Earticle

본고에서는 대화상대의 연령차(연상/동년)와, 성차(동성/이성)가 청자언어행동의 사용에 영향을 미친다는 사실을 밝혔다. 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 본고에서는 사회적 규범에 근거하여 첫 대면에서는 대화 상대에 관계없이 정중한 맞장구 사용이 많다는 가설을 세워 검증하였다. 그 결과 20 대 여성끼리의 대화에서는 가설과는 반대로 “un(うん)”과 같은 감성적 표현이나 “sou(そう)”와 같은 개념적 표현의, 이른바 격의없는 맞장구표현이 유의하게 많이 사용됨이 확인되었다. 이러한 결과로 미루어 보아 포지티브 폴라이트니스는 20 대 초반의 젊은 여성의 대화에서 나타나기 쉽다는 것을 시사한다. 한편, 20대 여성끼리이외의 대인관계에서는 정중한 맞장구 사용이 많은 것으로 드러나 네가티브 폴라이트니스가 나타나기 쉬운 것으로 밝혀졌다. 2. 또한 사회적인 규범에 근거하여 나이가 많은 윗사람에게 정중한 맞장구 사용이 많다는 가설을 세워 검증한 결과, 대부분의 경우 가설대로 손윗사람에게 정중한 맞장구 사용이 많다는 사실을 확인했다. 그러나 구체적인 표현형식을 살펴보았을 때는 30대남성이성끼리의 대화에서는 동년 여성에게 “hai(はい)”와 같은 감성적 맞장구를 더 많이 사용하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 또한 30대남성동성끼리의 대화에서는 “soudesune(そうですね)”같은 개념적 맞장구의 사용이 동년 남성에게 더 많다는 사실이 드러났다.

This article clearly shows that the speaker-listener differences in age and gender affect the linguistic behavior of listeners. The critical results of the study are as follow: 1. This study starts with a hypothesis that speakers use more courteous expressions in first meetings, regardless of differences in age or gender. The results clearly reveal that the female listeners in their twenties, somewhat counter-intuitively, make more meaningful use of ‘informal’ expressions such as “un” or “sou”. This result may prove that “positive politeness” is more prevalent among female speakers in their early twenties. On the other hand, formal response expressions, i.e. “negative politeness”, are more frequently found in conversations where speakers differ in age and gender. 2. As predicted, when responding to elders, most listeners followed social norms and used more formal response expressions toward older speakers. Male listeners in their thirties used more back-channels, e.g. “hai” when interacting with same-age female speakers than with same-age male speakers. Additionally, in conversations among male speakers of the same age group (in their thirties), conceptual response expressions, e.g. “soudesune” were used more frequently.

This study was conducted to find the gender and age differences in dietary behaviors and food consumption pattern of Korean American adults living in western parts of USA. The structured survey forms and self-administered food frequency questionnaire were used to assess dietary behavior and nutrient intakes. It was found that younger subjects kept their meal time more irregularly and skipped breakfast more often than older subjects due to lack of time. There were significant age differences in skipping meals, kind of skipping meals, and the reasons for skipping meals. Young subjects consumed more American type food while older subjects consumed more traditional Korean food. Nutrient intakes of males' except for the elderly were significantly higher in energy, protein, Fe and P than those of females'. Vitamin A and vitamin C intake were significantly higher in females. Energy ratio of carbohydrate: protein: fat was 56.2 : 16.8 : 27.0. Females consumed more plant food as their dietary sources of protein, fat, Ca and Fe, compared to males. Ca intakes of participants' were below $75\%$ of RDA except for the youngest male and $30\~49$ aged male and females. Futhermore, Ca intake was below $70\%$ after age 50 in both genders. Effective nutrition education program targeting Korean Americans in the community should be developed and implemented to increase Ca consumption.

