Earticle

본 연구는 시각적인 장애를 호소하는 ADHD로 진단받은 아동의 유형별 시각 기능의 특징을 확인하고자 하였 다. 연구 대상자는 ADHD로 진단받은 아동 49명으로 시각기능이 정상범위에서 벗어난 경우이다. Korean-ADHD Rating Scale을 이용하여 ADHD 유형을 알아보았고 시각기능 검사를 통해 시각 기능의 문제를 알아보았다. 시각의 문제를 가지고 있는 ADHD 아동들은 부주의 유형(69.4%)이 가장 많았으며 시력은 좋지만 시각 기능 문제가 드러난 경우도 50% 정도 되었다. 주의력결핍 유형에서 근시 관련 시각장애, 과잉활동형 유형에서 난시 관련된 시각장애가 높 게 나타났다. 버전스 기능 장애에서는 폭주부족이 가장 많았으며 유형별 차이는 나타나지 않았다. ADHD 아동의 유형 별 시각장애의 특성은 차이가 나타나므로 시각 기능 장애의 검사와 선별을 통해 아동의 문제행동에 접근하는 것이 필요하다.

The objective of this study is to identify the visual function impairment of children with each type of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD). The subjects of this study were 49 children diagnosed with ADHD with visual function out of the normal range. The type of ADHD was investigated using the Korean-ADHD Rating Scale and visual function test. The attention deficit type(69.4%) of ADHD was the most common type among children with ADHD with vision problems. Although their overall naked-eye visual acuity was good, about 50% of the subjects showed problems with visual function. For those with the attention deficit type of ADHD, the myopia-related refractive error was high. For those with the hyperactivity type of ADHD, the astigmatism-related refractive error was higher. For those with vergence function disorder, convergence insufficiency was the most common. As there were differences in the visual impairment characteristics of children with different types of ADHD, it is necessary to approach a child's problem behavior through examination and screening for visual function disorders.

본 연구는 비전테라피가 시각 문제를 가지고 있는 ADHD 경향 아동의 증상과 시지각 기술을 향상시키는지 알아보고자 한다. 본 연구의 대상자는 ADHD 경향이 있는 아동 중 시각적인 문제를 가지고 있는 아동 10명이다. 비전 테라피 전· 후로 시각 기능 검사, 시지각 운동협응 검사, 시지각 기술 검사, ADHD 평가척도 검사를 실시하였다. 비전 테라피는 주 2회, 6개월∼1년 동안 실시되었다. 비전테라피 후에 대상자 모두 시각기능의 시력, 입체시, 버전스 범위, 폭주 근점에서 정상 범위에 도달했으며, 시각 기능과 시지각 기술이 향상되었고 ADHD 증상에 대한 점수가 낮아진 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 비전테라피가 ADHD 경향을 가진 아동들의 증상과 시지각을 개선하고 시각문제를 해결하는 데 활용될 수 있는 것으로 보인다.

The purpose of this study is to determine whether vision therapy improves symptom and visual perceptual skills in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder tendency who have visual problems. The subjects of this study were 10 children. Before and after vision therapy, the visual function test, developmental test of visual-motor integration, test of visual perceptual skills, and ADHD rating scale test were performed. Vision therapy was conducted twice a week for a period of 6 months to 1 year. After vision therapy, all subjects achieved normal ranges of visual function, sensory fusion, stereoacuity, vergence function, and convergence. The visual function and visual perceptual skill were improved and the score for ADHD symptoms was reduced. Therefore, it seems that vision therapy can be used to improve the symptoms and visual perception of children with ADHD.

