Earticle

1. This study aims at comparing the formal and substantial aspects of the preambles of the Constitutions in thirty-five American countries. Each of them has their own written constitution, but four Constitutions(Jamaica, Chile, Mexico, Uruguay) lack a preamble. 2. As for the formal aspects of preambles of thirty-one Constitutions, the average file sizes of the texts are 1,399 bytes and the average running words are 196 words. In eleven preambles, their file sizes are smaller than 1,000 bytes, and their running words are less than 350 words. Each text of almost all preambles, except for Guyana and Bolivia, consists of only one sentence. 3. As for the substantial aspects of preambles, have been examined by whom and by what procedures the Constitution had been adopted; what are the concepts of constitutional principles or values described in the preambles. 1) It is described in the preambles that eleven Constitutions were adopted by the 'people', and nine by the 'Constituent Assembly'. However, in eleven preambles it is not clear who adopted the Constitution. Just four of the Constitutions were adopted via voting of an assembly and only three via a referendum. 2) As for the political systems, the words implying republic are mentioned in twelve preambles, those of federalism in four preambles, and those implying monarchy only in the preamble of the Canadian Constitution of 1867. 3) As for the concepts of constitutional principles or values, more frequently are mentioned such as: religion, freedom, democracy, justice, human dignity, equality, peace, rule of law, human rights, republic, sovereignty, history, in- dependence, unity, and welfare or wellbeing, arranged in the order of their frequencies. However, more frequent concepts are different between the fourteen Anglo-American countries and the seventeen Latin American countries. The concepts which are used less frequently in the preambles are peace, history, and republic in the Anglo-America, but human dignity, rule of law, and human rights in the Latin America. 4. Finally, it is significant to mention the preambles of the Constitution of South Korea. The preamble of the Korean Constitution contains many above-mentioned concepts familiar with American countries, but lacks in some concepts such as human dignity, human rights, and the rule of law. It is necessary to supplement the preamble with those concepts by amending the Constitution in time.

본 연구는 한국과 베트남 부부 60쌍을 설문 조사하여 양국 부부 사이에 실제 사용하는 호칭어, 지칭어 양상을 살펴보고 이를 통해 양국 부부 사이 의 성평등 의식을 확인하였다. 이를 위하여 먼저 표준 호칭어와 지칭어를 살펴보고 실제 부부 사이에 어떤 호칭과 지칭이 쓰이는지 설문 조사하였다. 설문은 네 가지를 파악하기 위한 문항으로 작성하였다. 첫째, 응답자의 일반통계, 둘째, 부부 호칭어, 셋째, 사용 호칭어가 아닌 불리기를 선호하는 호칭어, 넷째, 사용 지칭어. 이때 실제 사용하는 호칭어를 부모님 앞, 자녀 들 앞, 친구들 앞, 둘만 있을 때의 네 가지 장면으로 나눠 조사했다. 마찬가 지로 지칭어를 부모님, 자기의 친구, 배우자의 친구의 세 가지 장면으로 나 눠 조사했다. 조사 결과, 한국 부부 호칭어는 ‘여보’가 많았으며 선호하는 호칭도 ‘여보’였다. 한국 부부 지칭어는 아내는 ‘아기(이름) 아빠’(35%), 남 편은 ‘아내 이름’(23.9%)이 가장 많은 것으로 나타났다. 베트남 부부 호칭 어는 ‘오빠-동생’이 많았으며 선호하는 호칭도 같게 나타났다. 베트남 부부 지칭어는 아내는 ‘오빠’(59.4%), 남편은 ‘아내 이름’(50.6%)이 가장 많이 사 용되는 것으로 나타났다. 나아가 한국과 베트남 부부 호칭어와 지칭어를 교차 분석하여 사용 양상을 비교하였다. 이 글은 양국의 부부 사이 호칭어, 지칭어 사용 양상을 비교하여 양성평등의 관점을 가지고 연구 결과를 분석 하였다.

