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목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 국내에서 개발된 아동감각처리척도(Sensory Processing Scale for Children)를 사용하여 일반발달 아동과 감각처리문제 아동의 감각처리 능력을 비교하여 판별타당도를 알아보고자 하 였다. 연구방법 : 연구대상자는 3-5세의 일반발달 아동 68명과 감각처리문제 아동 83명의 보호자로 총 151명 을 대상으로 하였다. 연구 참여에 동의한 아동의 보호자에게 연구의 목적과 방법을 설명한 후 연구목적, 동의서, 아동감각처리척도(Sensory Processing Scale for Children), 단축감각프로파일(Short Sensory Profile), 일반적 특성 문항을 포함한 설문지를 발송 또는 전달하여 자료를 수집하였다. 분석방법은 아동 감각처리척도(Sensory Processing Scale for Children)의 판별타당도를 알아보기 위해 성별을 공변량 으로 하여 공분산분석을 실시하였다. 결과 : 연구결과 일반발달 아동과 감각처리문제 아동의 감각처리능력의 차이는 공변량인 성별의 영향(F=6.663, p=.807, partial =η2.000)을 받지 않은 것으로 나타났으며, 두 군에서 감각처리능력에 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다(F=37.629, p=.000). 아동감각처리척도(Sensory Processing Scale for Children)의 감각영역에 서 총점과 모든 감각 영역에서 감각처리문제 아동이 일반발달 아동보다 평균점수가 낮았으며, 고유감각 (p=.097) 영역을 제외하고 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 아동감각처리척도(Sensory Processing Scale for Children)의 감각 요소에서 감각과민반응, 감각저반응, 그리고 감각구별 요소에서 감각처리문제 아동과 일반발달 아동은 통계적으로 유의미한 차이(p=.000)가 있었으나 감각찾기 요소는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다(p=.112). 결론 : 아동감각처리척도(Sensory Processing Scale for Children)는 감각처리문제 아동을 선별할 수 있 는 판별타당도가 있는 도구로 제시할 수 있으며, 앞으로 임상 환경에서 감각처리의 문제를 선별하거나 분 석, 해석, 그리고 중재계획 시 사용할 수 있으리라 생각한다.

Objective : The objective of this study was to determine a discriminat validity of the Sensory Processing Scale-Children (SPS-C) for children with and without Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD). Method : The SPS-C was completed by parents of 151 Korean children including 68 typically developing children (control group), 83 children with SPD (known group) in the age range 3–5 years, in South Korea. ANCOVA with sex as covariable was used to identified the difference between the children with typically development and SPD. Results : Sensory processing differences in sensory domains and sensory factors were detected and the gender differences were not effective between typically developing children and children with SPD. Significant differences were found in all sensory domain score and total score except proprioceptive processing in sensory domain. In sensory factors, significant differences were found in overrsensitivity, underresponsivity, and discrimination, but sensory seeking was not significant. SPS-C was a valid assessment tool to identify or screen of SPD in Korea. Conclusion : The psychometric characteristics for the standardization study of SPS-C were presented, and the discriminant validity to screen the children with sensory processing problems was presented as a verified evaluation tool. SPS-C will be helpful in screening, analyzing and interpreting characteristics of sensory processing, and establishing an intervention plan.

Background: In clinical setting, the cervical range of motion (ROM) is commonly used to identify movement impairment and assess function of neck. For assessing and improving the cervical ROM and proprioception, we developed the device using the digital goniometer with inertial measurement unit. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the intra-rater reliability and validity of cervical ROM measurement using the digital goniometer and Cervcial Range-of-Motion (CROM) device. Study design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Fifteen healthy subjects without neck pain were participated in this study. The measure-ments of flexion, extension, side-bending (right/left), and rotation (right/left) were made with CROM device and digital goniometer in sitting. Two trials of cervical ROM measurement (6 movements) were performed for each subject. Validity and intra-rater reliability were determined using Spearman correlation coefficient and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC3,1) for digital goniometer and CROM, respectively. Results: The digital goniometer demonstrated good (Spearman ρ=0.88?0.98, p<0.01) validity for CROM. The intra-rater reliability was demonstrated for cervical flexion (ICC3,1=0.99), extension (ICC3,1=0.99), right (ICC3,1=0.99) and left (ICC3,1=0.99) lateral flexion, right (ICC3,1=0.99) and left (ICC3,1=0.99) rotation. Conclusions: The digital goniometer was found to be reliable and valid for measuring cervical ROM in three planes for normal subjects. However, before using the digital goniometer as an outcome measure in clinical settings, studies should be performed on subjects with neck pain.