This study investigated age-related changes of cognitive function in Korean adults using the Korean-Developmental Test of Visual Percep-tion-2 (K-DTVP-2) and the Visual Motor Integration-3rd Revision (VMI-3R) test, and determined the main factors influencing VP and VMI in older adults. For this research, 139 adults for the K-DTVP-2 and 192 adults for the VMI-3R, from a total of 283 participants, were randomly and separately recruited in province, Korea. The present study showed that the mean score of the K-DTVP-2 and VMI-3R in 10-yr age incre-ments significantly decreased as age increased (K-DTVP-2, F=41.120, P<0.001; VMI-3R, F=16.583, P<0.001). The mean score of the VMI-3R and K-DTVP-2 were significantly decreased in participants in their 50s compared to those in their 20s (P<0.05). Age (t=-9.130, P<0.001), gen-der (t=3.029, P=0.003), and the presence of diseases (t=-2.504, P= 0.013) were the significant factors affecting K-DTVP-2 score. On the oth-er hand, age (t=-6.300, P<0.001) was the only significant factor affect-ing VMI-3R score. K-DTVP-2 score (Standardized β=-0.611) decreased more sensitively with aging than VMI-3R (Standardized β=-0.467). The two measurements had a significant positive correlation (r =0.855, P< 0.001). In conclusion, it can be suggested that VP and VMI should be regularly checked from an individual’s 50s, which is a critical period for detecting cognitive decline by aging. Both the K-DTVP-2 and VMI-3R could be used for determining the level of cognitive deficit by aging.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of virtual reality (VR)-based upper extremity (UE) training on UE function, visual perception, and brain activity in a child with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). METHODS: A 14-year-old girl with spastic CP participated in this study. Immersive VR-based Leap Motion Ⓡ UE training was applied for 6 weeks, with 24 sessions conducted 4 times a week. UE function (grip strength, pinch strength, Jebsen-Taylor hand function test, Purdue pegboard test), visual perception (motor-free visual perception test-3), and brain activity (electroencephalography) were measured before and after the intervention. RESULTS: Following the VR-based UE training, improvements were observed in the participant's grip strength, pinch strength, Jebsen-Taylor hand function test, Purdue pegboard test, and visual perception. Electroencephalography analysis showed a decrease in alpha wave band power and an increase in beta wave band power. CONCLUSION: VR Leap Motion UE training improved UE function and visual perception and augmented the participant's attention and concentration in a child with spastic CP.

Objective To adapt and standardize the Motor-Free Visual Perception Test-3 (MVPT-3) to Koreans and investigate the change in visual-perceptual function using the MVPT-3 in healthy Korean adults.Methods The Korean version of the MVPT-3 was developed through a cross-cultural adaptation process according to 6 steps, including translation, reconciliation, back translation, cognitive debriefing, feedback, and final reconciliation. A total of 321 healthy Korean volunteers (mean age, 51.05 years) were recruited. We collected participant demographic data, such as sex, age, and years of education, and performed the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) and MVPT-3. Internal consistency of the MVPT-3 and the relationships between demographic data, K-MMSE and MVPT-3 scores were analyzed. The results of this study were compared with published data from western countries including the United States and Canada.Results Total score on the MVPT-3 was positively correlated with years of education (r=0.715, p<0.001) and K-MMSE score (r=0.718, p<0.001). However, it had a negative correlation with age (r=?0.669, p<0.001). A post-hoc analysis of MVPT-3 scores classified age into 5 groups of ≤49, 50?59, 60?69, 70?79, ≥80 years and years of education into 4 groups of 0, 1?9, 10?12, ≥13 years. No significant differences in MVPT-3 scores were observed according to sex or country.Conclusion Visual perception was significantly influenced by age, years of education, and cognitive function. Reference values for the MVPT-3 provided in this study will be useful for evaluating and planning a rehabilitation program of visual perceptual function in patients with brain disorders.

Objective To compare visual-perceptual function between children with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy who have periventricular leukomalacia and unilateral spastic cerebral palsy without periventricular leukomalacia. Method Twenty-one children with spastic cerebral palsy (11 bilateral, 10 unilateral) were enrolled and their visual- perceptual function were assessed using K-DTVP-2 (Korean developmental test of visual perception 2). Results K-DTVP-2 in the bilateral group showed significant dysfunction when compared with the unilateral group. Among 6 sub-items of K-DTVP-2, scores related to visual closure and copying were particularly reduced in the bilateral group. There was discrepancy of verbal and performance IQ in the bilateral group which was not apparent in the unilateral group. Conclusion In children with spastic cerebral palsy, the bilaterally affected group had characteristic features of visual- perceptual dysfunction.