Purpose: This study examined the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in South Korean children and adolescents by gender and age and analyzed gender-specific factors associated with MetS. Methods: This study used data on children aged 10~18 from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2010 to 2015. Analyses included descriptive statistics, the independent t-test, the x2 test, and univariate logistic regression analysis (p<.050). Results: The prevalence of MetS was 4.8% in boys and 3.4% in girls. The prevalence was higher in girls up to the age of 12, but higher in boys who were 13 or older. Abdominal obesity was frequent in girls, whereas low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and elevated blood pressure were more common in boys. Higher body mass index, waist-to-height ratio, waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, HDL-C, perceived "fat" body shape, and weight loss efforts were associated with MetS in both genders. Increasing age, having one meal per day, and weight maintenance were associated factors unique to boys. Fasting plasma glucose, familial medical history of low HDL-C, and perceived "thin" body shape were associated factors in girls. Conclusion: Gender and age differences should be considered in the risk assessment and prevention of MetS.

Background: During postural control, older adults are more dependent on proprioception than are young adults. Ankle proprioception, which plays an important role in maintaining postural balance, decreases with age. Published studies are insufficient to establish a significant age difference in postural sway resulting from the known age-related decrease in ankle proprioception and do not examine various detailed test conditions. Objects: The present study aimed to compare ankle proprioception between older and younger groups along dimensions of position vs. force proprioception and dorsiflexion vs. plantarflexion. The present study also aimed to compare postural sway between young and older women during quiet standing under two sensory conditions. Methods: We recruited seven young women aged 21-24 and seven older women aged 60-63. Ankle proprioception was assessed as the accuracy of the joint position sense (JPS) and the force sense (FS). Postural sway was assessed using center-of-pressure measurements recorded during quiet standing under two sensory positions: eyes open and eyes closed with head tilted back. Results: Older women had lower JPS in dorsiflexion and lower FS in plantarflexion than did younger women. We found no significant age differences in JPS in plantarflexion or in FS in dorsiflexion. We observed a main effect of group on postural sway in two sway parameters out of three. We observed significant differences in JPS with dorsiflexion, and in FS with plantarflexion. Conclusion: Proprioception for ankle plantar flexor decreased more significantly with aging than did that for ankle dorsiflexor, accounting for the impaired postural balance observed in older women.

This study examined age-related differences in emotional memory and reactivity, focusing on the role of sleep. Ninety-seven participants were assigned to three groups: young adults were randomly assigned to either a wake (n =33) or sleep condition (n =34), and older adults completed the sleep condition (n =30). Participants completed an emotional image-recognition task 12 hours after encoding. Sleep enhanced young adults’ memory, particularly for neutral and negative stimuli. Older adults exhibited a positive bias in emotional reactivity, rating negative stimuli more positively than young adults. Additionally, sleep efficiency, rather than total sleep time, was associated with next-day emotional reactivity. This suggests that sleep quality may play a distinct role in emotional processing and well-being in young and older adults, with sleep efficiency emerging as a meaningful health-related factor.

Objective: To investigate and compare the size of the rectus femoris (RF), tibialis anterior (TA), and medial gastrocnemius (GMM) using ultrasound (US) imaging in young, elderly, and very elderly groups. Design: Cross sectional study. Methods: This study consisted of 25 young (age 20 years), 24 elderly (age 65-74 years), and 25 very elderly (age 75-90 years) people with no physical dysfunctions. The cross sectional area (CSAs) of the RF and muscle thickness of the TA and GMM were measured at rest and during contraction using an US system. Results: The CSA of the RF and thickness of the TA and GMM were significantly smaller in the elderly and very elderly groups than in the young group (p<0.05). There was a significant difference of the CSA of the RF at rest and during contraction between elderly and very elderly group (p<0.05). In the comparison of the TA and GMM thickness between elderly and very elderly groups, there were no significant differences except for the TA thickness during contraction. There was a significant difference in the percentage change in RF CSA among the three groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: Our results revealed loss of muscle mass in the RF, TA, and GMM in elderly and very elderly people (${\geq}65$ years old). In particular, the greatest age-related decline in muscle mass was observed for the RF. Furthermore, the CSA of the RF declined with aging in the very elderly groups (${\geq}75$ years old).

