Earticle

본고는 현대 한국어의 복합 조사와 관련한 문제를 검토하여 복합 조사의 개념을 정립하는 데 연구 목적을 두 었다. 현대 한국어에는 둘 이상의 조사가 선행어에 이어서 쓰인 경우가 많이 있다. 많은 학자들은 이러한 구성을 복 합 조사라고 부른다. 하지만 공시적으로 조사와 조사의 결합은 조사와 결합하는 선행어가 실사이어야 한다는 조건에 위배된다는 문제가 있다. 본고는 이와 같은 문제점을 기술하는 것에서 시작하여, 형태, 통사, 의미적으 로 복합 조사의 특성을 밝히고, 나아가 복합 조사의 개념을 정립하고자 하였다.

This article defines Korean compound particle through studying some related questions on modern Korean compound particle. The structure that an antecedent following with more than two particles in sequence among modern Korean is called compound particle by most scholars. Obviously, the combining of particles goes against with the term, which was determined that the combination with a particle should be an from the perspective of Synchronic. So from the very beginning with the discussion of those questions, the article will illustrate the features of compound particle from different aspects, like morphology, syntax and semantics, etc. Based on it, an definition on compound particle will be concluded.

본고에서는 상대시간명사｢昨日、今日、明日／先週、今週、来週／先月、今月、来月／去年、今年、来年｣와｢にも｣가 함께 쓰인｢昨日にも、今日にも、明日にも／先週にも、今週にも、来週にも／先月にも、今月にも、来月にも／去年にも、今年にも、来年にも｣의 예문을 통하여, ｢にも｣가 ＜최대치의 예상＞이라는 의미기능을 나타냄을 살펴보았다. ｢にも｣가 <최대치의 예상>이라는 의미를 나타내는 경우, 부정문과 공기하지 못하고, 또한 과거시제와도 공기하지 못함을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, <한도>를 나타내는｢には｣와 <최대치의 예상>이라는 ｢にも｣의 의미대립이 발생하는 구조에 대해서도 부조사 ｢は｣｢も｣의 의미차이와 연관시켜 설명하였다. 앞으로,｢には｣와 마찬가지로, ｢にも｣의 복합조사로서의 가능성에 대해서는 결합의 정도 등을 고려하여, 연구를 진행할 필요가 있으며, 상대시간명사뿐 아니라 절대시간명사의 예문도 추출하여 ｢にも｣의 의미기능의 일반화를 모색할 필요가 있다. 또한 日本語記述文法研究会編(2009：88~89)에서 지적한｢今にも｣｢すぐにも｣등에 대해서도 각각 ｢今｣｢今に｣｢今には｣｢すぐ｣｢すぐに｣｢すぐには｣등과의 의미, 통어상의 차이에 대해서도 고찰하고자 한다.

In this paper it was studied the meaning and the sentence restriction of ‘nimo’ on the focusing ‘kinonimo, kyonimo, asitanimo/sensyunimo, konsyunimo, raisyunimo/sengetunimo. kongetunimo, raigetunimo/kyonennimo, kotosinimno, rainennimo’ It was considered that the meaning of ‘nimo’ is < Expectation of the maximum> and I found out that it can’t be concurrent with a negative sentence and the past tense. The meaning of ‘niwa’ is <limit> and < Expectation of the maximum>is shown ‘nimo’, in which meaning opposition explained the difference in the meaning of the particle ‘mo’and ‘wa’. In the future, I will examine research in consideration of the degree of complex particle. And It is necessary to examine ‘ima,imani,imaniwa,imanimo’, ‘sugu, suguni, suguniwa, sugunimo’

본고는 일본어의 상대시간명사 ｢明日｣｢明後日｣에 조사 ｢には｣가 함께 쓰인, ｢明日には｣｢明後日には｣를 대상으로 하여, ｢には｣의 의미용법과 문말표현에 대해 고찰한 논문이다. ｢には｣는 한도라는 의미를 지니는 경우가 있으며, 한도의 의미는 명제가 불확실할 필요가 있으므로, 문말표현에는 추측표현, 희망표현 등과 공기하는 경향이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 동사의 경우, 한계동사가 많이 쓰이며, 어스펙트 형식으로 취한 ｢ている｣는 완성상의 의미를 나타냄을 알 수 있었다. 앞으로는 한도를 나타내지 않는 예문도 시야에 넣어, 의미 용법을 고찰한 후, 한도를 나타내는 ｢には｣와 그 외의 의미용법과의 상관관계도 연구대상으로 하고자 한다.｢ には｣의 복합조사로서의 가능성에 대해서는 결합의 정도 등을 고려하여, 연구를 진행할 필요가 있다.

In this paper I studied the meaning and modal restriction of ‘niwa’ on the focusing ‘ashita+nwai’ and ‘asatte+niwa’. The meaning of ‘niwa’ has a ‘limit’, and the meaning of the limit needs to have a uncertainity(uncertain dictum). Therefore, it can be seen that there is a tendency to have co-herency with epistemic modal expression and the expression of hope, etc. In addition, in the case of the verb, telic verbs are often used, and it is understood that ‘teiru’, which is taken in the meaning of completion. In the future, I will examine the meaning that do not show the limit, and then I will study the correlation between ‘niwa’, which represents the limit, and other semantic usage. It is necessary to examine research in consideration of the degree of complex particle.