Purpose: This study examined the effects of spinal stabilization exercises using visual feedback on the gross motor function and balance of the sitting posture in children with cerebral palsy. Methods: The subjects were 18 children with cerebral palsy aged 8-15 years in the I-III stages of the Gross Motor Function Classification System. The subjects were divided into an experimental group (n=9) and control group (n=9). The experimental group was treated with 30 minutes of neurodevelopmental treatment and 20 minutes of spinal stabilization exercises using visual feedback. The control group was treated with 30 minutes of neurodevelopmental treatment and 20 minutes of spinal stabilization exercises without visual feedback. Both groups participated in the experiment twice a week for eight weeks. The Gross Motor Function Measurement was performed to evaluate the changes between pre- and the post-intervention in gross motor function. The Seated Limit of Stability Surface Area was measured to evaluate the changes in trunk balance. Results: Both experimental and control groups showed a significant increase in the gross motor function and trunk balance (p<0.05). The experimental group showed a significant increase in gross motor function compared to the control group (p<0.05). The experimental group showed a significant increase in the dynamic trunk balance in all directions when measuring the Seated Limit of Stability Surface Area (p<0.05). Conclusion: Spinal stabilization exercises using visual feedback for the neurodevelopmental treatment of children with cerebral palsy can improve their gross motor function and trunk balance when in a sitting posture more effectively.

Purpose: This study sought to investigate the effects of visual cue deprivation balance training by applying head control feedback to the balance function and the fall index in older people. Methods: The study was conducted on 26 older people at the S Hospital in Gyeongsansi. The patients were randomly divided into the experimental groupI (EGI, n=9), the experimental groupII (EGII, n=9), and the control group (CG, n=8). The three groups were trained for 30 minutes three times a week for four weeks. To assess the patients' static balance function, their limits of stability (LOS) was measured using the BioRescue system, (RM Ingenierie, France), composed of a pressure platform that can measure force in diverse ways, a computer, and a monitor. The dynamic balance function was measured using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Also, the fall index was measured to evaluate the risk of falling. A paired t-test was performed to compare pre- and post-training performance within the groups. One-way ANOVA was performed for comparing the three groups. A post hoc least significant difference (LSD) test was also performed. Results: The results of the LOS showed a significant difference after training in the EGI and EGII groups (p<0.05). As a result of the difference between the three groups, there was a significant difference after training (p<0.05). The results of the BBS showed a significant difference after training in the EGI group (p<0.05). As a result of the difference between the three groups, there was a significant difference after training (p<0.05). Conclusion: Visual cue deprivation balance training applying head control feedback is effective in improving the dynamic balance function in older people. It is also necessary to constantly maintain the head orientation by feedback and to properly control the head movement.

Objective To Investigate the synergic effects of short-term constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) and visual biofeedback training (VBT) in subacute stroke patients.Methods Thirty-two subacute stroke patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to one of three groups: short-term CIMT with VBT, VBT only, and control groups. We applied CIMT for an hour daily during VBT instead of the ordinary restraint time, referred to as ‘short-term’ CIMT. Short-term CIMT with VBT group received simultaneous VBT with CIMT, whereas the VBT the only group received VBT without CIMT for an hour a day for 2 weeks. The control group received conventional occupational therapy (OT) alone. Patients underwent the Purdue Pegboard Test, the JAMAR grip strength test, the Wolf Motor Function Test, the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (upper extremity), Motricity index and the Korean version of Modified Barthel Index test to evaluate motor functions of the hemiplegic upper limb at baseline, post-treatment, and 2 weeks after treatment.Results No significant differences were observed between short-term CIMT with VBT and VBT only groups. Both groups showed significantly higher scores compared to the control group in the WMFT and FMA tests. However, the short-term CIMT with VBT group showed significant improvement (p<0.05) compared with the control group in both grasp and pad pinch at post-treatment and 2 weeks after treatment while the VBT only group did not.Conclusion Short-term CIMT with VBT group did not show significant improvement of hemiplegic upper limb function of subacute stroke patients, compared to VBT only group. Larger sample sizes and different restraint times would be needed to clarify the effect.