Objective Objective To evaluate the prevalence of generalized joint hypermobility (GJH) in healthy female Koreans and to determine whether the degree of GJH differs between children and adults.Methods Two groups of females were enrolled, a group of girls from an elementary school (n=404) and women from a call center (n=266). GJH was diagnosed using the Beighton score, which is composed of an evaluation of bilateral knees, elbows, thumbs, and fifth fingers as well as thoracolumbar joint. The GJH and localized hypermobility of each joint was compared between the two groups, and the pattern of hypermobility according to age and dominant hand was investigated.Results Total prevalence of GJH was 50.0% (335/750), and it was more frequently observed in the group of girls (58.9%, 238/404) than women (36.5%, 97/266). The degree of GJH expressed in terms of Beighton score was inversely correlated with age (p<0.05). Significant differences in localized hypermobility of the thumb and fifth finger were found between the two groups and were postulated as the cause for the decline in GJH with age. The pattern of decreased mobility proportional to aging differed between the two joints. Decreased mobility occurred equally on both sides of the thumb but was biased toward the fifth finger of the dominant side (mostly the right).Conclusion The female Koreans appeared to have a high prevalence of GJH. The incidence of GJH decreased as age increased as a result of decreased mobility of the fifth finger on the dominant side.

Objective To determine the age-related changes in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) outcomes, which includes hemodynamic and metabolic factors, in patients with myocardial infarction (MI).Methods CR was administered for 8 weeks to 32 men (mean age, 54.0±8.8 years) who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention for acute MI between July 2012 and January 2016. The exercise tolerance tests were performed before and after the CR. The results were stratified based on a cut-off age of 55 years.Results In the whole patient group, the hemodynamic variables such as the resting heart rate (HRrest), systolic blood pressure (SBPrest), submaximal HR (HRsubmax), SBP (SBPsubmax), and rate pressure product (RPPsubmax) significantly decreased and the maximal HR (HRmax) and RPP (RPPmax) significantly increased. All metabolic variables displayed significant improvement, to include maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and ventilation (VEmax), anaerobic threshold (AT), and the maximal oxygen pulse (O2pulsemax). However, upon stratification by age, those who were younger than 55 years of age exhibited significant changes only in the HRrest and RPPsubmax and those aged 55 years old or greater displayed significant changes in all hemodynamic variables except diastolic BP. Both groups displayed significant increases in the VO2max, VEmax, and AT; the older group also exhibited a significant increase in O2pulsemax. The magnitude of the changes in the hemodynamic and metabolic variables before and after CR, based on age, did not differ between the groups; although, it tended to be greater among the older participants of this study’s sample.Conclusion Because the older participants tended to show greater hemodynamic and metabolic changes due to CR, a more aggressive CR program must be administered to elderly patients with MI.

목적: 이 연구의 목적은 성인의 연령군별 측정자세 변화에 따른 혈압의 변화 정도를 살펴보기 위한 것이다. 방법: 이 연구는 탐색적 조사연구로서 연구대상자는 20세에서 59세까지 성인 136명을 대상으로 만성질병이 없고 연구 목적과 연구방법에 대한 설명을 듣고 연구 참여에 동의한 자를 대상으로 하였다. 수집된 자료는 연령군을 나누어 앙와위, 좌위, 직립위에서 혈압의 차이를 paired t-test로 분석하였으며, 연령군에 따라 운동여부와 건강상태에 차이가 있었으므로 연령과 측정자세에 따른 혈압 변화의 상호작용을 확인하기 위해 repeated measure ANCOVA를 실시하였다. 결과: 초기 성인군(20대와 30대)에서는 자세의 변화에 따른 수축기 및 이완기 혈압의 변화가 없었으나40대와 50대에서는 수축기 혈압에서 앙와위에 비해 좌위(p=.007, p < .001)와 직립위(p< .001, p=.001)에서 유의한 감소가 있었다. 수축기(p=.004)와 이완기(p=.019) 모두에서 연령과 측정자세에 따른 혈압 변화에 유의한 상호작용이 있어 연령군에 따라 자세로 인한 혈압의 변화에 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 40세 이후에는 혈압측정시에 자세를 기록하는 것이 중요하며 중년기 이후 자세의 변화에 따른 혈역동의 변화에 특별한 주의를 기울일 필요성이 있다.

