ‘initiation’ as a perfective aspect is interpreted as a aspectual meaning in the｢-sitekuru｣sentences that indicate the internal states of human.

A purpose of this paper is to design modern temple through adapting the processional space of the traditional temple. Processional space is one of the very important element when describing the traditional temples. But today's modern temples have been omitted or reduced in this processional space, fail to correctly establish the relationship of the traditional temple and modern. Therefore, This paper is able to experience of the spatial sequence by reconfiguring processional space through the director of visual changes and variety of spaces in the urban context.

We approach topics such as: the rise of the digital-analogous interaction, as a consequence of the emergence in many fields of the discrete-continuous interaction; the consequences in the field of the visual and the related physical, biological, linguistic, psychological and computational aspects; ‘visible’ versus ‘intelligible’ the place of the ‘visual’ with respect to ‘reality’ and ‘fiction’ the visual accounting for infinities of various types; the challenge of the wrong visual representations; ‘visual’ and ‘macroscopic’ ‘visual’ and ‘fractal’ ‘visual’ and non-Euclidean universes.

Ink-jet is part of the non impact printing that shooting the ink drop from the nozzle to paper. It is very silence and express good color. There are two types of printing that continuous and drop on demand. But drop on demand process is becoming the mainstream. these days, LCD, PDP is passed more than semiconductor industry. And we expect organic EL, FED as a next display. But product equipment, main component and technology have a gap between an advanced country and us nevertheless physical development. Expecially, previous process part is depended on imports. Ink-jet printing technology that there isn't complicated photo lithography process is attracted, so ink-jet printing resolution is more embossed. But there were not many of ink-jet resolution thesis but ink-jet head or nozzle. Because, to out of the ink from the nozzle is unseeable and hard to experiment. Therefore this thesis was experimented and simulated how can ink-jet printer improved resolution by flow-3d simulation package program.

The point of time in a high science development and today's change gone quickly, people have been going to live with nature. Landscape architecture isn't the way seeing a building as an object while nature is a background, but also the way making them positive relation by destroying their boundary. This destroyed boundary doesn't stop being shown only at the outside. It destroys a boundary among the bottom, column and roof in inside a building. At this destroying boundary process, topology concept can be used. Topology is the branch of mathematics that studies the properties of a space that are preserved under continuous deformations. A museum will be formed by folding in topology. Topology will make the space continuous. Topology and landscape architecture concept will be used at Chung-nam national university nature history museum.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of heated dialysate sloution(HDS) and heated replacement solution(HRS) on maintenance of the body temperature for ICU patients taking CRRT. Method: To maintain body temperature, we made the HDS and HRS using it in the peritoneal dialysis solution warmer. We measured body temperature every hour for initial 5hours after applying HDS and HRS by tympanic membrane thermometer. One hundred twenty nine of ICU patients taking CRRT were non-randomly assigned into four groups : only dialysate warmer; DW(n=33), only blood warmer; BW(n=32), DW+HDS+HRS(n=32), BW+HDS+HRS(n=32). Results: The patients' core temperature in the DW+HDS+HRS and BW+HDS+HRS groups were maintained within isothermic range. Those in the DW and BW groups significantly decreased during initial 5hours after applying CRRT<respectively, time(p=.000, p=.000)>. There was significant difference in the patients' core temperature between the DW and DW+HDS+HRS groups<group(p=.001)>. No significant difference was showed between the BW and BW+HDS+HRS groups<group (p=.093)>. Conclusion: The additional application of HDS and HRS to DW or BW may be an easy to use, and effective for maintenance of body temperature for patients on CRRT.

