Earticle

The increasing concern by the public regarding the environmental impacts associated with the utilization of synthetic preservatives continues to propel the search for environmental benign alternatives. Therefore, this study investigated the efficacy of Azadirachta indica and Kigelia africana leaves extracts in the protection of Triplochiton scleroxylon wood against fungal decay. The dried leaves of both plants were pulverized and six extracts were prepared: Aqueous Kigelia extract (KW), Ethanolic Kigelia extract (KA), Aqueous Azadirachta extract (AW), Ethanolic Azadirachta extract (AA), 1:1 KW to AW (KAW), 1:1 KA to AA (KAA) using distilled water and 100% ethanol as the diluent. T. scleroxylon blocks of dimension 2 cm×2 cm×6 cm were oven-dried and soaked in each extract for 24 hrs, with water (CW) and ethanol (CA) serving as control. Parameters observed include extract yield, colour changes, extract absorption and retention. The treated woods were inoculated with the fungi Pleurotus ostreatus (white rot) and Aspergillus niger (brown rot) for 12 weeks after which their weight loss was determined. Data analysis was conducted using ANOVA at 5% probability level. The extract yield ranged between 1.20%-8.73%. Wood samples treated with the AW extract had the highest absorption (31.26 kg/m3), while extract retention was highest in both KA and AA (3.7 kg/m3). Colour changes, particularly in the samples treated with the aqueous extracts, was noticeable. Highest weight loss was observed in both CA (43.81% and 46.45%) and CW (50.23% and 51.11%), while KW (9.33% and 12.01%) treated samples had the lowest weight loss after exposure to P. ostreatus and A. niger, respectively. Synergistic effect of both extracts was significant on the absorption, retention and weight loss of the wood samples exposed to fungi. It was concluded that KW extract is the most effective in protecting the wood against fungal decay.

본 고에서는 교도소 수형자에 대한 사회적응 프로그램의 일환으로 실시된 인성교화 사회기술훈련 프로그램의 효과를 사례분석을 통해 살펴보았다. 정신병질자의 성격 및 행동특성에 대한 개관연구 결과를 토대로 해서 교정효과가 예상되는 프로그램 모듈을 기반으로 수형자 사회적응 및 직업윤리 프로그램을 개발하여 실시하고 사례연구를 통하여 그 효과를 살펴보고자하였다. 또한 프로그램의 구성요소인 인지행동요법 및 명상치유법의 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 참여자의 생각, 감정, 및 행동의 변화 정도도 파악하고자 하였다. 실시 결과로 충청지역 교도소에서 시행된 프로그램 참여자 중 1개 팀 19명에 대한 MMPI-2의 결과, 프로그램 전과 후에 걸친 MAAS, SDS-30, 몰입 척도점수의 비교결과가 제시되었다. 프로그램 보조진행자들이 기록한 자료를 기반으로 이들에 대한 회기별 반응을 상세히 분석하여 제시하였다. 사례분석 결과는 우울 정도가 의미있게 감소된 참여자가 많았음을 보여주었다. 참여자들의 회기내 반응을 검토해본 결과, MMPI-2를 통한 자기 성격 이해에 관심을 많이 보였다. 과거의 후회를 많이 발표하는 경향이 있었다. 처음에는 거부적이던 참여자들이 점차 프로그램에 많이 참여하였다. 이는 개발된 프로그램은 프로그램 참여를 꺼리는 수형자에게 점차로 태도변화를 유발하여 마음의 문을 열게 하며 의사표현을 돕고 생각을 바람직한 방향으로 고치며 분노조절 능력을 함양시켜 줄 가능성이 있음을 시사한다고 여겨진다.

The present study purported to study the effects on the inmate cases of Social Reentry Program administered in the prison. To build the program modules, program results in the previous year & review of psychopathic personality and cognitions were considered. The contents of the developed program include cognitive-behavioral therapeutic components, MBSR exercises, and social skill training using video clips. The results of the program administration are as follows. MMPI-2 profiles of 19 inmates show the anger bursting tendency among inmates. The comparison of MAAS, SDS-30, and absorption scale scores between pre- and post-program show the significant descrease of depression among them. The results of the case studies of the session progress among inmates show that they expressed the high interest for MMPI-2 results indicating his own personality characteristics. Also the regrets of the past early experiences showed. Early resistant inmates changed their attitudes to the favorable level toward the later sessions. The results of these case studies imply that the developed program modules are promising to the rehabilitation of inmates for reentry to community.