The study surveyed 60 Korean and Vietnamese couples, examining the actual the address terms and reference used between the couples, and confirming the sense of gender equality between the couples. For this purpose, standard address terms and reference terms were examined, and a survey was conducted to determine what kind of address terms and reference terms are actually used between married couples. At this time, the actual address terms was investigated by dividing them into four scenes: in front of parents, in front of children, in front of friends, and when there are only two people. Similarly, the reference terms was investigated by dividing it into three scenes: parents, one’s friend, and spouse’s friend. As a result of the survey, the title word for Korean couples was ‘Honey’, and the preferred title was also ‘Honey’. The most common term for Korean couples was ‘baby (name) father’ (35%) for wife and ‘wife’s name’ (23.9%) for husband. There were many nicknames for Vietnamese couples, ‘elder brother-younger sister’, and the preferred titles were also the same. As for Vietnamese couples, ‘brother’ (59.4%) for wives and ‘wife’s name’ (50.6%) for husbands were used the most. Furthermore, the usage patterns were compared by cross-analyzing the names of Korean and Vietnamese couples. This article analyzed the research results from the perspective of gender equality by comparing the patterns of use of address terms and reference terms between married couples in both countries.

The purpose of this study is to check a continuing run by measuring ability to endure fatigue in the continuing run status applying exercise load to athletes of the university marathon, and to identify mutual relationship between actual half-marathon runs. The subjects were 7 male athletic marathon players of an university located at the S-place. As the results of research, following conclusion was drawn: The half-marathon records between two groups were 3909 seconds for the excellent group, and 4143 seconds for the non-excellent group, showing a statistic significance (p<0.05). The maximum velocity in the exercise load test was 25.33Km/hr for the excellent group, and 23.50Km/hr for the non-excellent group. The non-excellent group showed 1.88Km/hr, higher than the excellent group but showing no statistic significance (p<0.05). The 88% peak velocity (PTV) of the excellent group and the non-excellent group appeared as 22.26Km/hr and 20.65Km/hr respectively, showing no statistic significance (p<0.05). Speed/hour at the 92% level of the peak velocity (PTV) was 22.95Km/hr for the excellent group, and 21.41Km/hr for the non-excellent group, showing a statistic significance (p<0.05). Time to the All-out Time at the level of 88% and 92% of the peak velocity (PTV) was 432.00sec for the excellent group, and 423.99sec for the non-excellent group, showing no statistic significance (p<0.05). Different durability appeared between excellent players and non-excellent players, and it is thought that the composition and application of differentiated program is necessary considering the characteristics of excellent players and non-excellent players in the progress of training programs. For the excellent group, continuing time at the peak velocity must be improved, while for the non-excellent group, firstly the peak velocity must be improved.

Evil is a key concept in Confucianism and other world religions. The problem of evil is therefore central to our interreligious discussion of human nature and the world. In Western scholarship, however, Confucian moral idealism is occasionally criticized for being too optimistic or unable to articulate the nature of evil; it is philosophically or theologically weak, also due to the absence of an omnipotent, omniscient God (divine law-giver). If we take the Confucian doctrine of innate human goodness for granted, how do we explain the active presence of evil in the human world? This article discusses the heart of T’oegye’s thought by focusing on the problem of evil and the way to transcend it. Yi Hwang 李滉 (T’oegye 退溪, 1501– 1570) was an eminent Korean thinker who greatly influenced Neo-Confucian ethics and spirituality. By using a textual and interpretive approach, I present his major works including the Sŏnghak sipto 聖學十圖 (Ten diagrams on sage learning), Chasŏngnok 自省錄 (Record of self-reflection), and “Four-Seven Debate Letters.” T’oegye eloquently criticized the origin of moral evil and emphasized a selftranscending way to remove evil and do good. What is important about his interpretation and how does it enrich our global understanding of good and evil? I conclude by considering this and related questions from a comparative and interreligious standpoint.

A bioequivalence study of CKD capsule (Chong Kun Dang Pharm Co., Ltd) to capsule (Lilly Korea Co., Ltd.) was conducted according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Twenty four healthy male Korean volunteers received each medicine at the cefaclor dose of 250 mg in a crossover study. There was a one-week washout period between the doses. An improved high-performance liquid chromatorgraphy (HPLC) analytical method with UV detection was used to determine plasma cefaclor concentration in human volunteers for 8 hr after oral drug administration. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 8 hr () was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule. the (maximum plasma drug concentration) and (time to reach ) were compiled from the plasma concentration-time data. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed . No significant sequence effect was found for all of the bioavailability parameters indicating that the cross-over design was properly performed. The confidence intervals of the ratio and the ratio for CKD and were and , respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of 0.80-1.25. Thus, our study demonstrated the of CKD capsule was bioequivalent to capsule with respect to its bioavailability.

