Earticle

This study examined composing processes of six graduate ESL writers in timed essay situations. The participants’ composing behaviors were videotaped and they were asked to retrospect their composing processes after they completed their timed essays while watching the video of themselves composing. The stimulus recall data were transcribed and analyzed using coding schemes. The analyses of the participants’ composing processes show that they were not able to go through composing steps they normally do in drafted writing situations. Instead they were forced to go through a linear composing process and were not able to enjoy heuristic discovery. The findings of this study support the claim that timed essay is a special form of writing and that essay exams do not necessarily produce a representative sample of test takers' writing ability in target language use domains.

학생들은 소수의 나눗셈 문장제를 나눗셈 문제로 인식하는 데 어려움을 겪는다. 본 연구에서는 곱셈 구조 이해를 바탕으로 한 나눗셈식 교수 실험을 설계하고, 학생들 이 소수의 나눗셈 문장제를 해결할 때 도식을 활용하여 식을 만드는 과정을 분석 하였다. 연구 결과, 학생들은 스스로 도식을 구성해본 경험을 바탕으로 간단한 수학적 도식 과 이중 척도 모델을 단계적으로 구성할 수 있게 되었다. 매 차시 도식의 변화 과 정에 따라 도식을 설명하기 위한 식과 설명 방법을 유연하게 제시하였고, 수업 후 문제 상황과 도식, 식을 함께 연결하여 올바른 식을 만들 수 있게 되었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로, 곱셈 구조 내의 개념을 유사한 문제 상황으로 결합한 과제 제시, 학생 스스로 도식을 구성할 기회 제공, 학생 간 공동 활동을 통한 도식 변화 과정 인식 경험 제공, 교사의 적절한 개입 및 기호학적 활동을 통해 문제 상황과 도식, 식을 유기적으로 연결할 수 있도록 지도할 것을 시사점으로 제안하였다.

Students have difficulty in understanding the meaning of division with decimals. The purpose of this study is to explore what visual representations students draw in solving word problems and how they develop their visual representations and use them to write mathematical expressions in the process of making sense of division with decimals. In this study, a teaching unit whose emphasis was on multiplicative structure in word problems in division with decimals was designed. Twenty-four sixth graders attended a teaching program that consisted of four classes. In each class, students were given word problems and asked to draw visual representations and write mathematical expressions. The result shows that it would be helpful to provide students with word problems in pairs like multiplication word problem and measurement division word problem for understanding multiplicative structures in apparently similar problems. In the beginning students drew visual models that represented only problem situation itself. As the classes progressed, however, they developed their visual representations and solved problems in reasoning with visual representations. Students could wrote correct mathematical expressions by referring to visual representations that they developed. Moreover, experience of drawing and developing their own visual representations was of great help in understanding and accepting formal mathematical models like double scale models.

본고에서는 한국어 글쓰기 과정에서 학생들의 한국어 능력과 쓰기 과제 난이도가 언어 전환(language-switching)의 빈도와 지속기간에 각각 어떠한 영향을 미치는지, 그리고 언어 전환이 학생들의 쓰기 성취와의 관계가 어떠한지를 살펴보는 데 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해서 다양한 한국어 능력을 가진 중국인 대학생 8명을 실험 대상으로 선정하고, 편지 쓰기와 논설문 쓰기, 두 개의 쓰기 과제를 부여하여, 그들이 쓰기 과제를 수행할 때 머릿속에서 일어나는 사고 과정을 생각 말하기 방법(think-aloud method)을 통하여 살펴보았다. 연구 결과에 따르면, 한국어 능력이 높은 학생들보다, 한국어 능력이 낮은 학생들은 글쓰기 과정에서 더 자주 모국어로 전환하였다. 또한, 쉬운 글쓰기 과제보다, 어려운 글쓰기 과제에서 학생들은 더 자주 모국어로 전환하였다. 언어 전환의 지속기간 같은 경우, 한국어 능력이 높은 학생들보다, 한국어 능력이 낮은 학생들은 더 오래 모국어를 사용하였으며, 쉬운 글쓰기 과제보다, 어려운 글쓰기 과제에서 학생들은 더 오래 모국어를 사용하였다. 언어 전환과 학생들의 쓰기 성취와의 관계는 부정적인 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 개별적 학생들의 생각 말하기 프로토콜 자료를 중심으로 분석하고 논의하였다.

In a protocol analysis of Korean writing from 8 Chinese adult participants, this paper observed how language-switching, i.e., the use of the first language(Chinese) in the second language(Korean) writing, was affected by the second language proficiency and the task difficulty. Research results suggest that less proficient Korean language learners switched to Chinese more frequently than more advanced learners, and all the learners switched to Chinese more frequently in essay writing task than in letter writing task. In the case of the language-switching duration, it seemed that the less proficient learner, the longer use of the first language in Korean writing process, and also, the more difficult writing task(essay writing), the longer use of the first language. Finally, it showed that the relationship between language-switching and writing achievement was negative. Possible reasons for language-switching are discussed with examples from the protocols.