Among the domestic softwoods, technical value of Pinus koraiensis small diameter logs which have comparatively low applicability was evaluated and sensitive characteristics and physical characteristics were investigated and analyzed for examining if it can be utilized as the interior decoration material. For the sensitive characteristics of Pinus koraiensis, wood figure, wood grain, wood color and odor were evaluated and for the physical characteristics, growth-ring width and latewood percentage, abrasion, density, shrinkage, swelling, absorption, roughness and hardness were evaluated. Then, the possibility to be developed as the interior decoration material was found. As the result of evaluating sensitive characteristics and physical characteristics of domestic Pinus koraiensis, wood figure, wood grain, color and scent clearly were judged to have excellent visual factor as the interior decoration material. And, physical characteristics were also judged to be excellent, so it is judged to be developed as the interior decoration material. Therefore, as the result of various forms of design pattern with domestic Pinus koraiensis small diameter logs, several patterns of interior decoration can be developed by characteristics of each side and colors of heartwood and sapwood. And, in the future, it can be applied to furniture design or interior decoration material for the proper use. Especially, it is considered to contribute to wood applying industry through the study on the quality of domestic small diameter logs which have low applicability.

이 논문은 근대사실주의를 표방하는 소설과 미술전반에 나타난 파놉티콘적 재현의 특성을 고찰하고 있다. 파놉티콘적 재현을 정의하기 위해 논문은 우선 알베르티의 중앙투시도법 이론(1435)으로부터 비롯된 근대적 재현의 탈신체적, 관념적 시각성의 특징을 살피고 이것이 18세기 말 제레미 벤쌈의 파놉티콘 개량감옥이 구축하는 감시적, 통제적 시각성에 이론적 근거를 부여했음을 고찰하고 있다. 이와 같은 경향은 근대소설과 미술의 인물구성에 나타나는 다양한 고립적 상태⎯독방감금, 고립, 자아 몰입⎯에 적용된다고 주장할 수 있다. 즉, 중앙적 시각이나 전지적 화자의 시점에 의해 재현되는 고립된 주체에는 그의 주체구성요건에 벗어날 수 없는 항시적 감시와 통제가 작용하고 있다고 볼 수 있는 여지를 제공한다. 이는 근대적 시각성의 이데올로기적 특성을 드러내는 것으로서 이를 밝히기 위해 벤쌈이외에도 마이클 프리드, 존 벤더와 같은 이론가들의 시각성에 대한 주장을 살피고 있다. 그러나 더욱 중요한 본 논문의 고찰 대상은 실제 파놉티콘적 재현의 감시의 대상으로 등장하고 있는 고립된 자아가 특이한 재현방식을 통하여 재현의 중앙 권력적 시각으로부터 이탈하고 있다는 점이다. 이와 같은 주장은 우선 탈 신체적, 관념적 시각성을 통해 구축된다고 여겨지는 중앙 권력적 작용에 대한 탈 권력적 인식의 틀을 통해 뒷받침될 수 있다. 파놉티콘적 권력은 단일한 시각의 균일성을 통해 대상의 통일성과 투명성을 마련하고자 하는데 이때 수반되는 문제는 대상에 대한 축소적 해석이다. 즉, 시각의 대상은 다양한 시각적, 신체적 특성이 교차하는 타자의 범주임에도 불구하고 권력의 시점은 언제나 이를 단순화시켜 바라봄으로써 클리셰나 스테레오 타입과 같은 반복적이고 낯익은 전형성의 범주로 이해하려고 하는 것이다. 이와 같은 파놉티콘적 재현의 인식적 맹점은 근대미술이나 소설에 나타나고 있는 시각이나 서술의 주변부에 잘 드러나 있다. 