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This article develops a framework for studying smart urban governance – use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) for better public service performance in an urban setting. This proposed framework contributes to the existing literature by focusing on institutional design and system dynamics. This framework integrates insight from the institutional analysis and development framework and the complex adaptive systems perspective and adapts for smart urban governance systems. A smart urban governance system consists of five elements: rules and norms, actors/ participants, interactions, ICT enactment, and outcomes. The main processes capture the relationships between these elements. The emphasis is on the how rules and norms, as well as actors shape, ICT enactment decisions and consequently outcomes.

This article examined complexity theory to apply to research in public administration. The basic concepts and models of complexity theory were reviewed. Those are the concept of chaos, butterfly effect, strange attractors, fractals, concept of chaotic system, which has nonlinear relations, and self organization whose characteristics is the creation of fluctuation, autonomy, self-transendence, micro-macro cooperation, share of information, teleonomy. Some implications and discussions are given to research in public administration about nonlinearity, hidden behavior pattern, bounded instability, control and autonomy, vision and culture, self organization and organizational learning.

한국문화컨텐츠진흥원과 서울애니메이션센터가 지원하고 이대희 감독이 제작하여 2012년 7월 개봉한 실사배경 위에 3D를 입힌 국산 애니메이션 '파닥파닥'은 현실의 암울함을 물고기들이 수족관이라는 제한된 환경과 회접시에 올려져 인생을 마감해야하는 불안한 현실에서 각기 개성 있는 물고기들의 캐릭터설정을 통해 인간의 삶의 단면을 은유적으로 빗대어 표현한 작품이다. 파닥파닥을 복잡계와 복잡적응계 그리고 창발에 대한 이론적인 분석 그리고 영화분석의 이론적 배경을 고찰한 후에 복잡계 관점적 시놉시스 분석, 시점에 따른 서사구조 분석, 복잡적응계 관점적 캐릭터 분석, 그리고 복잡적응계 영화분석 틀 적용하여 파닥파닥을 분석해보고 복잡적응계에서 창발을 이루어내는 과정을 통하여 애니메이션에 적용된 복잡계와 복잡적응계 그리고 창발에 대한 연구를 진행하였다. 애니메이션 내에서 고등어 파닥은 바다에서 횟집 수조, 작은 수족관, 접시 이렇게 점차 더 작은 공간으로 이동한다. 이런 공간적 이동과 장소적 협소함은 더 힘든 현실을 의미하며 고통을 시각적으로 표현한다. 희망적이고 진취적인 파닥에게도 환경체의 복합계적 급진적인 변화가 파닥의 가치관을 무너트리며 새로운 질서로의 변화에 실패하며 복합적응계에 실패하게 만드는 요인이 되었다. 하지만 올드 넙치는 안정기에서 자신의 복합계 시스템에서 만족하고 살았지만 놀람의 심리창발을 통해 변화로부터 급진적인 혼돈의 급변기를 이겨내고 결국엔 바다로 돌아가는 환경적 새로운 질서를 창출하는 창발현상을 이루어 낸다.

Sponsored by Korea Creative Content Agency and Seoul Animation Center, directed by Dae-Hee Lee, and opened in July 2012, a domestic 3D animation <Padak> is aimed at representing the metaphorical description of fishes’ gloomy reality that they are environmentally bounded in the aquarium and destined to be end their life on the sashimi plate. This study theoretically analyzes complex system, complex adaptive system, and emergence, researches synopsis analysis from the complex systems perspective, narrative structure analysis over time, character analysis from the view point of complex adaptive systems, <Padak> analysis framework of complex adaptive systems, and then studies on emergence process in complex systems and complex adaptive systems. Mackerel ‘Padka’ in animation has been moved gradually smaller places like from sea to aquarium and to smaller aquarium. These spatial migrations and narrowness mean the backbreaking reality and visually represent the pain. Radical changes of environmental complex system break down even positive and enterprising Padak’s value and force him to fail to adopt into complex adaptive system of new order. ‘Old Halibut’ has been living satisfied with his stabilized complex system in the aquarium but overcomes the radical chaos and sudden changes through the mental emergency of surprise. Furthermore, he goes to the sea achieving emergence of environmental new order.