Background: Older adults use different ankle muscle activation patterns during difficult static balance conditions. It has been suggested that this is related to a decline in proprioception with age, resulting in reduced postural balance. However, the association between proprioception and ankle muscle activity during quiet standing has not been directly assessed. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the effects of age and sensory condition on ankle muscle activity and the association between ankle proprioception and ankle muscle activity. Methods: We recruited 10 young women and 9 older women. Ankle proprioception was evaluated using joint position sense (JPS) and force sense (FS) divided by dorsiflexion and plantarflexion. The electromyographic activity of the tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius (GCM) muscles was collected during quiet standing. Results: Older women activated GCM muscle more than young during quiet standing and when performing difficult tasks. Older women had more errors in JPS dorsiflexion and FS plantarflexion than did young. The GCM muscle activity is related to JPS dorsiflexion and FS plantarflexion. Conclusion: Lower proprioception of the GCM with age leads to increased muscle activity, resulting in reduced postural balance. There was no difference in TA proprioception or muscle activity among older women with frequent physical activity.

Cohousing is based on collaborative network, or fictive kin in the community. It could facilitate the goal of self-sufficiency. This research aims to investigate the motivation of move to cohousing communities in Sweden, and to find out if there are any significant differences according to two different cohousing types; between the +40 cohousing and the mixed-age cohousing. The +40 cohousing is a kind of senior cohousing in which residents are supposed to be aged over 40. Questionnaire survey was applied and 242 collected data were analyzed by SPSS statistical program. Notable differences in demographic and dwelling variables are found between the 2 groups. There are more women, singles, academics, and small dwellings in the +40 cohousing than in the mixed-age cohousing. Referring motivation of move, "sharing common activity" and "idea of cohousing" are commonly noticed as the main reasons why people move to cohousing communities. Major difference between the 2 groups is that residents of the +40 cohousing tend to stress more on social interaction with neighbors than practical merit. On the contrary, ones of the mixed-age cohousing focus more on practical advantage than social interaction. As a conclusion, it is evident that motivation of move to cohousing communities is different by cohousing types, which have different residents' characteristics. Cohousing could contribute to elevate marginal group's quality of life as an alternative living environment. Therefore, cohousing design has to be tailored to adapt residents' specific needs of different life-stages. In order to implement cohousing model into other countries, for instance into Korea, it needs to experiment with the notion of transplanting selected cohousing principles to a public housing development. In the mixed-age cohousing where more dual income families with young children than conventional housing developments reside, residents would need more practical advantage than emotional support in the community, while as residents in the senior cohousing need vice versa.

The study explores the acoustic properties of stops produced by Korean speakers of Jeju and examines how they differ by comparing VOT, F0, and H1-H2 in terms of speaker gender and age. The findings indicated that as for the VOT, the lax stops increase while the aspirated stops decrease as speakers get younger. In particular, a significant change in the aspirated stops was observed for the middle-aged female speakers. For the F0, the middle-aged adult groups showed a significant difference between the lax and the aspirated stops than in any other groups, especially for the female speakers. This implies that middle-aged female speakers complement VOT with F0 when discriminating the lax from the aspirated stops. The unique acoustic characteristics that appear for the middle-aged female speakers can be explained as a temporary phenomenon, not a diachronic change. In addition to VOT and F0, it is worth noting that H1-H2 could be employed as an acoustic cue for the classification of stops. The current study suggests that the acoustic properties observed in Jeju Korean should be interpreted through sociophonetic perspectives, and in particular, the acoustic changes in the aspirated stops are worthy of notice.