이 인식의 변두리는 사실주의적 기법에 의하여 짐짓 흐리거나 대략적으로 나타나 권력중심적 인식의 틀이 멀리 놓여있는 대상에 대해서도 일정한 시각의 균일성을 보여주고 있음을 드러내고 있다. 하지만 또 한편으로는 이 변두리 지역이야말로 권력적 시각의 취약성이 드러나고 있는 곳이기도 하다. 즉, 이곳은 클리셰나 스테레오 타입에 대한 권력적 시각의 의존성이 가장 높기 때문에 권력주체와 타자, 인식과 실제, 시각과 경험등 사이의 간극을 통해 탈 권력적 표현전략이 궁리되어질 수 있는 지점인 것이다. 예를 들어, 미술사학자 노만 브라이슨의 주장대로 그림이나 서술은 사실적 표현을 위해 대상을 중심 시선에 고정시키고 묘사하는 것 이외에도 또한, 중앙에서 벗어난 시각의 주변부에 분산되고 이탈적인 타자의 범주를 반영하는데 힘을 기울이고 있다고 볼 수 있다. 결국 이는 사실성의 인지가 대상에 대한 집중과 분산, 관찰과 이탈, 동종성과 이질성과 같은 요소들이 서로 상호작용하여 이루어내는 것이라는 것이다. 이와 같은 인식적 근거를 통해 볼 때, 파놉티콘적 재현은 시각의 주변부에 나타나는 여러 상이한 대상의 움직임을 축소시키고자하는 권력적 인식의 작용이라 하겠다. 그러나 앞서 밝힌대로 이와 같은 축소적 재현은 타자를 단조롭고 반복적인 진부한 표현대상으로 삼는 문제를 야기하고 만다. 이는 중앙 권력적 시각의 맹점으로, 타자를 관찰하는데 하나의 중요한 인식적 간극을 제공하는 것이다. 즉, 단순한 표현으로 나타난 타자의 반복적 모습은 실은 위장적인 것이며, 그 이면에 있는 진정한 타자의 모습은 무엇인가에 대한 궁금증을 야기하는 것이다. 위와 같은 방법론적 태도는 18세기에서부터 마련되기 시작한 사실주의적 미술작품과 소설은 물론 개량감옥 보고서나 에세이등에 나타난 인물의 감시적 고립상태를 주도하는 파놉티콘적 시각성을 그 연구대상으로 간주한다. 즉, 이와 같은 시각성이 드러내는 시각과 서술의 불균형, 갈등, 전복등의 여러 모순적 상황들을 중요한 고찰의 대상으로 삼는 것이다. 또한 이와 같은 갈등을 드러내고 있는 여러 수사학적, 표현적 특성과 그 특성이 표방하고 있는 인식론적 의미도 고찰대상에 포함된다. 이와 같은 작업의 한 시작으로서 본 연구의 마지막 장에서는 19세기 영국의 개량감옥에 대한 에세이로 유명한 헨리 메이휴의 <런던의 여러 형무소의 생활상>(1868)을 다루고 있다.

This essay aims to develop a critical approach of interpretation in examining the panoptical condition of representation that is said to permeate the tradition of modern realism in novels and paintings. In defining this approach, I am interested in the problem or inability of panoptical representation to tell a coherent story of solitude(solitary confinement, isolation, self-absorption, etc.) in a range of texts from prison documents to paintings and novels, and also what might occasion such an inability including social, material, or stylistic contradictions and conflicting epistemological angles. This task potentially anticipates a trajectory of readings and investigations that cuts through the history of panoptical representation, which is outside the scope of this essay. In this writing, I will engage in a series of debates with what I consider as major theories and views of panoptical representation offered by Jeremy Bentham, John Bender, and Michael Fried. Based on this, I will formulate a conceptual or methodological frame of discourse that would envisage an anti-panoptical approach of interpretation. As an attempt to validate this formulation, I will offer a reading of Henry Mayhew’s Criminal Prisons of London and Scenes of Prison Life(1862), a case of panoptical representation that produces a peculiar sense of ambivalence while accounting for sites of penal solitude.