Understanding of turbulent flow in the reactor coolant pump (RCP) is a premise of the optimal design of the RCP. Flow structures in the RCP, in view of the specially devised spherical casing, are more complicated than those associated with conventional pumps. Hitherto, knowledge of the flow characteristics of the RCP has been far from sufficient. Research into the nonintrusive measurement of the internal flow of the RCP has rarely been reported. In the present study, flow measurement using particle image velocimetry is implemented to reveal flow features of the RCP model. Velocity and vorticity distributions in the diffuser and spherical casing are obtained. The results illuminate the complexity of the flows in the RCP. Near the lower end of the discharge nozzle, three-dimensional swirling flows and flow separation are evident. In the diffuser, the imparity of the velocity profile with respect to different axial cross sections is verified, and the velocity increases gradually from the shroud to the hub. In the casing, velocity distribution is nonuniform over the circumferential direction. Vortices shed consistently from the diffuser blade trailing edge. The experimental results lend sound support for the optimal design of the RCP and provide validation of relevant numerical algorithms.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of reducing particle size of corn from 1,000 to 500 ${\mu}m$ in simple and complex diets for nursery pigs and broiler chicks. In Exp 1., 192 nursery pigs were used in a 24 d growth assay. Treatments were: 1) 1,000 ${\mu}m$ corn in a simple diet; 2) 500 ${\mu}m$ corn in a simple diet; 3) 1,000 ${\mu}m$ corn in a complex diet; and 4) 500 ${\mu}m$ corn in a complex diet. Overall, pigs fed complex diets had 9% greater ADG (p<0.005) and 5% greater gain/feed (p<0.01) compared to pigs fed simple diets. Also, pigs fed the 500 ${\mu}m$ treatments had 3% better overall gain/feed than those fed the 1,000 ${\mu}m$ treatments (p<0.007). At d 9, apparent digestibilities of DM, N and GE were greater for complex diets and diets with smaller particle size (p<0.02). At d 23, there were no differences in nutrient digestibility resulting from diet complexity, but pigs fed diets with corn ground to 500 ${\mu}m$ had greater digestibility of DM (p<0.02) and GE (p<0.003) than pigs fed diets with corn ground to 1,000 ${\mu}m$. A second experiment was designed to determine if four days old broiler chicks were an acceptable model for predicting the effects of feed processing procedures on nursery pigs. Chicks fed complex diets had 3% greater gain/feed than chicks fed simple diets (p<0.001). Rate of gain and feed intake were improved by 3 and 2%, respectively, for chicks fed crumbled diets (p<0.03). However, there were several significant interactions among the main effects. For instance, crumbling did not affect gain/feed in chicks fed complex diets, but rate of gain and feed intake were increased by 7 and 6%, respectively, when simple diets were crumbled (diet complexity${\times}$diet form, p<0.001). Also, gain/feed of chicks was improved by 3% when particle size was reduced in meal diets, but not affected in chicks fed crumbles (diet form${\times}$particle size, p<0.005). Thus, our data suggested that reduction of particle size of corn was important for simple and complex diets and that a complex diet with 1,000 ${\mu}m$ corn gave no better performance than a simple diet with 500 ${\mu}m$ corn.

A kinetic model for particle coarsening behavior in the weld heat affected zone (HAZ) was proposed. Unlike the conventional approach, where the mean-sized particle is considered to grow continuously, the proposed model considered the critical particle size which can be derived from the Gibbs-Thomson equation. In this study, the proposed particle coarsening model was applied to study the behavior of (Ti, Nb )(C, N) complex particle in the weld HAZ. The predicted particle size distributions using the proposed model were in agreement with the experimental results.

本稿では、複合助詞「として」を考察対象とし、本動詞「～とする」の意味合いをどのくらい持っているのかを中心に、その類型を下位分類した。従来、複合助詞「として」と、本動詞の「～とする」の連用形である「として」は区別されるものであるという認識が強かったが、実際、この両方の「として」は、用法及び解釈の側面からみて区別が曖昧な場合も多い。 そこで本稿では、複合助詞「として」であっても、本動詞に近い場合とそうでない場合があり、類型別に分けられることを考察した。考察の結果をまとめると、複合助詞「として」には、本動詞としての属性を強く持っているタイプからそうでないタイプまで大きく三つのタイプとして下位分類できた。 さらに、複合助詞「として」に、本動詞の意味合いを強める要素には次のようなものが考えられるということを提示した。 ＜「として」句の本動詞としての意味合いを強める要素＞ ① 見なし、仮定などの意味合いを表す出来事であるほど、本動詞の意味合いに近づく。 ② 共起する動詞の違いによって、本動詞としての意味合いに変化が生じる。 ③「～として～を＋V」の語順に比べ、「～を～として＋V」の語順をとるほど、本動詞としての意味合いに近づく。 ④「～として」と「V」の間に他の要素が介在している場合、本動詞としての意味合いが強くなる。