Purpose: Continuity of care is considered to be a critical indicator of quality of care and a key to effectivemanagement of schizophrenia. Current studies are generally represented by data on male patients. Thisstudy examines the effects of continuity of care on social functioning, medication adherence, andreadmission rates in female schizophrenic patients. Methods: A total of 50 women patients with schizophrenia discharged from a ward of a psychiatrichospital in Fuyang, Anhui province were selected and randomly divided into 2 groups. This is a randomizedcontrolled trial. Patients in the intervention group were given discharge routine care, educationon medication-taking methods and precautions, monthly telephone follow-up visits and reminders foroutpatient review, followed by continuous nursing. Patients in the control group were given conventionalcare. The registration number of this study is ChiCTR2400089061. Results: When comparing the two groups at different time points, except for the preintervention scorewhich was not statistically significant between the two groups, the total social functioning score of theintervention group was higher than that of the control group at all other time points, and the differencewas statistically significant. The effect of intervention factors on medication adherence scores was statisticallysignificant when compared at different time points, and the medication adherence scores of theintervention group were higher than those of the control group at all time points, with statisticallysignificant differences. Conclusion: We found that patients who received extended care had significantly improved social functioningand higher medication adherence than patients who received usual care at various time points.

Objective To delineate whether cortical plasticity induced by continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) differed according to catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene polymorphism in healthy older adults.Methods Eighteen healthy older volunteers (mean age 73.78±5.04; 12 females and 6 males) were recruited. Volunteers randomly assigned in either a sham-first or real cTBS first group participated in two separate TMS visits with at least a 2-day wash-out period. Genotyping was carried out at baseline by a separate researcher who was blinded. cTBS was delivered in a hot spot over M1 at an active motor threshold of 80%. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were obtained at 120% of the resting motor threshold before and after sham/cTBS.Results The relative MEP to baseline was significantly decreased 0 and 10 minutes post-stimulation and increased 40 minutes post-stimulation, as compared with the sham condition. Immediately after cTBS, the Val/Val group had a significantly reduced relative MEP value, as compared with the MET carrier group. Conclusion In healthy older persons, cTBS-induced motor plasticity was reduced in the COMT Val/Val group as compared with the 158Met carrier group.

Objective To investigate the effect of electrical stimulation (ES) on the recovery of motor skill and neuronal cell proliferation. Methods The male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with an epidural electrode over the peri-ischemic area after photothrombotic stroke in the dominant sensorimotor cortex. All rats were randomly assigned into the ES group and control group. The behavioral test of a single pellet reaching task (SPRT) and neurological examinations including the Schabitz’s photothrombotic neurological score and the Menzies test were conducted for 2 weeks. After 14 days, coronal sections were obtained and immunostained for neuronal cell differentiation markers including bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN), and doublecortin (DCX).Results On the SPRT, the motor function in paralytic forelimbs of the ES group was significantly improved. There were no significant differences in neurological examinations and neuronal cell differentiation markers except for the significantly increased number of DCX+ cells in the corpus callosum of the ES group (p<0.05). But in the ES group, the number of NeuN+ cells in the ischemic cortex and the number of NeuN+ cells and DCX+ cells in the ischemic striatum tended to increase. In the ES group, NeuN+ cells in the ischemic hemisphere and DCX+ cells and BrdU+ cells in the opposite hemisphere tended to increase compared to those in the contralateral.Conclusion The continuous epidural ES of the ischemic sensorimotor cortex induced a significant improvement in the motor function and tended to increase neural cell proliferation in the ischemic hemisphere and the neural regeneration in the opposite hemisphere.

Previous research reported an essential oil (EO) product decreasing methane (CH4) production by dual-flow continuous culture (DFCC); this product could assist organic dairy producers in decreasing emissions. Our objective was to assess the effect of this EO product on the microbial populations within DFCC. Here, we hypothesized that the EO either decreased protozoal population or induced shifts in the bacterial relative abundance to decrease CH4 production. Metagenomic DNA was extracted from previous effluent samples taken from a DFCC system (n = 2) across four experimental periods, after which samples were sequenced the 16S rRNA gene and microbial taxonomy was assigned using the SILVA v138 database. The treatments included a control (CON) diet (60:40 concentrate:orchardgrass pellet mix, 17.1% crude protein, 33.0% neutral detergent fiber, 20.1% acid detergent fiber, and 27.1% starch) fed twice daily for a total of 80 g/d dry matter, or the same CON diet with the addition of EO at 3 mg/d. Protozoa were also quantified in both fermenter contents and unpooled daily effluent samples. The statistical model included fixed effects of treatment and fermenter, and random effect of period, using either MaAsLin2 or the adonis2 function in the vegan package of R for microbial features, or SAS mixed model for protozoal counts. The results were deemed significant at Q < 0.05 and p < 0.05 for the MaAsLin2 and adonis2/SAS analyses, respectively. For the protozoal populations, the treatments had no significant effect (p > 0.10) on the total counts, differentiated groups, or cell outflow. The addition of EO increased the relative abundance of Methanobrevibacter and decreased that of uncultured Methanomethylophilaceae (Q < 0.05). In contrast, EO addition had no significant effect on archaeal α- or β-diversity (p > 0.05). Despite not having a significant effect on the β-diversity of archaeal and bacterial communities, EO decreased (p < 0.05) α-diversity indices in prokaryotic communities. Moreover, EO decreased (Q < 0.01) the relative abundance of Clostridia UCG-014, Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, and Christenellaceae R7 group, and increased (Q < 0.01) others including Treponema, Succinivibrionaceae UCG-002, and Ruminococcus. Offsetting shifts in the relative abundance of fiber-degrading bacteria and detailed methanogen communities deserves further investigation including predicted metabolic pathways impacted by population shifts induced by this EO combination.