In this study, the effect of particle size of genistein-loaded solid lipid particulate systems on drug dissolution behavior and oral bioavailability was investigated. Genistein-loaded solid lipid microparticles and nanoparticles were prepared with glyceryl palmitostearate. Except for the particle size, other properties of genistein-loaded solid lipid microparticles and nanoparticles such as particle composition and drug loading efficiency and amount were similarly controlled to mainly evaluate the effect of different particle sizes of the solid lipid particulate systems on drug dissolution behavior and oral bioavailability. The results showed that genistein-loaded solid lipid microparticles and nanoparticles exhibited a considerably increased drug dissolution rate compared to that of genistein bulk powder and suspension. The microparticles gradually released genistein as a function of time while the nanoparticles exhibited a biphasic drug release pattern, showing an initial burst drug release, followed by a sustained release. The oral bioavailability of genistein loaded in solid lipid microparticles and nanoparticles in rats was also significantly enhanced compared to that in bulk powders and the suspension. However, the bioavailability from the microparticles increased more than that from the nanoparticles mainly because the rapid drug dissolution rate and rapid absorption of genistein because of the large surface area of the genistein-solid lipid nanoparticles cleared the drug to a greater extent than the genistein-solid lipid microparticles did. Therefore, the findings of this study suggest that controlling the particle size of solid-lipid particulate systems at a micro-scale would be a promising strategy to increase the oral bioavailability of genistein.

철분 결핍은 아직도 전 세계적으로 공통적인 영양장애중 하나이다. 특히 개발도상국에서는 식이로부터의 철분 생이용도가 매우 낮은데 이는 nonheme 철분 흡수를 매개하는 식이성분의 양이 매우 적은 것이 주원인이다. 식이에 함유된 철분의 양, 개체의 철분 영양상태, 그리고 식이성분 등은 철분흡수에 영향을 주는 주 요소들이다. 식이로부터 부적당한 철분의 섭취는 칼로리가 낮은 식이, 제한된 음식물 섭취, 단조로운 식이로부터 오기 쉽다. Ascorbic acid, 육류, 생선, 닭고기 등은 식이에서 nonheme 철분의 흡수를 증가시키는 매우 중요한 요소이며, ascorbic acid와 육류는 여러 연구에서 철분 생이용도 증가 효과를 일정하게 보여 주었다. Phytate, polyphenols, dietary fiber는 nonheme 철분 흡수의 주요 저해 요소로서 인지되어 왔다. 또한 nonheme 철분의 생이용도는 함께 섭취한 식품의 성분에 의해 크게 영향을 받을 수 있으므로 어떤 조합에 의한 식품의 섭취는 철분 흡수를 상승 또는 저해시킬 수 있다.

Iron deficiency is still a common nutritional disorder in the world. In developing countries, the bioavailability of dietary iron is often very low, mainly due to a low content of factors facilitating nonheme iron absorption. The iron content of the diet, iron status of subjects, and the actual composition of the diet are the major factors that influence the absorption of food iron. Inadequate dietary intake of iron often results from low-calorie diets, food restrictions, or single food diets. Ascorbic acid and MFP (meat, fish and poultry) are the quantitatively most important enhancers of nonheme iron absorption found in the diet. Ascorbic acid and meat have consistently been shown to enhance iron bioavailability. Major inhibitors of nonheme iron absorption are dietary fiber, phytate, and polyphenols. The availability of nonheme iron can be highly influenced by components of foods ingested concomitantly, Therefore, consumption of food in combinations can either enhance or inhibit nonheme iron absorption.

Water vapor sorption by sodium alginate-based films may result in swelling and conformational changes in the molecular structure and affecting the water vapor barrier properties. Sodium alginate film specimens were dried in a vacuum freeze dryer and their moisture content was determined by an air-oven method. The water vapor absorption was determined at two different levels of water activities (0.727 and 0.995) and at three temperatures (10, 20, and $30^{\circ}C$), and kinetics were analyzed using a simple empirical model. Reasonably good straight lines were obtained with plotting of 1/($m-m_0$) vs 1/t. It was found that water vapor absorption kinetics of sodium alginate films were accurately described by a simple empirical model. The rate of water vapor sorption increased with increase in temperature and it showed temperature dependency following the Arrhenius equation. The activation energies varied from 49.18$\sim$149.55 kJ/mol depending on the relative humidity.