Mycotoxin contamination of animal feed is a major threat to livestock reproduction. Deoxynivalenol (DON), a trichothecene mycotoxin, disrupts cellular function by binding to ribosomes and inducing ribotoxic stress, oxidative imbalance, and apoptosis. Its primary microbial metabolite, deepoxydeoxynivalenol (DOM-1), is thought to be less toxic. However, its reproductive effects remain unclear. DON contamination is widely reported in cereal grains used in animal feed, and pigs exposed to contaminated diets have been shown to exhibit detectable DON and DOM-1 levels in blood, urine, and fetal tissues (approximately 8?9 ng/g), highlighting the biological relevance of DON exposure during reproduction. Here, we evaluated the effects of DON (250, 500, and 1,000 ng/mL) and DOM-1 (250, 500, and 1,000 ng/mL) on porcine oocyte maturation and embryonic development in vitro, and examined whether resveratrol (Res, 2 μM) could mitigate DON-induced toxicity. Exposure to DON inhibited cumulus cell expansion, maturation rates and impaired developmental competence, at a concentration of 1,000 ng/mL, developmental arrest was complete. DON-treated oocytes showed increased ROS, decreased GSH, upregulated ER stress and apoptosis-related gene levels (ATF4, XBP1, CHOP, BAX), with downregulated antiapoptosis gene levels (BCL2). In contrast, DOM-1 had no significant effects compared with those of the controls, except for a modest reduction in the blastocyst rate at the highest concentration. Although Res did not show restorative effects on cumulus cell expansion and nuclear maturation, Res supplementation reduced DON-induced ER stress markers, increased BCL2 levels, and induced blastocyst development in DON-exposed embryos. These findings demonstrate that DON exerts dose-dependent toxicity in porcine oocytes via oxidative stress and ER stress? mediated apoptosis, whereas DOM-1 is largely nontoxic. Res partially protected against DONinduced oocyte damage and confirms its potential as a supplemen tto combat mycotoxins.

Rumen methanogenesis is a major biological contributor to methane emissions in ruminants, yet the extent to which functional markers align with taxonomic relationships and how genome content varies across habitats, remains poorly resolved. In this study, we integrated broad phylogenetic frameworks with pangenome-resolved analysis to characterize methanogenic archaea from diverse ecosystems, including seawater, freshwater, sewage, rumen, human gut, soil, and cockroach sources. By combining these insights with pangenome reconstruction and KEGG-based pathway mapping of methanogenesis, we reveal key evolutionary and functional patterns. Notably, phylogenies based on 16S rRNA and mcrA genes showed limited concordance: only two clades exhibited overlap between trees, with most clustering patterns lacking environmental specificity. This discrepancy reflects the deep conservation of 16S rRNA compared with the evolutionary plasticity of mcr genes, shaped by lateral gene transfer, gene loss, and pathway modularity. The pangenome comprised of 8,695 orthogroups across 71 genomes, with core and soft-core genes enriched in translation, amino acid metabolism, and coenzyme biosynthesis, while the shell contained many poorly annotated orthogroups, highlighting annotation gaps in archaeal genomes. KEGG analysis revealed habitat-specific signatures: rumen methanogens were notably depleted in genes of the acetyl-CoA pathway, whereas human gut methanogens lacked key cofactor biosynthesis modules, including those for coenzymes M, B, F420, and methanofuran. From rumen-derived shotgun metagenomes, we identified 53 methane-producing, 4 canonical methanogenic, 10 potential competitor, and 1 methanotrophic metagenome-assembled genomes based on functional gene content. Competitor candidates included nitrate-reducing and Wood?Ljungdahl pathway-utilizing acetogens, suggesting hydrogen redirection under high-hydrogen or inhibitor conditions. These findings support a functional marker strategy that integrates 16S rRNA with pathway-specific genes and a pangenome framework to enhance ecological interpretations of methanogens and to prioritize potential targets for methane mitigation in ruminants.

Developmental patterns of the gut microbiota are important for improving chicken health and productivity. However, the influence of litter and litter microbes on cecal microbiota is still unclear. This study aimed to identify broiler cecal microbiota at different ages according to litter usage in cage (without litter) and conventional (with litter) conditions. The cecal contents of the broilers from each group were collected from 1?5 wk. The development and function of the gut microbiota were evaluated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The final body weight of the chickens was higher in the cage group than that in the conventional group. In particularly, α-diversity was higher at 3 wk than that at 1 wk. The phyla Firmicutes predominated at 3 wk. In contrast, the abundance of Bacteroidetes and fibrinolytic bacteria increased significantly at 1 and 2 wk compared to that at 3 and 5 wk. Corynebacterium was the most abundant genus in the conventional group after 3 wk. In conclusion, the cecal microbiota are influenced by environmental factors, such as cage, which improves the chicken gut environment.