이 연구는 우리나라 공립학교 교원 인사이동의 특징 가운데 하나인 교사 쏠림 현상에 주목 하고 교사 쏠림 현상의 복잡계 특징에 관한 전제조건을 실증적으로 탐색하는 데 주된 목적이 있다. 이를 위해, 2013년 인천광역시에 배속된 198개 초등학교를 대상으로 교사 쏠림 현상이 드러나는 유관지표들을 중심으로 ‘순위-규모’ 그래프 및 Zipf’s law 분포를 활용하여 실증 분석 하였다. 분석결과, 초등학교 교사 수처럼 교원인사 제도와 관련된 구조적인 측면의 지표에서는 복잡 계 특성이 드러나지 않았으나, 교사들이 선호하는 학교와 관련된 지표에서는 복잡계 특성이 드 러나고 있었다. 본 연구에서 제시된 ‘순위-규모’ 그래프 및 거듭제곱지수와 R제곱의 값은 교사 쏠림 현상과 관련하여 교사 개인 차원의 변인들이 복잡계적 특징을 나타내고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 실증분석 결과를 통해 복잡계 관점의 특징을 확인할 수 있지만, 추후 연 구에서는 복잡계적 양상을 파악할 수 있는 연구가 진행될 필요가 있다.

The main purpose of this study is to explore the preconditions to Complex Adaptive System for analyzing Teacher-Sorting in Korea. To this end, indicators related teacher-sorting in the In-cheon City’s 198 elementary schools were sampled. That indicators were analyzed through rank-size graph and Zipf's law distribution in view of complex adaptive system. The results are as follows. First, A complex adaptive system’s characteristics were not appeared in the structural indicators such as the number of elementary school teachers. Second, The individual dimension’s indicators related to the preferred school appeared a complex adaptive system’s characteristics. This study examined in perspective of complex adaptive systems characterized by an empirical analysis of representative indicators revealed the contents of the teacher-sorting phenomenon. In future research, the study is needed to identify teacher-sorting’s complex adaptive system’s characteristics through Agent-Based Model.

Institutional failure of societal sectors has become a challenging subject of public inquiry since the financial crisis. In this paper these sectors are conceptualized as publicly governed networks of organization executives,supervisory boards, regulatory agencies, and governmental representatives. This type of network is approached as a complex adaptive system. A theoretical framework is set up to determine under which conditions the networks fail. The predictive and explanatory power of the framework is tested in a particular case, namely the Dutch public housing sector. The Dutch central state has applied both new public management and network governance techniques to promote self-regulating and responsible operation of the housing corporations. At this moment, all participants critique this transformation because of continuing organizational breakdowns and inability of the network to correct failures in advance. A conclusion is that ill-considered network governance engenders drawbacks and might even escalate into a sector crisis.

그 동안 새마을운동에 관한 많은 연구가 수행되어 왔으나 거버넌스 관점에서 새마을운동의 추진논리와 발전전략을 경험적으로 분석하고 정책학적 관점에서 이론모형을 발전시킨 연구는 드물었다. 이 연구는 새마을사업을 추진한 거버넌스를 분석하기 위하여 사회·테크놀로지·생활환경 시스템의 통합시스템모형을 발전시켜 새마을사업을 위한 니즈를 분석하고, 이 니즈들을 활동(action)을 위한 프로그램 설계로 전환시키는 논리를 발전시켰다. 이 연구는 또한 복잡적응적 시스템의 관점에서 근면·자조·협동이라는 새마을정신이 창발(emerge)하는 과정을 분석하기위한 비선형적 프로그램 논리모형을 발전시키고, 이 경로모형을 통하여 새마을정신이 창발하는 과정을 설명하였다.

Much Scholarly work has been done on the topic of Saemaul Movement in Korea. However, they investigated mostly socio-economic aspects of Saemaul Movement. It is rare to see the studies that focused on the governance system of Saemaul Movement based on integrated system model and the emerging processes of Saemaul Spirit from the perspective of complex adaptive system dynamics. This study aims to reexamine retrospectively saemaul Movement during the 1970s from the perspective of socio-techno-ecological integrated system model and complex adaptive system.

본 연구는 축제공간을 복잡적응계로 간주하고 축제공간의 복잡적응계적 관점에서 축제의 현상을 파악하고 축제 공간 참여자의 행동을 이해하는데 목적이 있다. 복잡적응계의 구성요소 중에서 자기조직화와 공진화의 개념을 사용하여 축제 공간에서 축제 참여자 간 행동의 상호작용을 분석하였다. 연구결과, 축제공간에서 참여자의 미시적 행동의 상호작용에는 복잡적응계적 현상이 나타났으며 진화의 가능성도 있었다. 복잡적응계적 현상으로 자기조직화가 나타났는데, 이는 창발성, 자기유사성, 양의 피드백, 이상한 끌개로 확인되었다. 또한, 진화의 가능성은 공진화의 개념을 사용하여 확인되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 축제공간과 그 속의 참여자의 행동을 이해하는데 있어 새로운 이론적 틀을 제공하고, 축제기획 및 운영, 마케팅에 실무적인 시사점을 제공할 것이다.