Objective: This study was conducted to identify the clinical usefulness, validity, and reliability of the Spirokit, a device that combines the pulmonary function test (PFT) and respiratory muscle strength (RMS) test. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Forty young adults (male: 23, female: 17) participated in a PFT and a RMS test. The concurrent validity for pulmonary function was assessed by comparing data obtained from MicroQuark and the Spirokit and the agreements between the MicroRPM and the Spirokit for RMS were compared. The test-retest reliability of the Spirokit was determined by comparing data obtained from the first and second sessions. The test and retest were performed at the same time after one day for the PFT and RMS test. Validity was estimated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), and by calculating 95% limits of agreement (LoA). To estimate interrater reliability, ICCs were calculated. Results: The Spirokit showed a high agreement intra class coefficient (ICC [2, 1]): 0.978-0.999, 95% limits of agreements (95% LOA): -0.798 to 0.847 with MicroQuark. It also showed a high level of concordance ICC (2, 1): 0.992 to 0.993, 95% LOA: -9.313 to 11.169 with MicroRPM. The test-retest reliability of the Spirokit was analyzed using ICC (2, 1), and showed a high level of reliability (ICC [2,1]=0.960 to 0.998). Standard error of measurement % (SEM%) was 0.12% to 3.39%, and minimum detectable change% (MDC%) was 0.02% to 3.79%, indicating high level of reliability. Conclusions: The Spirokit is a device with high validity and reliability that can be used to simultaneously measure PFT and RMS tests.