Purpose: In this study, we aimed to compare the effects of two distraction interven- tions?DistrACTION Cards and Buzzy?on pain relief in children undergoing intrave- nous infusions in the emergency department. Methods: A quasi-randomized controlled trial was conducted in children aged 4?6 years receiving intravenous infusions in a single emergency department. Participants were as- signed to the DistrACTION Cards group (n=31), Buzzy group (n=30), or control group (n=31). Pain was assessed using the pulse rate, Faces Pain Rating Scale, and Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scale. Results: Both distraction interventions significantly reduced observed pain (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scores) compared to that in the control group. The DistrAC- TION Cards group showed significantly lower pain scores than the control group during the procedure (p<.05) and demonstrated a consistent trend of pain reduction across all phases. Self-reported pain scores (Faces Pain Rating Scale) after the procedure were sig- nificantly lower in both intervention groups compared to those in the control group (p<.05); however, no significant differences were found in the extent of change between groups. No significant group differences were observed in pulse rate. Conclusion: Both DistrACTION Cards and Buzzy effectively reduced intravenous infu- sion-related pain in preschool children. DistrACTION Cards showed greater consistency than Buzzy in pain reduction as measured by the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scale, suggesting they may be considered as a preferred option in clinical practice. Fur- ther research in diverse clinical settings is needed to confirm these findings.

Background Juvenile idiopathic scoliosis (JIS) carries a higher risk of developing several deformities compared to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, necessitating proactive and early management. Purpose To evaluate the effectiveness of leaflet- or video-based instruction for home core stabilization exercises in JIS. Study design Retrospective observational comparative study Methods A total of 36 children diagnosed with JIS (Cobb angle 10?20°) who visited a rehabilitation clinic were included. Participants performed home-based core stabilization exercises for 6 months, guided either by a printed leaflet (n = 22) or an instructional video (n = 14). Whole-spine radiographs were obtained before and after the intervention to assess changes in Cobb angle and vertebral rotation. Endurance was evaluated by measuring the duration participants could maintain the bird-dog and Superman positions in the clinic. Statistical analyses included the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the Mann?Whitney U test for within- and between-group comparisons, respectively. Results Both groups demonstrated significant within-group improvements in Cobb angle and bird-dog endurance (p < 0.05). Additionally, no statistically significant differences were observed between the leaflet- and video-based groups in changes to Cobb angle, rotation, or endurance measures (p > 0.05). Conclusions Leaflet- and video-guided home-based core stabilization exercises were equally effective in improving spinal curvature and trunk endurance in children with JIS. Either instructional method may be suitable for supporting adherence to home exercise programs.

Background: Derived from industrial hemp, Hemp seeds (Cannabis sativa L.) have shown poten- tial as a treatment for acne, particularly when used in conjunction with botanical extracts such as green tea and essential oils. However, limited research has investigated the influence of different extraction methods on biological activity. In this study, we aimed to evaluate differences in the anti- microbial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of hemp seed extracts obtained using var- ious extraction techniques. Methods and Results: To assess the effectiveness of hemp seed extracts in acne treatment, we examined their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, and their cytotoxicity. Three types of extract were tested, namely, 95% ethanol (HSE-1), 50% ethanol (HSE-2), and hot water (HSE-3). All the extracts exhibited significant biological activity and minimal cytotoxicity. Among them, HSE-1 demonstrated the highest efficacy, showing 37.90% inhibition of C. acnes growth, 77.15% antioxidant activity, and 19.7% reduction in nitric oxide (NO) production. Conclusions: The findings provide a novel comparative evaluation of hemp seed extracts and high- light the significant impact of the extraction methods on their bioactivity. Among the tested extracts, the 95% ethanol extract had the most potent antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects, supporting its potential use in topical formulations for acne and other inflammatory skin conditions. Future studies should focus on isolating key bioactive compounds and optimizing formulation strate- gies to enhance the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of HS-based treatments.