The aim of this paper is to analyze phenomenon of festival in point of Complex Adaptive System(CAS) and to understand participant behavior in the festival place. Using the concept of self-organization and co-evolution of CAS’s component, the study examined interaction of behaviors among festival participants. As a result of this paper, CAS phenomenon appeared in the festival place and there were possibilities that festival place evolves. This paper identified emergent properties, self-similarity, positive feedback, strange attractor as a self-organization. Possibility of evolution was found by using the concept of co-evolution. In conclusion, this paper suggest new theoretical frame to understand behaviors among festival participants and practical implication for festival plan, operation and marketing.

본 연구는 출판산업이 새롭게 창발한 가치 네트워크의 복잡적응계(CAS: complex adaptive system)로 진화하였음을 귀납적으로 분석하였다. 새롭게 창발한 가치 네트워크(value network) 체계는 과거 출판의 주요 행위자들에 의한 의도적 설계 결과라기보다는 참여자들의 자발적 행위에 의한 양적 피드백(positive feedback)을 통해 자기조직화 되고 있다. 창발된 출판산업의 패턴으로서 첫째, 종이책과 전자책의 대중화된 출판 생산도구를 기반으로 자유롭게 상호작용하며 적응하고 학습하는 유연 생산 방식(flexible production system)이 가동되고 있으며 둘째, 새로운 출판 행위자들이 종이책과 자기출판(self- publishing), 전자책 그리고 오픈마켓을 통해 참여하는, 공급과 수요의 열린 출판 플랫폼이 등장하였으며 셋째, 유연 생산 방식과 열린 플랫폼을 통한 툴킷(toolkit) 기반 크리에이티브 유저(creative user)들이 부상하고 있다. 디지털 기술 혁신 환경에서 책을 둘러싼 행위자들의 상호작용을 통한 적응과 학습 메커니즘이 생산방식을 변화시키는 자기조직화의 다이내믹하고 창의적인 패러다임의 출판 시스템을 형성하고 있는 것이다.

Based on inductive method, the research shows that publishing industry’s value chain has been newly emerged into value network, so called complex adaptive system. The newly emerged system has been self organized by positive feedback among agents’ autonomous action rather than resulted from purposeful design by principal agents. The emerging patterns show as follows. First, flexible production system(FPS) based on democratized producing tool utilizes frictionless interaction, adaptation and learning simultaneously. Second, The newly emerged open platform of both demand and supply plays as an active participating ground for new publishing agents through self-publishing, ebook and open market as well as paper books. Third, toolkit based creative user has been emerged through FPS and open platform. The newly emerged dynamic publishing system has been adapting to the technically innovating environments.

The two chief aims of my paper are to introduce the genealogy of complex system theory and analyse Neil Burger’s Limitless with the theory. From the early 20th century, complex system theory has been developed as several different names such as cybernetics theory, catastrophe theory and chaos theory. In the present, complex system theory covers those three theories, and then it is used in various academic field as an analytic frame. This paper is to introduce the usage of the theory for humanities field where hardly uses it due to the weakness in mathematics and science by analyzing Burger’s Limitless. For an effective analysis with the complex system theory, researchers have to find out the fractals of characters and the system, emergence and critical phenomenon in their own texts. This paper is to perform those works and focuses on dramatic changes in Burger’s Limitless, and also I will produce several meaningful and practical analysis for preparing near future society, so called posthuman era. In the future society, we will face various situations in which exceed our biological and intellectual limits with extraordinary medicines and machines, so we need to prepare whole new way of life.

This study is about ontology and epistemology of learning system of school as complex adaptive system. Since early 20th century there are cognitions that many social or natural phenomena are seldom explained by linear causal relation. These cognitions have influenced educational researches and practices. So some peoples look school system as complex system. Research and practice around complexity education is short and humble. But the philosophy underlied in the complexity education is long and deep. The philosophy or discourse of complexity education is interobjectivity. In the ontological perspective of interobjectivity, the reality is composed of the virtual and the actual. There are virtual relationship among numerous agents compose the school as a complex adaptive system. And actual school or learning phenomena are the emergent system from the virtual. By the epistemological perspective of interobjectivity the world is brought forth by interaction of agents. Here the agents are also transformed in the process of bringing forth. And they bring forth another world different from the past. And agents make another world each other.