Background: While the formal test has been used to provide a quantitative measurement of core stability, studies have reported inconsistent results regarding its test-retest and intraobserver reliabilities. Furthermore, the validity of the formal test has never been established. Objects: This study aimed to establish the concurrent validity and test-retest reliability of the formal test. Methods: Twenty-two young adults with and without core instability (23.1 ± 2.0 years) were recruited. Concurrent validity was determined by comparing the muscle thickness changes of the external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominal muscle to changes in core stability pressure during the formal test using ultrasound (US) imaging and pressure biofeedback, respectively. For the test-retest reliability, muscle thickness and pressure changes were repeatedly measured approximately 24 hours apart. Electromyography (EMG) was used to monitor trunk muscle activity during the formal test. Results: The Pearson's correlation analysis showed an excellent correlation between transverse abdominal thickness and pressure biofeedback unit (PBU) pressure as well as internal oblique thickness and PBU pressure, ranging from r = 0.856-0.980, p < 0.05. The test-retest reliability was good, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC1,2) = 0.876 for the core stability pressure measure and ICC1,2 = 0.939 to 0.989 for the abdominal muscle thickness measure. Conclusion: Our results provide clinical evidence that the formal test is valid and reliable, when concurrently incorporated into EMG and US measurements.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the concurrent validity and test-retest reliability of 'KPIMT Torticollis Protractor', a smart phone and I-pad application for convenient range of motion measurement, and 'Image J', an analysis software with high reliability and validity, according to head tilt and active cervical rotation angle. This was done to determine the clinical utility of 'KPIMT Torticollis Protractor'. Methods: Head tilt and active cervical spine rotation angles of 40 children with congenital muscular torticollis were measured using Image J and KPIMT Torticollis Protractor, respectively. The level of concurrent validity and inter-rater and intra-rater reliability between the two measurement methods were analyzed. Results: For forty participants, the concurrent validity between Image J and KPIMT Torticollis Protractor showed very high validity with ICC of ICC 0.977 (0.995-0.999), 0.994 (0.994-0.998), CV_ME% 0.71-0.72%, SEM% 0.31-0.34%, MDC% 0.86-0.94%. The test-retest intra-rater reliability showed very high reliability ICC 0.911 (0.911-0.966), CV_ME% 0.71%, SEM% 0.34-0.36%, MDC% 0.81-0.94%. The test-retest inter-rater showed very high reliability ICC 0.936 (0.933-0.957), CV_ME% 0.70%, SEM% 0.34-0.35%, MDC% 0.81-0.83%. Conclusion: The KPIMT Torticollis Protractor, a smart phone and IPD application, is a highly reliable and valid device for angle measurement in children with congenital myotonia and can be easily used in clinical practice.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare concurrent validity and test-retest reliability based on Craniovertebral angle of 'Angles video goniometer', a smart phone application for convenient range of motion measurement, and 'Image J', an analysis software with high reliability and validity. This was conducted to find out whether 'Angle video goniometer' can be used clinically. Design: Cross-sectional study Methods: Fifty subjects were imaged laterally, and the angle of the head and spine was measured using Image J and the Angles video goniometer, respectively, in a resting posture and a chin in posture. The level of concurrent validity between the two measurement methods and the level of inter-rater reliability and intra-rater reliability were analyzed. Results: For forty participants, the concurrent validity between Image J and Angles video goniometer showed very high validity with ICC of 0.997(0.995~0.999) and 0.994(0.994~0.998), CVME% 0.71~0.72%, SEM% 0.31~0.34, MDC% 0.86~0.94. The test-retest intra-rater reliability showed very high reliability ICC 0.994(0.991~0.996), CVME% 0.71%, SEM% 0.31~0.43, MDC% 0.86~1.19%. The test-retest inter-rater showed very high reliability ICC 0.995(0.992~0.997), CVME% 0.71%, SEM% 0.43~0.59%, MDC% 1.20~1.62% Conclusions: Angles video goniometer', a smartphone application, is a device with very high reliability and validity for craniovertebral angle measurement in healthy adults, and it is a device that can be easily used in clinical practice.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the buttoning test and Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (JTHFT), and to determine the validity of using the buttoning test as a tool to evaluate hand disability in patients with stroke. Methods This was a retrospective study of the medical records of 151 ischemic stroke patients affecting the dominant hand. Patients underwent the buttoning test and JTHFT for their affected hand. All patients were divided into three groups depending on how quickly they fastened a button (group A, not completed; group B, slowly completed over 18 seconds; and group C, completed within 18 seconds). Results The button fastening time was negatively correlated with the total score and subtest scores of the JTHFT. Patients who experienced difficulty during the buttoning test had lower mean scores in the JTHFT (group A, 28.0±23.9; group B, 62.9±21.7; group C, 75.4±13.3; p<0.0001, Jonckheere-Terpstra test). We observed significant differences in JTHFT scores among the three groups (p<0.017, Mann-Whitney U-test), although there were considerable overlaps in JTHFT scores between the groups. Significant differences were also found in the subtest scores of the JTHFT, which include fine hand motor function (writing letters, p=0.009; moving small objects, p=0.003; stacking checkers, p=0.001 between groups B and C), among the three groups. Conclusion Considering its relationship with the JTHFT and validity, the buttoning test can be considered appropriate for evaluation of hand disability in patients with stroke.