This study investigated the influence of diabetes on cognitive decline between the diabetes and non- diabetes patients and identified the as-sociations between diabetes and cognitive function, visual perception (VP), and visual motor integration (VMI). Sixty elderly men (67.10±1.65 yr) with and without diabetes (n=30 in each group) who were surveyed by interview and questionnaire in South Korea were enrolled in this study. The score of Mini-Mental State Examination of Korean version (MMSE-KC), Motor-free Visual Perception Test-Vertical Format (MVPT-V), and Visual-Motor Integration 3rd Revision (VMI-3R) were assessed in all of the participants to evaluate cognitive function, VP, and VMI in each. The score of MMSE-KC in the diabetic group was significantly lower than that of the non-diabetes group (P<0.01). Participants in the diabetes group also had lower MVPT-V and VMI-3R scores than those in the non-diabetes group (P<0.01, respectively). Especially, the scores of figure-ground and visual memory among the subcategories of MVPT-V were significantly lower in the diabetes group than in the non-diabetes group (P<0.01). These findings indicate that the decline in cognitive function in individuals with diabetes may be greater than that in non-di-abetics. In addition, the cognitive decline in older adults with diabetes might be associated with the decrease of VP and VMI. In conclusion, we propose that VP and VMI will be helpful to monitor the change of cognitive function in older adults with diabetes as part of the routine management of diabetes-induced cognitive declines.

본 연구는 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 시지각 훈련 프로그램을 적용하였을 때 시지각 기능과 일상생활활동 수행능력에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 첫째, 실험군과 대조군의 치료 중재 전․후 시지각 기능은 유의한 차이를 보였고(p< .05), 집단의 상호작용에는 유의한 차이를 보였다(p< .05) 둘째, 실험군과 대조군의 치료 중재 전․후 일상생활활동 수행능력은 유의한 차이를 보였고(p< .05), 집단의 상호작용에는 유의한 차이를 보였다(p< .05).셋째, 시지각 기능은 일상생활활동 수행능력의 운동기능 항목에 유의한 차이가 있었고, 상호간의 양의 상관관계가 나타났다(r= .523).본 연구의 결과 시지각 훈련 프로그램이 뇌졸중 환자의 시지각 기능과 일상생활활동 수행능력을 향상시킨다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

This study was aimed to investigate influences of a specific visual perception training program on the visual perception and the activities of daily living(ADL) of patients with stroke. First, before and after of the visual perception in the intervention training program of the visual perception group, which is including not having a training group showed statistically significant difference(p< .05), The interaction of the group before and after intervention training about the visual perception training program showed significant differences(p< .05). Second, the ADL were significantly improved(p< .05) The interaction of the group before and after intervention training about the Activity of Daily Linving training showed significant differences(p< .05). Third, it was noted that visual perception program assessed by MVPT and ADL assessed by FIM measurement had a moderate level of correlations (r=.523). The results of this study showed that visual perceptual training designed in this study increased the visual perceptual and the ADL as well.

목적 : 본 연구는 시각, 청각 피드백을 이용한 디지털 페그보드 훈련 프로그램이 뇌졸중 환자의 손 기능과 시․지각에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 연구 대상자는 뇌졸중 환자 22명으로 실험군(시각, 청각 피드백을 이용한 디지털 페그보드 훈련 작업치료 프로그램 및 전통적인 작업치료) 11명과 대조군(전통적인 작업치료) 11명으로 무작위 할당되었다. 실험군은 1회당 30분씩 주 3회 6주간 총 18회의 시각, 청각 피드백을 이용한 디지털 페그보드 훈련 프로그램을 적용하여 치료를 시행하였으며, 1회당 30분씩 주 2회는 12회의 전통적인 작업치료를 받아 총 30회의 치료를 시행 하였다. 대조군은 1회당 30분씩 주 5회, 6주간 총 30회를 작업치료사를 통하여 전통적인 작업치료를 받도록 하였다. 평가는 중재 전, 후로 손 기능을 측정하기 위하여 Nine-hole pegboard test와 뇌졸중상지기능검사(MFT)를 시행하였다. 결과 : 실험군과 대조군 모두 중재 전과 후 Nine-hole pegboard test와 MVPT-3에서 유의한 상승을 보였다(p<.05). 두 군 간의 비교에서는 실험군이 대조군보다 Nine-hole pegboard test와 MVPT-3결과 변화량 차이에서 유의한 향상을 보였다(p<.05). 결론 : 본 연구의 결과를 통하여 시각 및 청각 피드백을 이용한 디지털 페그보드 훈련 프로그램이 뇌졸중 환자의 손 기능과 시․지각기능의 향상을 위한 재활 프로그램에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Purpose : This study aimed to investigate the effects of a digital pegboard training program with visual and auditory feedback on hand function and visual perception in stroke patients. Methods : Twenty two participants were randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. The experimental group received training using a digital pegboard training program with visual and auditory feedback (n=11), while traditional occupational therapy was administered to the control group (n=11). Hand function was assessed before and after the intervention using the Nine-Hole Peg Test and manual function test (MFT), while visual perception was assessed using the Motor-Free Visual Perception Test-3rd edition (MVPT-3). Results : Following the intervention, both the experimental and control groups showed significant improvements in performance in the Nine-Hole Peg Test and MVPT-3 (p<.05). The improvement on both tests was significantly greater in the experimental group than in the control group (p<.05). Conclusion : The results suggest that digital pegboard training with visual and auditory feedback may improve hand function and visual perception in stroke patients. Therefore, this intervention can be effective in occupational therapy to aid the recovery of stroke patients.