This study addresses manufacturers' ability to influence their supply chain network in order to adapt to their competitive environment. From the perspective of a manufacture, the supply chain comprises a network of suppliers and customers, and is theoretically viewed as a complex adaptive system. This study considers the following questions: (1) How can adaptability of supply chain network be operationally defined? (2) How does adaptability of supply chain network lead to combinative capabilities? (3) What is the influence of adaptability of supply chain network on business performance? Drawing on literature streams in supply chain management, operations strategy, organizational change and learning, and complexity theory, this study develops and tests the constructs and operational measures of adaptability of supply chain network and model the nomological set of relationships among constructs that form the basis of our theory. This study then develops and tests a model describing the outcomes of adaptability of supply chain network and its influence on combinative capability and business performance. Empirical results of this study show that adaptability supply chain network directly and positively affects combinative capability. Further, this study finds that adaptability of supply chain network does not impact business performance directly, but rather is mediated through combinative capability, which provides the requisite variety for firms to survive and thrive in dynamic environments.

본 연구는 제조업체의 전략적 시각에서 경쟁환경에 대한 공급사슬네트워크의 적응성에 대한 기반적 구조를 밝히고 이에따른 제조업체의 조합적 경쟁역량의 특성을 확인한다. 이를 위하여 본 연구는 물리학 및 생물학에서 연구되고 있는 복합적응시스템이론을 경영학의 제 분야인 공급사슬관리에 적용시킴으로써 공급사슬네트워크의 적응성에 관한 주요 속성들을개발하고 이들에 대한 분석을 실증적으로 수행함으로써 복합적응시스템의 관점에서 공급사슬들을 관리하는 효과적인 방법들을 제시한다. 본 연구는 복합적응시스템의 개념을 공급사슬환경에서 조작화하고 이를 측정할 수 있는 모형을 개발함으로써 공급사슬네트워크의 적응성을 활용 활동과 탐색 활동의 조합으로서 개념화하였고, 이 두 형태의 활동간 상호작용이 기업으로 하여금미래의 시장조건을 자사에게 유리하게 적합시키기 위한 기회를 탐색할 수 있도록 하고, 동시에 단기적인 생존능력을 확보하기 위하여 현재의 역량과 공급사슬의 효율성을 개선시킨다는 것을 실증적으로 밝혀냈다. 또한, 본 연구의 결과는 기업의 조합적 경쟁역량이 개별적 경쟁역량의 누적으로 특성화될 수 있음을 보여주며, 이와 같은 조합적 경쟁역량의 획득이공급사슬이 실행하는 적응 활동을 통해서 이루어질 수 있음을 밝혀냈다. 마지막으로, 본 연구는 조합적 경쟁역량이 공급사슬네트워크의 적응성의 사업성과에 대한 영향력을 매개한다는 것을 밝혀냄으로써, 복합적응시스템의 관점에서 기업이공급사슬네트워크의 성과를 효과적으로 관리하는 방법들을 제시하였다

This study addresses manufacturers’ ability to influence their supply chain network in order to adapt to their competitive environment. From the perspective of a manufacture, the supply chain comprises a network of suppliers and customers, and is theoretically viewed as a complex adaptive system. The supply chain network is the set of suppliers and customers whose strategies, products, technologies, and systems can be influenced by the manufacturers. Different degrees of adaptability of supply chain network emerge, which this study defines as the ability of the supply chain network to reconfigure and adjust its operations in the face of changing competitive environments. This study considers the following questions: (1) How can adaptability of supply chain network be operationally defined? (2) How does adaptability of supply chain network lead to combinative capabilities? (3) What is the influence of adaptability of supply chain network on business performance? Drawing on literature streams in supply chain management, operations strategy, organizational change and learning, and complexity theory, this study develops and tests the constructs and operational measures of adaptability of supply chain network and model the nomological set of relationships among constructs that form the basis of our theory. This study then develops and tests a model describing the outcomes of adaptability of supply chain network and its influence on combinative capability and firm performance. Using data from 234 supply chain managers, this study tests for the effects of adaptability of supply chain network on exploitation and exploration activities and for the effects of adaptability of supply chain network on combinative capability. Based on complex adaptive system theory, this study develops eight competencies that characterize exploitation and exploration in supply chain network practices: partner compatibility, supplier information exchange, customer information exchange, implementation capacity, management openness, supplier empowerment, customer openness, and landscape awareness. Empirical results of this study show that adaptability supply chain network directly and positively affects combinative capability. Further, this study finds that adaptability of supply chain network does not impact business performance directly, but rather is mediated through combinative capability, which provides the requisite variety for firms to survive and thrive in dynamic environments. Ultimately, it is possible and desirable for manufacturers to strengthen exploitation and exploration practices simultaneously in order to enhance the adaptability of supply chain network and improve business performance.