Purpose: The health of older people, especially functional ability, has become a hot topic for scholars invarious countries. There is insufficient research on the urbanerural disparity in the functional ability ofolder people. This study aimed to explore the urbanerural gap in the functional ability of older peopleand the related influencing factors. Methods: The data analyzed in this study were collected through a cross-sectional survey conducted inChina. Furthermore, binary logistic regression was utilized to assess the relationship between functionalability and the independent variables, and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition was used to explore urbanerural differences in functional ability among older people. Results: The percentage of urban older people who were functionally robust was 65.9%, which wassignificantly higher than the rural 40.4%. Furthermore, our study identified factors affecting the functionalability of older people in urban areas, including age, body mass index, education, social participation,and trust. In contrast, for older people in rural areas, in addition to these factors, gender, drinking,and social connection were also found to be factors affecting their functional ability. Moreover, the resultsof the OaxacaeBlinder decomposition showed that the most critical factor influencing the urbaneruraldifferences in functional ability among older people was social participation (26.5%). Besides, education(14.4%), living status ( 10.8%), age (7.3%), and trust ( 6.9%) likewise influence the urbanerural disparity. Conclusion: A higher proportion of older people in rural areas have limited functional ability than thosein urban areas. Moreover, the disparity in social participation levels significantly contributed to thedifferences in functional ability observed between older adults in urban and rural settings. This studyunderscores the significance of enhancing the social engagement of older adults, particularly those livingin rural communities

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that play a pivotal role in the regulation of gene expression. Analysis of miRNAs is important for understanding a variety of biological processes. Sequencing of miRNAs within milk-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms through which these EVs influence recipient cells. Comparative miRNA sequencing of colostrum and mature milk from different cow breeds can demonstrate breed-specific differences and improve the understanding of potential therapeutic applications in immune regulation and gut health. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare the miRNA profiles and characteristics of colostrum- and mature milk? derived EVs from Holstein and Jersey breeds and determine their effects on intestinal epithelial cells. The miRNA profiles of EVs isolated from the colostrum and mature milk of Holstein and Jersey cows were analyzed via small RNA sequencing. Holstein colostrum?derived EVs exhibited the most diverse miRNA profile with 421 identified miRNAs compared with 259 in mature milk?derived EVs. Jersey colostrum EVs had 198 miRNAs, whereas mature milk EVs had 282. Differential expression analysis revealed considerable miRNA differences between colostrum and mature milk, particularly in Holstein cows. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses revealed that miRNAs from colostrum EVs predominantly regulated immune-related pathways. Transcriptomic analysis of human colon cell line HT-29 treated with Holstein colostrum EVs confirmed the modulation of genes associated with immune responses. These findings indicate that colostrum- derived EVs, particularly from Holstein cows, play a pivotal role in immune regulation and could be potential candidates for therapeutic applications.

Deep learning addresses a wide range of complex challenges, spanning from computer vision to data analytics. It is also employed to develop softwares that pose threats to privacy and security. To develop a DeepFake video, an individual in the original video is replaced with someone else using deep learning. Various deep learning-based techniques have been proposed to detect DeepFakes. In this work, we extensively analyse DeepFake video detection techniques considering their strengths and limitations. We provide a comparative analysis along with discussing their architectures and performances. Finally, we propose hyperparameter settings that improve deep learning model’s overall accuracy and efficiency.

Purpose: It is important to reduce stress and improve quality of life for shift nurses, who experiencehigh levels of occupational stress. Identifying evidence-based interventions to enhance their well-beingis crucial for both individual and healthcare system outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the effectsof music therapy and aromatherapy on stress, quality of life, and happiness among shift nurses. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, participants were randomly assigned using computer-generatedrandom numbers. A total of 78 shift nurses who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled. The experimental treatment involved providing music therapy for one week to the music group andaromatherapy for one week to the aroma group, whereas the control group followed their usual dailyroutines for one week. Results: No significant differences were observed among the three groups concerninggeneral characteristics and baseline dependent variables, thereby confirming the homogeneityof the groups. Nevertheless, post-intervention analyses demonstrated significant improvements in perceivedstress (F = 5.55, p = .006), stress index (F = 3.38, p = .039), quality of life (F = 11.79, p < .001),and happiness (F = 9.29, p < .001) in the experimental groups. Conclusion: Both music therapy andaromatherapy were found to be effective in mitigating stress and improving quality of life and happinessamong shift nurses. Therefore, these interventions can be regarded as valuable strategies for improvingoverall well-being within this population.