목적 : 본 연구는 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 가상현실 기반 프로그램 라파엘 스마트보드를 적용하여 시지각기능, 인지기능, 상지기능 및 일상생활수행 능력에 미치는 영향을 확인하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 울산광역시에 소재한 S병원에 입원한 환자 36명을 무작위 배정하여 가상현실 기반 프로그램의 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 실험군은 라파엘 스마트보드를 적용한 그룹과 대조군으로 과제지향훈련을 하는 그룹으로 나누었다. 하루 40분, 주 3회 8주 간 중재를 시행하였으며, 중재 전과 후에 MVPT-3, MoCA-K, Fugl-meyer assessment, K-MBI를 사용하여 평가하였다. 자료의 분석은 SPSS 22.0을 사용하였으며 통계학적 유의수준은 0.05로 하였다. 결과 : 실험군과 대조군 모두 MVPT-3, MoCA-K, Fugl-meyer assessment, K-MBI 점수에서 유의한 결과를 나타내었다. 그룹 간 결과 비교에서는 실험군에서 MVPT-3, MoCA-K, Fugl-meyer assessment, K-MBI 점수가 유의하게 향상되었다. 결론 : 가상현실 기반 프로그램 라파엘 스마트보드를 사용한 중재가 뇌졸중 환자의 시지각기능, 인지기능, 상지기능 및 일상생활수행 능력 증진에 효과적이다.

Objective : This study was conducted to find out the impact of the virtual reality based rehabilitation program using RAPAEL Smartboard on visual perception, cognitive function, upper limb fuction, and Activities of Daily Living ability of stroke patients. Methods : A total of 36 patients admitted to S Hospital in Ulsan Metropolitan City were randomly assigned to a virtual reality-based rehabilitation program or task-oriented training. The experimental group performed virtual reality rehabilitation program and the control group performed task oriented training. Intervention The intervention was conducted 8 times for 8 weeks, 40 minutes per day, 3 times a week. SPSS 22.0 was used for data analysis, and the statistical significance level was set at 0.05. Results : Both groups showed a significant improvement in their visual perception, cognitive function, upper limb fuction and Activities of Daily Living ability. After the intervention, significant differences in the score of MVPT-3, Fugl-meyer assessment, MoCA-K, K-MBI were observe. Conclusion : In conclusion, it is desirable to implement a virtual conduction virtual reality-based rehabilitation program as a rehabilitation program to improve visual perception, cognitive function, upper limb function, and daily living ability in stroke ADL patients.

본 논문은 청소년을 대상으로 한 영상 커뮤니케이션 교육 프로그램 LTP(Litracy Through Photography)의 성과를 바탕으로 이미지와 텍스트의 결합에 대해 연구한 결과다. 현재는 디지털 영상 시대를 맞아 올바른 커뮤니케이션 교육이 필요한 시점이지만 아직 텍스트 위주의 교육이 다수인 건 사실이다. 이에 이미지의 커뮤니케이션 기능을 강조한 LTP 프로그램을 제시하고 청소년들에게 시각 커뮤니케이션에 대한 능력 향상을 위해 실시한 교육결과를 소개한다. 그리고 교육참여 청소년들의 LTP 작품분석과 설문조사와 질적조사를 실시한다. 청소년들의 창작 이미지는 바르트(Barthes)의 텍스트와 이미지의 상호 관계를 세 분류로 정의한 정박, 중계, 삽화를 기준으로 분석된다. 설문조사는 LTP 교육전후 실시한 영상 커뮤니케이션 능력에 대한 양적조사와 질적조사로 이뤄졌다. 그 결과 LTP 교육에서 텍스트보다 이미지를 활용했을 때 청소년의 커뮤니케이션에 대한 성취가 높음이 밝혀졌다. 본 연구는 이러한 조사와 연구결과가 정책적으로 문화예술교육에 반영되는 것을 주장한다. 결론적으로 본 연구는 청소년들의 LTP 작품과 설문조사를 커뮤니케이션 관점에서 고찰함으로써 창의성 제고를 위한 이미지 활용교육에 의미를 부여하고 LTP를 새로운 교육으로 제시한다.