Cholesterol is a vital component of the human body. It stabilizes cell membranes and is the precursor of bile acids, vitamin D and steroid hormones. However, cholesterol accumulation in the bloodstream (hypercholesterolemia) can cause atherosclerotic plaques within artery walls, leading to heart attacks and strokes. The efficiency of cholesterol absorption in the small intestine is of great interest because human and animal studies have linked cholesterol absorption with plasma concentration of total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Cholesterol absorption is highly regulated and influenced by particular compounds in the food supply. Therefore, it is desirable to learn more about natural food components that inhibit cholesterol absorption so that food ingredients and dietary supplements can be developed for consumers who wish to manage their plasma cholesterol levels by non-pharmacological means. Food components thus far identified as inhibitors of cholesterol absorption include phytosterols, soluble fibers, phospholipids, and stearic acid.

Catechins exhibit a hypocholesterolemic effect in cholesterol-fed animals. The present study was conducted to examine whether (+)-catechin influences the absorption of cholesterol in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed ad libitum an AIN-93G diet containing soybean oil for 5 wk. Rats with lymph cannulae were infused at 3.0 mL/h for 8 h via a duodenal catheter with a lipid emulsion containing radiolabeled cholesterol with or without (+)-catechin. Lymph was collected hourly for 8 h. The enteral infusion of (+)-catechin significantly lowered the lymphatic absorption of $^{14}$ C-cholesterol (21.1 $\pm$ 3.6% dose/B h) compared with controls infused with the lipid emulsion devoid of (+)-catechin (38.2 $\pm$ 1.2% dose/8 h). The intestinal absorption of $\alpha$-tocopherol (24.2$\pm$3.0% dose/8 h) also was significantly decreased by (+)-catechin infusion, relative to controls (32.2$\pm$2.2% dose/8 h). However, the lymphatic outputs of oleic acid and phospholipid were not affected by enteral (+)-catechin infusion. The results indicate that (+)-catechin has a profound inhibitory effect on the intestinal absorption of cholesterol and $\alpha$-tocopherol without affecting the absorption of fat.

The effect of vitamin B12 status and pectin feeding on vitamin B12 absorption in rats were studied. Rats in low, medium, and high vitamin B12 status were fed either fiber-free or 10% pectin diet and absorption of a single oral dose of vitamin B12 status of rats was verified by urinary methylmalonic acid and liver vitamin B12 measurements. Absorption of vitamin B12 tended to increase as the rats became deficient in vitamin B12 , although the difference was not significant . Pectin inhibited absorption of vitamin B12 regardless of the vitamin B12 status of the rats. The results demonstrated that inhibition of vitamin B12 absorption by pectin would be a possible mechanism for the impairment of vitamin B12 status due to chronic pectin feeding.

The main objective of this study is to enhance the heat and transfer process of absorption using the nanofluids as the working medium. Carbon nanotubes-ammonia nanofluids (the binary nanofluids) are prepared. The thermal conductivity of the binary nanofluids and the bubble absorption process enhancement are examined experimentally. The results show the thermal conductivity of the carbon nanotubes-ammonia nanofluid is higher 16% than that of $NH_3/H_2O$ solution. And the carbon nanotubes-ammonia nanofluid has a great enhanced effect to the $NH_3/H_2O$ absorption.