This paper reported a study on how Chinese Korean language learners use their mother language when composing in Korean, and how much the use of mother language was affected by Korean language proficiency. Eight Chinese Korean language learners were asked to compose aloud on argument writing task. Analyses of their think-aloud protocols revealed that these students had both Chinese and Korean at their disposal when composing in Korean. Students were more likely to rely on Chinese generating and organizing contents during the writing process. On the contrary, they depended on the Korean when undertake the task-examining,lexical searching, language using and translating activities. Finally, the think-aloud protocols reflected that the use of mother language decreased with the writer’s Korean development, but the extent of the decline in each activities varied. Proficient writers were likely to use Chinese for meta-commenting the composing process and generating contents in their Korean composing process;The less proficient writers also used Chinese for meta-comments but they were also likely to use Chinese for lexical searching, language use and translation.

《人谱》是刘宗周的重要著作，其创作有一个背景：中晚明以后，以王龙溪、周海门、陶石篑、陶石梁等人为代表的浙中阳明学派，过分强调对本体的领悟，而轻视道德实践的工夫，甚至逐渐与禅学合流。刘宗周身处其中，为改变这一风潮，不遗余力地与石梁一派进行辩难。同时，受三教合流的影响，儒释道杂糅的功过格开始流行，儒家伦理的世俗化倾向十分明显。石梁一派模仿金代又玄子的《太微仙君功过格》与明代莲池袾宏的《自知录》创作《迁改格》，功过双行，甚而流为因果报应。鉴于此，刘宗周作《人谱》，以期修正阳明后学的流弊，重建儒家精英阶层的道德秩序。《人谱》曾三易其稿，序文也有两种，本文详细梳理了各稿及其序文之间的异同，以期清晰呈现这一过程。

Book of the Human (jen-pu) is the most important works of Liu Zongzhou. It was produced in such backgroundings: During the middle and late Ming Dynasty period, Wang Longxi, Zhou Haimen , Tao Shikui, Tao Shiliang and so on, the representatives of Yangming School of Central Zhejiang, emphasized too much on the insight into the noumenon, thus overlooked the effort of moral practices, and gradually even confluenced with learning of Zen. Living in such circumstances, in order to changed this trend, Liu Zongzhou spared no effort to argue with the school of Tao Shiliang. Meanwhile, under the influences of Combination of Three Religion s(Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism), as the production of Combination of Three Religions, Ledgers of Merit and Demerit (kung kuo ko) began to popularize among people and the secularization of Confucian ethic was very obvious. The school of Shiliang imitated the Ledgers of Merit and Demerit of Tai Wei Xian Jun(Tai Wei Xian Jun Kung Kuo Ko) written by You Xuanzi in Jin Dynasty and Records of Self-detection(Zi Zhi Lu) of Lian Chi Zhu Hong in the Ming Dynasty to write the Ledgers of Changing to Good and Correcting Mistakes(Qian Gai Ko), which recorded merits and demerits equally and even turned to comeuppances. For the above reasons, Liu Zongzhou wrote Book of the Human to modify the abuses of the School of Post Yangming and reconstructed the moral order of elites of Confucian. Liu Zongzhou once reworked Book of the Human thrice and wrote two prefaces for them. In order to clearly disclose the process, this article described the samenesses and differences between them in detail.

이 논문의 목적은 자동차 램프의 초음파 접합 공정을 합성한 자동차 램프 생산시스템에 관한 연구이다. 램프어셈블리를 생산할 때 독립된 단순 공정에 의해 사출과 초음파 접합, 항온풀림, 조립과 포장을 하던 분리된 작업공정을 원스텝(One-step) 일관공정으로 합성하여 초음파 접합시 발생되는 미세한 발생가스와 소음에 대하여 작업자에게 미치는 영향을 최소화하였다. 또한, 합성 공정에 의한 에너지 저감과 이를 자동공정에 의해 생산함으로써 생산 효율을 극대화하였다. 이 방식은 제어시스템의 타당성을 검토하기 위해 수학적 모델링을 하였고, 이들 수식을 이용하여 플랜트의 전달함수와 필요에 따라 bode선도를 이용하여 안정성과 적합한 제어기를 선정하였다. 이 연구에서 사출 물을 뒤집기 위한 $180^{\circ}$ 회전 제어장치는 중력의 영향으로 비선형 항 $M_{eq}\;lcos{\theta}(t)$이 나타났고, 이를 해결하기위해 피드포워드 제어기법을 적용하여 시스템의 선형화 및 안정화를 확보하였다.

The purpose of this paper is to study of the vehicle lamp manufacturing system composing ultrasonic waves connection process. Making lamp assembly plant, it was produced in the separate process as the injection molding, ultrasonic waves bonding, annealing in the constant temperature, lamp assembling and packing. But the improvement method producing the lamp was added with one-step process by one automation technique. As a result, welding with ultrasonic waves process, the method decreased the energy consumption and noise during ultrasonic waves welding. Therefore, this method used the mathematics modeling for checking validity, it selected the stability and suitable controller using transfer function of plant and bode chart. In this study, the $180^{\circ}$ revolution control system to turn injection part upside down was $M_{eq}\;lcos{\theta}(t)$ because of gravity influence. It effected to unstable condition a system. For solving this problem, it aimed the linearization and stabilization of system by elimination $M_{eq}\;lcos{\theta}(t)$ as applying Free-forward control technique.