A complex case particle is composed of a case particle and an independent word, i.e,, a verb, which makes it different from other case particles. Previous studies have explained just the meanings of 「について」, but have not made an analysis of its usage. And their object of studies have been just verb sentences co-occurring with 「について」. According to the results of usage examples, it has been revealed that adjective sentences and adjectival verb sentences can co-occur with 「について」. Therefore, it can safely be said that previous studies have not explored what predicates can co-occur with 「について」. So this paper makes an analysis of usage examples of verb sentences, adjective sentences, and adjectival verb sentences to classify the meanings and usages of 「について」, and explores in detail what kind of semantic relations 「について」 can have in its individual usages. The remarkable difference between 「について」 and 「については」 in their meaning and usage is that, 「について」 has the function of establishing a theme which is the object of a action or state, while 「については」 has the function of offering an independent topic which are associated with the content of the preceding sentence.

This Paper presents a method that a mobile robot can track persons in complex environment using particle filters. The topic of person following using mobile robot is researched in many different areas. The main problems of following a person are real time constraint, motion change of person during the tracking and occlusion with other objects. We present appearance adaptive models in a particle filter to realize robust visual tracking algorithm. Adaptive appearance model can handle occlusion with other people while target is moving.

본 연구는 무기 실리카 껍질(shell)과 유기 고분자 코어(core)로 구성된 매우 균일한 유-무기 복합체 입자 제조의 방법에 관한 것이다. 먼저, 미세유체 기술을 이용하여 균일한 크기를 지니는 유기 고분자 코어 입자를 제조하였다. 코어 입자의 제조 과정에서 코어 입자의 제조 과정에서 광 경화성 유기 물질이 포함된 분산상과 연속상의 유속을 독립적으로 제어함으로써 균일한 액적을 형성하였다. 액적이 형성됨과 동시에, 미세유체 채널의 말단에서 자외선 조사에 의해 액적이 광중합 되어 코어 입자로 형성된다. 더불어, 폴리알릴아민 하이드로클로라이드(polyallylamine hydrochloride, PAH)와 인산 이온(phosphate ion)으로 구성된 나노 복합체는 최적화된 pH 조건에서 수소결합과 정전기적 인력 같은 강력한 상호작용을 통해 코어 입자에 코팅된다. 폴리아민 나노 복합체에 존재하는 PAH 주쇄의 아민 그룹들은 규산(silicic acid)의 축합(condensation) 반응을 촉매하여, 코어 입자 표면의 실리카 나노입자 성장을 시킬 수 있었다. 따라서, 본 방법을 통해 유기 코어에 무기 실리카 나노입자로 코팅된 유-무기 복합체 입자를 제조할 수 있었다. 최종적으로, 본 연구에서 제시한 방법은 보다 온화하며 환경친화적인 조건 하에서 단시간 내에 유-무기 복합체 입자를 합성할 수 있으며, 다양한 모양과 크기를 갖는 코어 입자에 적용되어 넓게 활용될 수 있다.

This study demonstrates a new method for the synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrid particles composed of an inorganic silica shell and organic core particles. The organic core particles are prepared with a uniform size using droplet-based microfluidic technology. In the process of preparing the organic core particles, uniform droplets are generated by independently controlling the flow rates of the dispersed phase containing photocurable resins and the continuous phase. After the generation of droplets in a microfluidic device, the droplets are photo-polymerized as particles by ultraviolet irradiation at the ends of microfluidic channels. The core particle is coated with a nano complex composed of polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) and phosphate ion (Pi) through strong non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction under optimized pH conditions. The polyamine nano complex rapidly induces the condensation reaction of silicic acid through the arranged amine groups of the main chain of PAH. Therefore, this method enabled the preparation of organic-inorganic hybrid particles coated with inorganic silica nanoparticles on the organic core. Finally, we demonstrated the synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrid particles in a short time under ambient and environmentally friendly conditions, and this is applicable to the production of organic-inorganic hybrid particles having various sizes and shapes.

A high resolution digital cinematic Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV) has been developed. The system consists of a high speed CCD camera, a continuous Ar-ion laser and a computer with camera controller. To improve the spatial resolution, we adopt a Recursive Technique for velocity interrogation. At first, we obtain a velocity vector for a larger interrogation window size based on the conventional two-frame cross-correlation PIV analysis using the FFT algorithm. Based on the knowing velocity information, more spatially resolved velocity vectors are obtained in the next iteration step with smaller interrogation windows. The correct velocity vector at the first step is found to be critical, so we apply a Multiple Correlation Validation(MCV) technique in order to decrease the spurious vectors. The MCV technique turns out to improve SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio) of the correlation table. The developed cinematic PIV method has been applied to the measurement of the unsteady flow characteristics of a Rushton turbine mixer. A total of 3,245 instantaneous velocity vectors were successfully obtained with 4 ms time resolution. The acquired spatial resolution corresponds the performance of the conventional high resolution digital PIV system using a $1K{\times}1K$ CCD camera.