Contradictory findings of SLA researchers have motivated a variety of opposite viewpoints concerning the availability of UG in L2 acquisition. Moreover, there is a recent, renewed interest in the claims made by the proponents of the Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH) according to which UG’s active role in L2 acquisition is likely to decline after puberty. The present study sought to scrutinize the role of UG and age of onset in L2 acquisition. In fact, the study was specifically aimed at determining whether there was any significant difference between native speakers of English and Iranian near-native speakers of the language in terms of their access to Binding Conditions A and B. It was also an attempt to probe into the pervasive ‘the younger, the better’ myth concerning the relevance of UG to L2 acquisition. The participants in the study were mainly 30 male and female native speakers of English and 60 male and female Iranian near-native speakers of the language among whom 30 had first been exposed to English before puberty and 30 after puberty. The required data were basically obtained through the administration of two tests, one on general English syntax and the other on Binding Principles A and B. The data were analysed through analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) and two-way analyses of variance (Two-Way ANOVA). In short, the findings of the study provided empirical evidence in favor of UG’s mediation in L2 acquisition and against the position held by the proponents of the CPH according to which UG is likely to lose its active role in L2 acquisition after puberty. Moreover, the flexibilities inherent in the Persian language concerning the Binding Conditions as proposed in the GB framework tend to minimize, if not totally rule out, the possibility that the subjects’ access to Binding Theory as a subsystem of UG might have been affected by their underlying knowledge of Persian.

본 연구에서는 청년과 노인을 대상으로 자신이 경험한 사건에 대한 기억, 즉 자전적 기억을 회상할 때 나타나는 얼굴 및 언어적 정서표현의 연령차를 알아보았다. 참가자는 청년 34명(평균연령 22.18세)과 노인31명(평균연령 75.94세)이었으며 자전적 인터뷰, AI에 따라 행복, 슬픔, 분노, 공포/놀람, 혐오를 느꼈던 사건을 말했다. 말하는 동안의 얼굴표정을 코딩시스템 FACES를 사용하여 얼굴표정 변화의 빈도, 강도, 시간을 측정했으며, AI의 코딩법을 기준으로 자신의 정서를 표현한 말의빈도를 긍정 및 부정 정서로 나누어 살펴보았다. 그 결과, 얼굴표정에서 노인이 청년보다 부정 정서를 표현하는 빈도가 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 언어에서는 노인보다 청년이 긍정 정서와 부정정서를 표현하는 빈도가 더 높았으며, 청년의 정서표현이 주관적 안녕감에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 정서표현의 연령차가 정서를 표현하는 수단에 따라 다를 수 있으며 정서표현이 개인의 행복과연결될 수 있음을 시사한다. 논의에서 본 연구의 의의, 제한점, 추후연구에 대해기술하였다.

This study investigated age differences in facial and verbal ex pressions during autobiographical memory narration and examined their associations with subjectiv e well-being. Participants included 34 young adults ( M = 22.18) and 31 older adults ( M = 75.94). They recalled emotional life events and completed a subjective well-being scale. Facial expressions wer e coded using the Facial Expression Coding System (FACES), and verbal expressions were evaluated us ing the Autobiographical Interview (AI) rating system. Both facial and verbal expressions were cla ssified as positive or negative. The results showed that older adults displayed a higher frequency o f negative facial emotional expressions, whereas young adults produced more verbal emotional expressions . Emotional expression was associated with subjective well-being among young adults. These findings suggest that emotional expression may differ depending on the expression channel and m ay be related to personal well-being. Implications, limitations, and directions for future research a re discussed.