This study theoretically explores of the “nature of language” based on the concept of language as a complex adaptive system (CAS). A review of previous studies and the current educational content showed that the educational content mostly consists of activities that enable the understanding of universal characteristics of language as fragmentary knowledge. It was found that the current educational content does not provide a holistic understanding of the nature of language. This paper therefore focuses on “language as a CAS”. A CAS is a system in which new concepts emerge through the interactions of autonomous agents. Language is essentially a social product that emerges through the interaction of cognition, usage, and culture. Based on this premise, the study of linguistics, semiotics, linguistic instinct and evolution, and language as a CAS was examined to interpret the essential characteristics of language as a CAS. Through the semiotic nature of language, this study explored the possibility of understanding the dynamic meaning construction process as an emergence and simultaneously recognizing the relationship between humans and language. Language creativity can be interpreted as a principle of a discrete combinatorial system that creates infinite languages using finite components. The arbitrary nature of language is an important characteristic of language phenomena. It is also a significant condition for the emergence of a discrete combinatorial system, a powerful means of conveying thoughts, and a feature that enables virtual belief through symbols. It is necessary to understand language phenomena that emerge via social interactions fundamentally through the social and historical nature of language. Moreover, it is possible to recognize the linguistic subject, who causes gradual change in language while actively participating in language use. Comprehending the segmentation and abstraction of language in relation to the conceptualization and categorization of the world can enable us to understand the constant interactions between language, thought, society, and culture.

본 연구는 디지털교과서 정책의 변동과정을 복잡적응계 관점에서 분석하였다. 정책의 전개과정을 태동기(1994.2~2007.2), 도입기(2007.3~2022.5.9), 급변기(2022.5.10~2026.2)로 구분하고,시기별 환경요인과 행위자 간 상호작용 및 정책변동의 특성을 고찰하였다. 분석 결과, 디지털교과서 정책은 정보기술 발전, 정권교체, 코로나19 및 정치적 사건 등의영향을 받으며 전개되었고, 교육부, 교원단체, 교과서 발행사·에듀테크 기업, 국회 등 다양한행위자 간 협력, 조정 및 갈등 등의 상호작용을 통해 형성되었다. 특히 되먹임 과정은 정책의지연, 수정, 확대를 반복시키는 요인으로 작용하였다. 급변기에는 AI 디지털교과서 정책이 급속히 추진되면서 법적 취약성과 체제 불안정성이 심화되었고, 대통령 파면과 정권교체를 계기로 정책체제는 임계점을 넘어 비선형적으로 전환되었다. 그 결과 디지털교과서의 법적 지위는 교육자료로 변경되었다. 본 연구는 디지털교과서 정책을 행위자 간 상호작용으로 구성되는 동태적 정책체제로 이해하고, 비선형적 정책변동의 메커니즘을 규명하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 이를 바탕으로 정책체제의 회복탄력성 확보를 위한 다중 피드백 기반 모니터링 체계 구축과 제도적 유연성 확보의 필요성을 제시하고, 교육정책 추진에 있어 법적·제도적 정합성 확보, 분권적 의사결정구조 강화, 현장 중심의 상향식 정책추진의 중요성을 제언하였다.

This study analyzes the policy change process of digital textbooks from theperspective of a Complex Adaptive System (CAS). The policy evolution isdivided into three phases?emergence (1994?2007), expansion (2007?2022), andrapid transformation (2022?2026)?and examined in terms of environmentalconditions, interactions among actors, and system dynamics. The findings indicate that the digital textbook policy has evolved throughnonlinear interactions among diverse actors within a multilayered policy system. In particular, the policy system operates as an adaptive structure in whichfeedback from policy outcomes continuously reshapes actor strategies andinstitutional conditions. Furthermore, the expansion into a macro policy systemreflects not merely an increase in participating actors, but a qualitativetransformation in which the policy system becomes coupled with political andlegal power structures, thereby reconfiguring policy direction and institutionalframeworks. This study contributes to the understanding of policy dynamics bydemonstrating that policy change emerges from ongoing interactions, feedbackmechanisms, and self-organization processes within a complex adaptive system.