This study aimed to compare the changes in the bioactivities of peptide extracts (< 10 kDa) obtained from Jeju black pigs (JBP) and three-way crossbred pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc, LYD) before and after digestion. The results showed that the loin peptide extracts of JBP maintained high 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity after in vitro digestion. However, the iron chelating activity and antihypertensive activity of all peptide extracts were decreased. This study suggested that the peptide extracts produced through alkaline-AK digestion have sufficiently high antioxidant and antihypertensive activities; however, these activities were reduced after in vitro digestion. Meanwhile, the JBP loin and ham peptide extracts promoted high superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity than that of LYD when administered to mice. Furthermore, the ham peptide extracts of JBP showed a relatively high antihypertensive activity in mice. Therefore, it is deemed that these peptide extracts from JBP are more bioactive than that of LYD, and can be used as bioactive materials.

Purpose: To measure the level of reflection, this study analyzes diaries written by thirdyearnursing students before and after the debriefing stage in simulation training. Aqualitative study using diary entries from 15 nursing students to explore reflectiondepth. Methods: Students engaged in simulation training and the debriefing stage, documentingtheir reflections in diaries. Before and after debriefing, reflections were ratedfrom Level 1 (reflectivity) to Level 7 (theoretical reflectivity). Results: The total numberof reflection levels rose significantly from 545 to 829 post-debriefing, enhancing higher-orderreflection.The shift signifies a move from superficial to deep reflection, highlightingdebriefing’s role in fostering critical thinking. Conclusion: The findings underscorethe critical role of debriefing in enhancing reflective thinking in nursing education. There is a demonstrated need for further research into the specific elements of debriefingthat are most effective at promoting deep reflection. Future studies should conduct comparativeanalyses of different debriefing methods and approaches across various educationalsettings. This research could lay the foundation for designing more effective debriefingstrategies that foster critical thinking and improve learning outcomes in nursingeducation.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementing different protease enzymes on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and selected carcass traits in broilers fed diets reduced 3.5% in crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA). One thousand one-day-old Ross 308 broilers (41 g) were assigned to five dietary treatments with ten replicates of 20 birds each: a positive control (PC) diet formulated to meet Ross 308 AA requirements, a negative control (NC) diet reformulated to provide 3.5% lower CP and AA compared to PC, NC supplemented with a multi-protease (PR1) solution, containing 3 different coated proteases produced from Aspergillus niger, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis, NC supplemented with a serine protease (PR2) produced from Bacillus licheniformis, and NC supplemented with an alkaline protease (PR3) produced from Bacillus licheniformis. At slaughter, 40 birds per treatment were used to assess the effect of the different treatments on carcass traits. At 32 days, samples of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of 10 birds per treatment were collected for intestinal morphology evaluation. Birds fed PC and NC supplemented with multi-protease exhibited better (p < 0.05) feed efficiency compared to NC and NC supplemented with all the other protease enzymes. Multi-protease supplementation was linked to the highest (p < 0.05) carcass weight and yield. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) between treatments in all gut segments, with PC, PR1, PR2, and PR3 exhibiting longer villi height (VH) compared to NC. This study demonstrates that 3.5% reduction of CP and AA negatively affected for the overall period feed efficiency, carcass yield, and intestinal morphology. The supplementation of the multi-protease restored feed efficiency and improved carcass yield.

Meat derived from skeletal muscles of animals is a highly nutritious type of food, and different meat types differ in nutritional, sensory, and quality properties. This study was conducted to compare the results of previous studies on the muscle fiber characteristics of major porcine skeletal muscles to the end of providing basic data for understanding differences in physicochemical and nutritional properties between different porcine muscle types (or meat cuts). Specifically, the muscle fiber characteristics between 19 major porcine skeletal muscles were compared. The muscle fibers that constitute porcine skeletal muscle can be classified into several types based on their contractile and metabolic characteristics. In addition, the muscle fiber characteristics, including size, composition, and density, of each muscle type were investigated and a technology based on these muscle fiber characteristics for improving meat quality or preventing quality deterioration was briefly discussed. This comparative review revealed that differences in muscle fiber characteristics are primarily responsible for the differences in quality between pork cuts (muscle types) and also suggested that data on muscle fiber characteristics can be used to develop optimal meat storage and packaging technologies for each meat cut (or muscle type).