Objective To reveal the signifi cance of continuous transcutaneous carbon dioxide (CO2) level monitoring through reviewing cases which showed a discrepancy in CO2 levels between arterial blood gas analysis (ABGA) and continuous transcutaneous blood gas monitoring. Method Medical record review was conducted retrospectively of patients with neuromuscular diseases who had started home mechanical ventilation between June 2008 and May 2010. Th e 89 patients underwent ABGA at the 1st hospital day, and changes to their CO2 level were continuously monitored overnight with a transcutaneous blood gas analysis device. The number of patients who initially appeared to show normal PaCO2 through ABGA, yet displayed hypercapnea through overnight continuous monitoring, was counted. Results 36 patients (40.45%) presented inconsistent CO2 level results between ABGA and continuous overnight monitoring. Th e mean CO2 level of the 36 patients using ABGA was 37.23±5.11 mmHg. However, the maximum and mean CO2 levels from the continuous monitoring device were 52.25±6.87 mmHg and 46.16±6.08 mmHg,respectively. From the total monitoring period (357.28±150.12 minutes), CO2 retention over 45 mmHg was detected in 198.97 minutes (55.69%). Conclusion Although ABGA only reflects ventilatory status at the puncturing moment, ABGA results are commonly used to monitor ventilatory status in most clinical settings. In order to decide the starting point of home mechanical ventilation in neuromuscular patients, continuous overnight monitoring should be considered to assess latent CO2 retention.

Purpose: Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) plays a crucial role in helping patients with diabetes manage their blood sugar levels. This review aimed to understand the context and scope of CGM-related studies in Korea and identified areas for future research, particularly in nursing science. Methods: The search strategy involved examining eight electronic databases for published studies on CGM, with the search period ending in March 2022. Four independent reviewers conducted screening, selection, and narrative review of the studies. Results: Descriptive and substantive analyses were performed for 68 studies on CGM, which covered diverse areas, including: (1) evaluating the CGM performance through comparisons with self-monitoring of blood glucose and correlations with existing indices; (2) validating the efficacy of CGM in improving patient outcomes and assessing various interventions; and (3) expanding the use of CGM, such as clinical guidelines and reviews, developing predictive models, and other clinical studies. Conclusion: Research on CGM has expanded to include early performance evaluation, efficacy verification, and utilization in various clinical settings. However, there is a lack of nursing-focused studies of CGM. It is recommended to incorporate CGM in nursing research aimed at enhancing self-management for patients with diabetes. Future projects should focus on developing and applying patient-customized CGM user manuals, comparing the effectiveness of CGM among patients with different types of diabetes, exploring qualitative experiences of CGM use, and addressing related issues.