인지적 통제의 연령차를 살펴보기 위해 7～12세 아동 49명, 성인 37명에게 컴퓨터 버전의 스트룹 과제를 실시하고 인지적 통제과정의 전반적인 측면을 측정하는 스트룹 효과와 인지적 통제과정 중 조절기능을 선택적으로 측정하는 갈등적응효과를 분석하였다. 첫째, 아동들은 정확률과 반응시간에서 성인보다 큰 스트룹 효과를 보였으나 연령에 따른 반응시간의 차이를 통제한 반응시간 백분율에서는 성인과 같은 스트룹 효과를 보였다. 둘째, 아동들은 정확률, 반응시간, 반응시간 백분율에서 갈등적응효과를 보이지 않았고 성인은 반응시간과 반응시간 백분율에서 갈등적응효과를 보였다. 셋째, 갈등적응을 일치적응과 불일치적응으로 구분하여 분석하였을 때 성인은 일치적응효과와 불일치적응효과를 모두 보인데 반해 아동은 일치적응효과를 보였으나 불일치적응효과는 보이지 않았다. 아동들도 더 나은 수행을 위해 목표에 맞는 반응을 촉진하는 인지적 통제는 성인수준으로 보였으나 목표에 방해되는 반응을 억제하는 인지적 통제는 성인에서만 나타났다.

This study aimed to investigate age differences in cognitive control. Participants were 49 7- to 12-year-old children and 37 adults, who performed a computerized Stroop task. Stroop effects and conflict adaptation effects were calculated. First, children showed larger Stroop effects than did adults for error rates and reaction times, whereas the two groups showed similar levels of Stroop effects for the percentage of reaction times. Second, children didn't show conflict adaptation effects for errors, reaction times and the percentage of reaction times, whereas adults showed conflict adaptation effects for reaction times and the percentage of reaction times. Third, two types of conflict adaptation effects were analyzed separately. Children and adults displayed a similar level of congruent adaptation effect, whereas only adults showed an incongruent adaptation effect. Even in children, cognitive control, which facilitates a goal-relevant response for better performance, reached adult levels, but the cognitive control that inhibits goal-irrelevant response was present only in adults.

본 연구에서는 우리나라 중․고․대학생, 성인, 그리고 노인들을 대상으로 그들이 삶 전반에 대해 느끼는 만족감과 삶의 각 영역에서 느끼는 만족감을 측정하였다. 이를 통해 (1) 삶 전반에 대한 만족감과 삶의 각 영역에서 느끼는 만족감이 연령에 따라 어떤 변화양상을 보이는지, (2) 경제수준, 교육수준 등 사회인구학적 변인들이 삶에 대한 만족감에 미치는 영향력은 각각 어느 정도인지, 그리고 (3) 전반적 만족도와 영역별 만족도는 어떤 관계이며 영역별 만족도들의 상대적 영향력은 각각 어느 정도인지 알아보고자 하였다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 삶에 대한 전반적 만족도는 노인이 가장 높았고 고등학생이 가장 낮았다. 영역별 만족도의 경우에도 물질, 사회, 생산 영역의 만족도는 전반적 만족도와 마찬가지로 대체로 노인이 가장 높고 고등학생이 가장 낮은 양상을 보였으나, 신체영역 만족도는 중학생과 대학생이 다른 연령집단에 비해 더 만족하고 있는 편이었다. 둘째, 사회인구학적 변인 중에서는 경제수준이 전반적 만족도와 영역별 만족도 모두에 가장 영향력이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 연령과 다른 여러 사회인구학적 변인들 간에 상호작용이 여러 군데서 발견되었다. 사회․생산영역 만족도에서는 성별과 연령의 상호작용이, 전반적․신체영역 만족도에서는 교육수준과 연령의 상호작용이, 그리고 물질․사회영역 만족도에서는 가족유형과 연령의 상호작용이 나타났다. 끝으로, 모든 연령집단에서 물질영역과 생산영역의 만족도가 삶에 대한 전반적 만족감에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 사회영역과 신체영역의 만족도는 상대적으로 영향력이 미미하였다. 이상의 결과에 대해 논의하였다.