This thesis is a result of studying the combination of text and image based on the achievement of LTP (Literacy Through Photography), a communication education program for young people. This paper presents the LTP program that emphasizes communication functions of images and introduces the results of education conducted to improve the ability of visual communication for adolescents. Adolescents's creative images are analyzed on the basis of three categories of anchors, ealais and illustrations. The questionnaire was a quantitative survey of communication conducted before and after the LTP training. As a result, LTP education showed higher achievement in communication with adolescents when using images than text. In conclusion, this study gives meaning to image utilization education for creativity enhancement and present it as a new education by examining the LTP works and questionnaires of adolescents from communication point of LTP.

본 논문에서는 스마트폰의 사진과 영상을 활용하는 상호작용형 콘텐츠 디바이스인 아이퍼즐 이미지 블록과 연동 가능한 시지각 인지기능 훈련 콘텐츠를 구성하였다. 이를 위해 시각기억, 시각연속성, 공간관계, 시각구별의 4개 영역을 도출하고 콘텐츠 동작, 활용방법과 시나리오를 작성하였다. 콘텐츠 이미지를 디자인하고 기존 학습지형 시각 및 지각 인지기능 훈련 자료를 모바일 미니 게임형으로 개발하여 유아의 훈련참여 욕구를 지속부여, 유도하고자 하였다. 개발된 콘텐츠를 활용하여 일반 아동과 보호자를 대상으로 체험활동을 수행하였으며 기본 퍼즐 완구 대비 높은 집중도와 유익성, 효과성에서 의미있는 결과를 확인하였다. 본 논문을 통해 디지털 완구와 콘텐츠를 기반으로 하는 인지기능 개선활동 연구에 의미있는 자료가 되기를 기대한다.

In this paper, in order to compose the visual perception cognitive function training content that can be linked with the IPUZZLE image block, an interactive content device that utilizes photos and videos of smartphones. Four areas of visual memory, visual continuity, spatial relationship, and visual discrimination were derived and the content operation, application method, and scenario were written. It was intended to continuously give and induce children's desire to participate in training by designing the content image and developing the existing learning terrain visual and perceptual cognitive function training materials in the form of mobile mini-games. Experiential activities were conducted for general children and their guardians using the developed contents, and the results were found to be significant in terms of concentration, effect, and effect compared to basic puzzle toys. It is expected that this thesis will be a meaningful data for the study of cognitive function improvement activities based on digital toys and contents.

본 논문은 간헐성 외사시 수술 이후 시각 기능과 입체시 기능을 평가하였다. 본 연구의 대상자는 간헐성 외사시로 진단받고, 사시 수술을 받은 18명(남: 10명, 여: 8명)으로 평균연령은 12.06±5.43세이다. 연구대상자들은 사시수술을 1회 받은 경우가 72.2%, 2회 받은 경우가 27.8%이었다. 이들을 대상으로 시각 기능과 입체시 기능을 검사하였다. 자료 분석은 빈도분석과, 교차분석, 상관관계 분석을 이용하였으며, 통계학적 유의성은 p<.05로 설정하였다. 사시수술 후의 편위 상태에서는 외편위는 72.2%로 가장 많았으며, 원거리 감각융합에서는 복시(50.0%), 억제(33.3%) 순이었다. 근거리 감각융합에서는 융합(50.0%), 복시(44.4%) 순이었다. 사시수술 후 원거리 입체시맹 대상자는 61.1%로 가장 많았으며 정상범위인 40-60arcsec인 대상자는 없었다. 근거리 입체시맹 대상자는 33.3%로 가장 많았으며 40-60arcsec인 대상자는 1.1%이었다. 간헐성 외사시 수술을 시행하였다 할지라도 편위상태, 입체시 및 감각융합에서 개선이 되지 않는 부분이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 간헐성 외사시의 수술 전후에 사시에 대한 비수술적 방법을 통한 관리와 통제가 필요하다.