Purpose: This study examined the associations between sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, self-efficacy, social support, comorbidities, and self-care quality among CAPD patients in Central Java, Indonesia.Methods: This cross-sectional study included CAPD patients recruited from two tertiary referral hospitals in Central Java (Dr. Kariadi Hospital and Dr. Moewardi Hospital). Data were collected from April to May 2025, with a total sample of 72 patients. The study instruments comprised the Self-care Scale for Peritoneal Dialysis Patients, a knowledge questionnaire, the Duke-UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire, and the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Data analysis was performed using the chi-square test, Spearman’s rank correlation, and univariate logistic regression.Results: Univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the presence of comorbidities was associated with significantly lower odds of good self-care quality (odds ratio [OR], 0.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.01?0.18; <i>p</i><.001). Higher levels of knowledge (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.19?1.78; <i>p</i><.001), self-efficacy (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.14?1.42; <i>p</i><.001), and social support (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.16?1.64; <i>p</i><.001) were significantly associated with better self-care quality. Sociodemographic factors showed no statistically significant associations with self-care quality (all <i>p</i>>.05).Conclusion: Among CAPD patients in Central Java, higher levels of knowledge, self-efficacy, and social support were associated with better self-care quality, whereas the presence of comorbidities was associated with factors hindering optimal self-care. Sociodemographic variables did not demonstrate clear associations with self-care quality, which may be partly attributable to limited statistical power in this sample.

Objective To compare optical motion capture system (MoCap), attitude and heading reference system (AHRS) sensor, and Microsoft Kinect for the continuous measurement of cervical range of motion (ROM).Methods Fifteen healthy adult subjects were asked to sit in front of the Kinect camera with optical markers and AHRS sensors attached to the body in a room equipped with optical motion capture camera. Subjects were instructed to independently perform axial rotation followed by flexion/extension and lateral bending. Each movement was repeated 5 times while being measured simultaneously with 3 devices. Using the MoCap system as the gold standard, the validity of AHRS and Kinect for measurement of cervical ROM was assessed by calculating correlation coefficient and Bland?Altman plot with 95% limits of agreement (LoA). Results MoCap and ARHS showed fair agreement (95% LoA<10o), while MoCap and Kinect showed less favorable agreement (95% LoA>10o) for measuring ROM in all directions. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values between MoCap and AHRS in ?40o to 40o range were excellent for flexion/extension and lateral bending (ICC>0.9). ICC values were also fair for axial rotation (ICC>0.8). ICC values between MoCap and Kinect system in ?40o to 40o range were fair for all motions.Conclusion Our study showed feasibility of using AHRS to measure cervical ROM during continuous motion with an acceptable range of error. AHRS and Kinect system can also be used for continuous monitoring of flexion/extension and lateral bending in ordinary range.

Climate change has worsened droughts and floods, and created conditions more likely to lead to pathogen contamination of surface water and groundwater. Thus, there is a growing need to disinfect livestock water. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is widely accepted as an appropriate method for disinfecting livestock water, as it does not produce hazardous chemical compounds and kills pathogens. However, UV-based disinfection inevitably consumes electricity, so it is necessary to improve UV disinfection effectiveness. Aluminum-based reflective nanolens arrays that enhanced the effectiveness of a continuous-flow UV water disinfection system were developed using electrochemical and chemical processes, including electropolishing and two-step anodization. A continuous UV disinfection system was custom designed and the parts were produced using a three-dimensional printer. Electropolished aluminum was anodized at 40 and 80 V in 0.3 M oxalic acid, at 120 and 160 V in 1.0 M phosphoric acid, and at 200 and 240 V in 1.5 M citric acid. The average nanolens diameters (D) of the aluminum-based reflective nanolens arrays prepared using 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, and 240 V anodization were 95.44, 160.98, 226.64, 309.90, 296.32, and 339.68 nm, respectively. Simple UV reflection behind irradiated water disinfected Escherichia coli O157:H7 in water more than did the non-reflective control. UV reflection and focusing behind irradiated water using an aluminum-based reflective nanolens array disinfected E. coli O157:H7 more than did simple UV reflection. Such enhancement of the UV disinfection effectiveness was significantly effective when a nanolens array with D 226.64 nm, close to the wavelength of the irradiated UV (254 nm), was used.