This study was conducted to examine differences across age groups in the degree of satisfaction with life. A total of 1,067 participants (145 middle school students, 135 highschool students, 184 university students, 465 adults, and 138 older adults) took part in the study. The participants responded to a questionnaire which consisted of two scales: the Satisfaction with Life Scale developed by Diener et al.(1984) to assess their overall life satisfaction, and a scale to assess their satisfaction in each of four domains of life. Physical, material, social, and productive domains of life were extracted from factor analyses. The findings of the present study were as follows. First, overall satisfaction with life was the highest for the older adults and the lowest for the highschool students. A similar pattern of the results was obtained for satisfaction in material, social, and productive domains of life, whereas not the older adults but the middle and university students were found to be the most satisfied in the physical domain. Second, among all the demographic variables examined, socioeconomic status had the greatest influence on the level of satisfaction in the four domains of life as well as overall satisfaction with life. Third, the age variable was found to interact with several other demographic variables: They were gender by age interaction in satisfaction with social relationships and productivity; education level by age interaction in the overall life satisfaction and satisfaction with physical health; and family type by age interaction in material satisfaction and satisfaction with social relationships. Finally, for the younger as well as the older people, satisfaction in material and productive domains had great influences on their overall satisfaction with life, whereas satisfaction in physical and social domains had relatively little effects. The implications of these results were discussed.

Objective: This study was performed to evaluate gender and age differences in hygienic behavior among the general population, focusing on hand-washing habits and the microbial load of hands. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire survey and a separate microbial examination were performed. The Pearson's correlation between hand-washing habits and microbial load was analyzed. Results: In the questionnaire survey on hand-washing habits, gender differences were found in hand-washing frequency, use of hand-washing agents, and hand drying methods (p<0.05). Age differences were found in numbers of washing parts of the hands and also in hand drying methods (p<0.05). Females showed better habits washing hands than did males, as did older people compared to younger. In the microbial examination of indicator bacteria on their hands, younger people tended to show a higher load of total aerobic bacteria than did the older, and females showed a higher load of total coliforms than did males (p<0.05). There were significant relationships between the load of total aerobic bacteria and hand-washing frequency, duration, and method of turning-off water (p<0.05). Conclusions: Although females were expected to show a better practice of hand-washing than were males based on the survey results, they showed a higher level of total coliforms in the hand examination. The older age group showed better hand-washing habits than did the younger age group and had less total aerobic bacteria on their hands. These inter-gender and age differences highlight the need for development and implementation of gender-and age-specific educational programs or campaigns.