This paper evaluated visual function and stereoacuity function after surgery for intermittent exotropia. Subjects of this study were 18 patients (male: n = 10, female: n = 8) mean aged 12.06±5.43 years diagnosed with intermittent exotropia who underwent strabismus surgery. Of these subjects, 72.2% of the subjects underwent strabismus surgery once and 27.8% had it twice. Visual function and stereoacuity function were tested for these subjects. For data analysis, frequency analysis, cross analysis, and correlation analysis were used, and statistical significance was set at p<.05. Regarding the deviation state after strabismus surgery, exodeviation accounted for the most(72.2%), followed by diplopia(50.0%) and suppression(33.3%) for distance sensory fusion. Regarding near sensory fusion, fusion(50.0%) accounted for the most, followed by diplopia(44.4%). After strabismus surgery, subjects with distance stereoacuity blindness were the most at 61.1% and there were no subjects with a normal range of 40-60 arcsec. Near stereoacuity blindness subjects accounted for 33.3% and subjects with 40-60 arcsec accounted for 1.1%. Even after surgery for intermittent exotropia, there were some areas that did not improve in deviation state, stereoacuity, or sensory fusion. Therefore, it is necessary to manage and control strabismus through non-surgical methods before and after surgery for intermittent exotropia.

Purpose: This study was done to investigate effects on swallowing function following visual stimulation and swallowing promotion exercises before meals for elders with swallowing difficulties following stroke. Methods: Participants for this nonequivalent control pre-post test design were 72 elders with stroke. Convenience sampling method was used to assign participants to experimental (36) and control (36) groups. The intervention was provided for about 15 minutes at every lunch and dinner time for 4 weeks. Outcome variables were Gugging Swallowing Screen (GUSS) score, body weight, total caloric intake, self-efficacy for swallowing, and coughing episodes during meal times. Results: Fifty-one participants were women (72.9%) and 74.3% were stroke only patients. Patients in the experimental group took less time to finish their meals and a higher percent had solid chopped food compared to the control group. Differences were statistically significant. In ANCOVA analysis using GUSS score as a covariate, the only significant improvement after the intervention was self-efficacy for swallowing. Conclusion: Visual stimulation and swallowing promotion exercises could lead to improvement in self-efficacy for swallowing even if they did not decrease coughing episodes during meal time.

The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of visual and hearing impairment and to investigate the effect of visual and hearing impairment on depression and cognitive function in community-dwelling Korean elderly. Methods: The study population consisted of a representative community sample of 4,028 persons aged 65 and older fromthe Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging 2008. Depression and cognitive function were measured by CES-D 10-item scale and K-MMSE. Visual and hearing impairment were measured by 5-Likert scale. Data were analyzed using Rao-Scott x2 test, simple and multiple logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of visual and hearing impairment were 37.3% and 14.0%, respectively. Of the participants, the prevalence of depression was 58.4% and cognitive impairment was 50.6%. There were significant differences in depression and cognitive function according to visual and hearing impairment. Far vision and hearing impairment were predictors for both depression and cognitive impairment even after covariates had been adjusted. Conclusion:These data suggest that visual and hearing impairment in older adults may increase their probability of experiencing depression and cognitive impairment. Thus sensory impairment should be considered a risk factor for mental health and the cognitive function of elderly.