Objective: To compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on cardiovascular function, gait ability, and hematological variables in chronic stroke survivors.Methods: Twenty-nine higher-functioning, ambulatory chronic stroke survivors were randomized to HIIT (n=15) or MICT (n=14). Participants underwent supervised training three times weekly for six weeks, consisting of 30 minutes conventional therapy followed by 40 minutes aerobic exercise (HIIT: six 1-minute high-intensity intervals at 80%?100% maximum heart rate (HRmax) with 4-minute active recovery; MICT: continuous exercise at 60%?80% HRmax). Outcomes included cardiovascular function (maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max], HRmax, walking heart rate), gait (10-Meter Walk Test, Timed Up and Go test, 6-Minute Walk Test), and lipid profiles (low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides).Results: In this higher-functioning cohort (n=29), HIIT showed significantly greater improvements than MICT in VO2max (F=40.574, p=0.001), HR_max (F=24.661, p=0.001), walking heart rate (F=11.277, p=0.002), 10-Meter Walk Test (F=20.865, p=0.001), Timed Up and Go test (F=12.317, p=0.002), and 6-Minute Walk Test (F=9.742, p=0.004). Lipid profiles improved significantly within the HIIT group only (p<0.05), no between-group differences were observed.Conclusion: In higher-functioning chronic stroke survivors, HIIT was superior to MICT for cardiovascular fitness and functional mobility under a matched exposure; lipid changes occurred within HIIT only without between-group effects. These findings support incorporating HIIT into stroke rehabilitation programs to enhance recovery outcomes.

The objective of this study is to develop a belt-type dryer with a capacity of 1 ton/day, thereby improving drying efficiency by more than 70% and reducing the size of dryers by more than 50%, and thus making dryers smaller and lighter to reduce the installation and operation costs by more than 20%. We identified structural improvements by analyzing existing dryers employing indirect heating and verified the superior drying performance of the proposed method through some basic experiments. Furthermore, we verified the improvements in the heat transfer and drying characteristics as we conducted the experiments at reduced pressure.

이전 연구자들은 특정 신제품 개발(NPD) 프로젝트에 고객을 참여시키면 이는 기업의 지식 및 관계 혜택을 높이고, 그 결과 기업이 향후 자신의 다른 신제품 개발 프로젝트에 고객 참 여를 지속적으로 활용하려는 의도를 높일 것이라 가정해 왔다. 그러나 본 연구는 이러한 선 형적 긍정 관계에 의구심을 가지며, 특정 신제품 개발 프로젝트에 고객을 참여시키는 것이 항상 기업의 지식과 관계 혜택을 증가시키지 않으며 궁극적으로 고객 참여를 계속 사용하려 는 기업의 의도를 증가시키지 않는다는 비선형 매개 관계를 밝히고자 한다. 고객과 함께 신 제품을 공동 개발한 신제품 개발 관리자 267명의 설문 조사 데이터를 사용하여 연구한 결 과, 고객 참여는 지식과 관계 혜택을 통해 두 가지 비선형 매개 효과를 보임을 확인했다. 구 체적으로 낮거나 중간 수준의 고객 참여는 기업이 인지한 지식 혜택을 창출하지 못하지만, 높은 수준의 고객 참여는 지식 혜택을 증가시켜 궁극적으로 고객 참여를 계속 사용하려는 기업의 의도를 높였다. 반면, 낮은 수준과 중간 수준의 고객 참여는 기업의 인지된 관계 혜 택과 고객 참여를 지속적으로 활용하려는 의도를 촉진한 반면, 높은 수준의 고객 참여에서 는 이러한 관계 혜택을 통한 긍정적 매개 효과가 사라졌다.

Previous researchers have assumed that customer participation in a particular NPD(New Product Development) project contributes to a firm’s perceived knowledge and relational benefits, which thus naturally leads firms to desire to continuously use customer participation in their future NPD projects. Challenging this positive linear view, this study examines the nonlinear mediating relationships in which involving customers in NPD does not always increase a firm’s perceived knowledge and relational benefits and ultimately the firm’s intention to continue to use customer participation. Using survey data from 267 NPD managers who co-developed new products with customers, this study confirms two nonlinear indirect effects through knowledge and relational benefits. Customer participation at low or medium levels did not generate a firm’s perceived knowledge benefit; only customer participation at a high level increased its knowledge benefit and ultimately its intention to continue to use customer participation. In contrast, customer participation at low and medium levels facilitated a firm’s perceived relational benefit and its intention to continuously use customer participation, whereas the positive mediating effect disappeared at high levels of customer participation.