본 연구는 스마트 워치 수용을 보류하고 있는 소비자 집단을 중심으로 스마트 워치 소비자 저항에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 살펴보았다. 본 연구는 20-40대 소비자 407명의 설문 자료를 기반으로 분석을 실시하였으며, SPSS 19.0을 활용하여 빈도분석, 기술통계, 요인분석, 신뢰도 검증, 상관관계 분석, t-test, 그리고 다중회귀 분석을 실시하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 상대적 이점은 모든 성별과 연령 집단에서 스마트 워치 소비자 저항을 감소시키는 요인으로 확인되었다. 둘째, 복잡성은 여성 소비자 집단, 20대, 그리고 40대 소비자 집단에서 스마트 워치 소비자 저항을 증가시키는 요인으로 확인되었다. 셋째, 디자인 심미성은 남녀 소비자 집단, 20대 소비자 집단에서 스마트 워치 소비자 저항을 감소시키는 요인으로 확인되었다. 넷째, 주관적 규범은 여성 소비자 집단, 20대, 그리고 30대 소비자 집단에서 스마트 워치 소비자 저항을 감소시키는 요인으로 확인되었다. 다섯째, 프라이버시 위험은 남성 소비자 집단과 40대 소비자 집단에서 스마트 워치 소비자 저항을 증가시키는 요인으로 확인되었다. 본 연구의 결과들은 스마트 워치 수용보류 집단의 소비자 저항을 이해하는데 기초 자료를 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting consumer resistance of smart watches, focusing on consumer groups. SPSS 19.0 was used to conduct a descriptive analysis and multi regression analysis of the data. This study is based on the questionnaire data of 407 consumers. The results of this study are as follows. First, the relative advantage was identified as a factor in reducing consumer resistance across all gender and age groups. Second, complexity has been identified as a factor that increases the consumer resistance of female consumers, and consumer groups in their 20s and 40s. Third, esthetics was found to reduce consumer resistance in men, women, and the consumer group in their 20s. Fourth, subjective norms were identified as a factor reducing consumer resistance in women and in consumer groups in their 20s and 30s. Fifth, the risk of privacy was identified as a factor in increasing consumer resistance in men and the consumer group in their 40s. The results of this study can be helpful to understand consumer resistance to smartwatches.

정신장애인 회복의 궁극적 목적은 자립이다. 직업은 경제적 안정과 사회적 역할 수행을 가능하게 하는 중요한 기제라는 점에서 자립의 중요한 요건이다. 하지만 우리나라 정신장애인을 위한 직업지원서비스는 매우 열악한 상태이다. 본 연구는 정신장애인의 직업지원서비스에 대한 요구도를 파악하고, 초기성년기와 후기성년기 정신장애인들 간 직업지원서비스 요구도에 대한 연령대별 차이를 살펴본다. 분석대상은 정신재활시설 이용자 607명이다. 정신장애인의 직업지원서비스 요구도 파악을 위해 Locus for Focus Model(LFM) 분석을 하고, 요구도의 연령대별 차이를 파악하기 위해 45세 미만 초기성년기와 45세 이상 후기성년기 간 연령대별 비교를 하였다. 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 정신장애인의 직업지원서비스 중요도에 대한 인식이 실행도에 대한 인식보다 높아 당사자의 직업지원서비스에 대한 요구도가 크게 나타났다.—둘째, 직업지원서비스 요구도는 초기성년기 정신장애인보다 후기성년기 정신장애인 집단에서 더 크게 나타났다. 셋째, 직업지원서비스에 대한 연령대별 LFM 분석결과, 초기성년기 정신장애인의 요구도는 후기성년기 정신장애인의 요구도와 비슷한 부분도 있었지만, 취업 전 훈련 및 직업기술훈련, 개인맞춤형 직업재활 및 고용지원서비스 등 차이가 나는 부분도 있었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 정신장애인 자립을 위한 연령대 맞춤형 직업지원서비스 확충 및 지원을 위한 실천적 정책적 함의를 논하였다.

The ultimate goal of recovery for individuals with psychiatric disabilities(IPD) is self-reliance. Job is a critical element for self-reliance in that it is an essential mechanism for economic stability and social identity. However, the status of services related to job support in Korea is very poor. The current study aims not only to identify the demands for job support services(JSS) among IPD, but also to examine age differences in the demand between early and late adulthood. Sample consists of 607 IPD using community rehabilitation facilities. Using LFM(Locus for Focus Model), we identified the demands for JSS among IPD and made comparison between the early and late adulthood involving JSS demands. Key findings are as follows. First, IPD’s perception of JSS importance was higher than that of JSS implementation, indicating that IPD's demand for JSS was large. Second, the level of JSS demands among older adults was much higher than that among younger adults. Third, according to the results of LFM by age group, the demands for JSS among younger adults are not always same as those among older adults, indicating JSS demands vary by age groups. Based on the results, practice and policy implications for expanding age-specific JSS for IPD were discussed.