안경원에 내원하는 고객에게 알기 쉽게 시각 기능에 대해 설명하고 효율적으로 상담하는 방법을 마련하기 위하여 교 육용 웹툰을 안경원 내원객들에게 적용하여 환자 상담으로의 활용 가능성과 가치를 평가하고자 하였다. 2023년 1월부터 12 월까지 인천의 A 안경원에 내원한 고객 152명을 대상으로 하여 설문조사 연구를 진행하였다. 본 연구에서는 양안시 기능, 사 위의 개념, 프리즘 렌즈, 양안의 밸런스 등 일반인이 이해하기 어려운 개념을 이해시키기 위해서 교육용 웹툰을 활용하여 상 담을 진행하였다. 상담을 받은 내원객이 느낀 ‘이해도’, ‘흥미도’, ‘활용성’, ‘필요성’, ‘전문성 표현’ 영역에 대해서 점수화하여 평가하였고, 상담 방법에 따른 차이를 독립표본 t-test를 활용하여 통계적 검증을 진행하였다. 안경사가 구두로만 설명했을 경우에는 이해도 항목에서 1.96점, 흥미도는 2.06점, 활용성은 2.96점, 필요성은 4.20점, 전문성은 3.19점으로 상대적으로 낮은 점수분포를 보였다. 안경사가 책과 함께 설명을 했을 경우에는 이해도가 4.14점, 흥미도는 3.28점, 활용성은 3.60점, 필 요성은 4.17점, 전문성은 3.55점으로 나타났다. 안경사가 웹툰과 함께 설명하였을 경우에는 이해도가 4.57점, 흥미도는 4.96 점, 활용성은 4.18점, 필요성은 4.65점, 전문성은 3.15점이었다. 구두로만 설명했을 경우에는 모든 항목에서 가장 낮은 점수 를 보인 반면, 웹툰을 활용한 상담에서는 ‘전문성 표현’ 항목을 제외한 모든 항목에서 4점 이상(우수함)을 보였다. 안경원에서 발생할 수 있는 다양한 상담 상황에서 웹툰을 적극적으로 활용한다면 고객의 흥미와 집중에 도움이 될 것이라고 생각한다.

The author thought about how to explain visual functions in an easy-to-understand way to customers visiting the optical shops and provide easy customer consultation, and attempted to evaluate the usability and value of the educational webtoon for patient consultation by applying it to the optical shops's visitors. Survey study was conducted targeting 152 customers who visited optical shops A in Incheon from January to December 2023. In this study, consultation was conducted using educational webtoons to help the general public understand concepts that are difficult to understand, such as binocular vision function, the concept of heterophoria, prism lenses, and binocular balance. The areas of ‘understanding’, ‘interest’, ‘usability’, ‘necessity’, and ‘expression of expertise’ felt by the visitors who received counseling were scored and evaluated, and differences according to counseling method were evaluated using an independent sample t-test. Statistical verification was performed. When the optometrist only explained verbally, the score distribution was relatively low: 1.96 points for understanding, 2.06 points for interest, 2.96 points for usability, 4.20 points for necessity, and 3.19 points for expertise. When the optometrist provided explanations along with the book, understanding was 4.14 points, interest was 3.28 points, usability was 3.60 points, necessity was 4.17 points, and expertise was 3.55 points. When the optometrist explained with a webtoon, understanding was 4.57 points, interest was 4.96 points, usability was 4.18 points, necessity was 4.65 points, and expertise was 3.15 points. When explanations were given only verbally, all items showed the lowest scores, whereas consultations using webtoons showed 4 points or more (excellent) in all items except the ‘expression of expertise’ item. It is evaluated that actively using webtoons in various consultation situations that occur in optical shops will help increase customer interest and concentration.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of breathing training using visual biofeedback on respiratory muscle activity and function patients COVID-19 experienced patients. Design: Randomized Methods: Thirty people who experienced COVID-19 participated and randomly deployed 15 control groups that conducted standing breathing training and 15 visual biofeedback standing breathing training to train 3 times a week for 8 weeks. In order to evaluate the impact of each sound insulation breathing exercise on respiratory function, respiratory function before and after arbitration 12 times evaluated. Respiratory function were tested using the were used to measure lung capacity and muscle strength of respiratory muscles, and spirometer were used to evaluate intake volume and cough ability. Results: The results of this study showed a significant improvement(p<0.05) in muscle activity of the left latissimus dorsi of the VBG from pre- to post-training, but no improvement in muscle activity of the right latissimus dorsi. In addition, in the measure of inspiratory function, VBG showed significant improvements in inspiratory pressure in the within-group comparison(p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of the study showed no significant change in blocked breathing training using visual biofeedback. Therefore, breathing training through correction of surrounding factors will be effective breathing training for patients.