This study was executed to estimate the impacts of increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine and net energy levels on growth, nutrient absorption, and meat carcass traits in growing-finishing pigs. In total, 90 pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] were erratically dispensed to 3 treatments (6 replicate/treatment) with 5 pigs (3 barrows and 2 gilts) per pen, and their average primary body weight was 20.51± 0.02 kg. The trial period was 16 weeks (growing stage, initial to week 8; finishing stage, week 8 to week 16). The dietary treatments used included control (CON) as the basal diet, TRT1 (basal diet + 0.05% SID lysine), and TRT2 (basal diet + 0.05% SID lysine + 0.084 MJ/kg net energy) for both the growing and finishing stages. Both the TRT1 and TRT2 group diets improved (p = 0.033) average daily gain (ADG) at week 12 and tended to enhance (p = 0.088) body weight at week 12 and ADG at the overall period compared to the CON group. Moreover, pigs in the TRT2 group had higher backfat thickness (p = 0.034) at week 12 in comparison to the TRT1 and CON diets. Nevertheless, no treatment effect was found (p > 0.05) in nutrient absorption or carcass grade among the dietary treatments. Hence, incorporating the increasing level of 0.05% SID lysine and 0.084 MJ/kg net energy into the pig diet during the growing and finishing stages can be considered a suitable approach for enhancing both growth efficiency and carcass backfat thickness in pigs.

This study was done to investigate the effects of the incorporation of Achyranthes japonica extracts (AJE) in diet on the production parameters of growing pigs. Exp 1: Total, 105 crossbred pigs (average body weight: 24.47 ± 2.46 kg) were used in a 6-week feeding trial. Pigs (seven replicates, five pigs per pen) were allotted randomly to three treatments. Dietary treatments: CON (basal diet); basal diet with 0.025% AJE, and basal diet + 0.050% AJE). Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbial count, and fecal noxious gas were assessed in this study. Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G:F) were not affected by the addition of up to 0.05% AJE. In the case of apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), and digestible energy (DE) were not changed in 3rd and 6th weeks of the feeding trial through the addition of AJE up to 0.05% in the growing pig diet. In microbial count, Lactobacillus and Escherichia coli count at 3rd and 6th week was similar in all the treatment diets. The inclusion of AJE at levels up to 0.05% in growing pig diet had no effect on the production of NH3, H2S, acetic acid, and CO2 in the feces. After ending the Exp 1, a total of nine pigs were divided into three treatment groups. Treatment diets were included, TRT1, basal diet + powder quercetin 30 g; TRT2, basal diet + powder quercetin 150 g; TRT3, basal diet + powder quercetin 300g. Rate of absorption in blood was increased with the higher dose of quercetin. The results suggested incorporation of AJE up to 0.05% has no significant effect on ADG, ADFI, and G:F, as well as DM, N, and DE digestibility, fecal microbial count, and fecal noxious gas emission in growing pigs, even though no negative effect was found.

석유화학 공정의 증류탑은 공정유체를 분리, 정제하는 중요한 장치 중의 하나로 가동효율은 설비의 생산성에 큰 영향을 미친다. 본 연구는 밀봉 감마선원을 이용하여 투과 감마선의 세기를 높이별로 측정함으로써 내부 밀도의 변화를 분석하여 공정의 가동 중 내부 상황에 대한 정보를 얻고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 한국원자력연구원에서 개발된 자동 증류탑 검사장치를 이용하여 증류탑 상부 양쪽에 밀봉 감마선원과 방사선검출기를 매달아 수직으로 내리면서 실험을 수행하였으며, 이때 감마선원으로는 Co-60 150 mCi과 방사선검출기로 BGO detector를 각각 사용하였다. 진단결과 설비 내부의 tray에는 구조적 결함이 관찰되지 않았으나, 유체분포를 고려할 때 상부는 기포층(vapor)의 밀도분포가 지배적인 반면에, 하단부에는 기포에 비해 유체가 상대적으로 많이 분포하는 것으로 계측되었다. 본 실험으로부터 밀봉 감마선원을 이용한 가동 중에 있는 대형 증류탑의 tray에 대한 구조적 건전성 및 내부 유체분포에 대한 정보를 성공적으로 제시하였다.

A distillation tower is one of the important facilities which separates and refines a crude oil stream according to certain boiling points. Its operation efficiency can affect the productivity of a refinery substantially. The objective of this study is to elucidate some operational information on the internal conditions of a distillation tower from a measurement of density profile by using a sealed gamma-ray source and a radiation detector. Gamma radiation counts were measured by a BGO detector positioned diametrically outside the tower-wall, opposite to the gamma source(Co-60) as the detector and the source were lowered concurrently. From the results, structural abnormality of the trays was not found inside the tower. Considering the flow distribution patterns, however, a vapor phase was dominantly formed at the upper part of the tower and a liquid phase at the lower part. From the gamma scanning of the distillation tower, it is anticipated that the gamma absorption technique can be used as an important tool for confirming the tructural soundness of trays and investigating flow distribution in refinery facilities.

This study analyzes the characteristics of sound-absorbing materials made from forest by-products of the deciduous tree species Zelkova serrata (Z. serrata) by evaluating their sound absorption performance. Accordingly, sound-absorbing materials with varying sample thicknesses, leaf sizes, and drying conditions were fabricated. The sound absorption properties were measured using the impedance tube method via middle-type measurement tube (100 Hz-3,200 Hz). The sound absorption properties were evaluated using the average sound absorption coefficient (ASAC), which was calculated from the measured sound absorption coefficients at 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1,000 Hz, and 2,000 Hz. The ASAC value significantly improved as the leaf size increased to 0.5×0.5 cm2, 1.0×1.0 cm2, and 2.0×2.0 cm2. The ASAC values under the two drying conditions were similar. There was no significant difference in ASAC according to the leaf size under the air-dried leaf condition, with a thickness of 2.50 cm. The highest ASAC value according to the sound-absorbing material thickness was 0.47 at a thickness of 2.50 cm and leaf size of 2.0×2.0 cm2 under the air-dried leaf condition. In addition, the variation in ASAC was 0.23, indicating that the sound absorption performance according to leaf thickness was more significant than the difference in absorption properties according to leaf size. A sound absorption coefficient (SAC) of 0.4 or higher was observed across the measurable frequency band (100 Hz-3,200 Hz). Furthermore, the SAC values with respect to leaf size and thickness were close to 1 in the high-frequency range above 2,000 Hz. Therefore, it is considered that sound-absorbing materials using Z. serrata leaves are advantageous in the field of absorbing noise in a high-frequency band of 2,000 Hz or more, and it is better to manufacture a thickness of 2.50 and 2.0×2.0 cm2.

This study evaluated the physical and optical characteristics of hydrophilic ophthalmic polymer with addition of 2- methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine in the basic hydrogel ophthalmic lens material, and in particular, the utility of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine as an ophthalmic contact lens material for ophthalmologic devices was investigated. In this study 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine were used as additives. For the preparation of hydrogel lens 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, acrylic acid and a cross-linker EGDMA were copolymerized in the presence of AIBN as an initiator. The physical properties of the produced polymers were measured as followings. The refractive index of 1.433~1.393, water content of 35.95~53.16%, contact angle of 70.62~51.24o, UVB transmittance of 81.2~82.4%, UV-B transmittance of 81.2~82.4% and visible transmittance of 91.4~92.2% were obtained. Also, in case of protein absorption, the measurement showed that absorbance of Reference and MPC-10 sample was 0.2598 and 0.2250 respectively. Based on the results of this study, ophthalmic lens material containing 2- methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine is expected to be used usefully as a material for high wettability and inhibitor of protein adsorption for ophthalmic hydrogel lens.

Background: We are developing L-band and S-band microwave dielectric absorption systems aiming novel dosimetry using DNAs, such as plasmid DNA and genomic DNA, and microwave technology. Materials and Methods: Each system is composed of a cavity resonator, analog signal generator, circulator, power meter, and oscilloscope. Since the cavity resonator is sensitive to temperature change, we have made great efforts to prevent the fluctuation of temperature. We have developed software for controlling and measurement. Results and Discussion: By using this system, we can measure the resonance frequency, f, and Δ Q (Q is a dimensionless parameter that describes how under-damped an oscillator or resonator is, and characterizes a resonator's bandwidth relative to its center frequency) within about 3 minutes with high accuracy. Conclusion: This system will be expected to be applicable to DNAs evaluations and to novel dosimetric system.