Objective To determine the reliability and validity of hand-held dynamometer (HHD) depending on its fixation in measuring isometric knee extensor strength by comparing the results with an isokinetic dynamometer.Methods Twenty-seven healthy female volunteers participated in this study. The subjects were tested in seated and supine position using three measurement methods: isometric knee extension by isokinetic dynamometer, non-fixed HHD, and fixed HHD. During the measurement, the knee joints of subjects were fixed at a 35o angle from the extended position. The fixed HHD measurement was conducted with the HHD fixed to distal tibia with a Velcro strap; non-fixed HHD was performed with a hand-held method without Velcro fixation. All the measurements were repeated three times and among them, the maximum values of peak torque were used for the analysis. Results The data from the fixed HHD method showed higher validity than the non-fixed method compared with the results of the isokinetic dynamometer. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) between fixed HHD and isokinetic dynamometer method were statistically significant (supine-right: r=0.806, p<0.05; seating-right: r=0.473, p<0.05; supine-left: r=0.524, p<0.05), whereas Pearson correlation coefficients between non-fixed dynamometer and isokinetic dynamometer methods were not statistically significant, except for the result of the supine position of the left leg (r=0.384, p<0.05). Both fixed and non-fixed HHD methods showed excellent inter-rater reliability. However, the fixed HHD method showed a higher reliability than the non-fixed HHD method by considering the intraclass correlation coefficient (fixed HHD, 0.952-0.984; non-fixed HHD, 0.940-0.963). Conclusion Fixation of HHD during measurement in the supine position increases the reliability and validity in measuring the quadriceps strength.

Background: Office workers experience neck or back pain due to poor posture, such as flexed head and forward head posture, during long-term sedentary work. Posture correction is used to reduce pain caused by poor posture and ensures proper alignment of the body. Several assistive devices have been developed to assist in maintaining an ideal posture; however, there are limitations in practical use due to vast size, unproven long-term effects or inconsistency of maintaining posture alignment. We developed a headphone and necklace posture correction system (HANPCS) for posture correction using an inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor that provides visual or auditory feedback. Objects: To demonstrate the test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of neck and upper trunk flexion measurements using a HANPCS, compared with a three-dimensional motion analysis system (3DMAS). Methods: Twenty-nine participants were included in this study. The HANPCS was applied to each participant. The angle for each action was measured simultaneously using the HANPCS and 3DMAS. The data were analyzed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = [3,3] with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: The angular measurements of the HANPCS for neck and upper trunk flexions showed high intra- (ICC = 0.954-0.971) and inter-day (ICC = 0.865-0.937) values, standard error of measurement (SEM) values (1.05°-2.04°), and minimal detectable change (MDC) values (2.92°-5.65°). Also, the angular measurements between the HANPCS and 3DMAS had excellent ICC values (> 0.90) for all sessions, which indicates high concurrent validity. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that the HANPCS is as accurate in measuring angle as the gold standard, 3DMAS. Therefore, the HANPCS is reliable and valid because of its angular measurement reliability and validity.

Objective: The timed up and go (TUG) test is method used to determine the functional mobility of persons with stroke. Its reliability, validity, reaction rate, fall prediction, and psychological characteristics concerning ambulation ability have been validated. However, the relationship between TUG performance and community ambulation ability is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the TUG performance time could indicate community ambulation levels (CAL) differentially in persons with chronic stroke. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Eighty-seven stroke patients had participated in this study. Based on the self-reporting survey results on the difficulties experienced when walking outdoors, the subjects were divided into the independent community ambulation (ICA) group (n=35) and the dependent community ambulation group (n=52). Based on the area under the curve (AUC), the discrimination validity of the TUG performance time was calculated for classifying CAL. The Binomial Logistic Regression Model was utilized to produce the likelihood ratio of selected TUG cut-off values for the distinguishing of community ambulation ability. Results: The selected TUG cut-off values and the area under the curve were <14.87 seconds (AUC=0.871, 95% confidence interval=0.797-0.945), representing a mid-level accuracy. Concerning the likelihood ratio of the selected TUG cut-off value, it was found that the group with TUG performance times shorter than 14.87 seconds showed a 2.889 times higher probability of ICA than those with a TUG score of 14.87 seconds or longer (p<0.05). Conclusions: The TUG can be viewed as an assessment tool that is capable of classifying CAL.

Objective To develop and standardize the Limb and Oral Apraxia Test (LOAT) for Korean patients and investigate its reliability, validity, and clinical usefulness for patients with stroke. Methods We developed the LOAT according to a cognitive neuropsychological model of limb and oral praxis. The test included meaningless, intransitive, transitive, and oral praxis composed of 72 items (56 items on limb praxis and 16 items on oral praxis; maximum score 216). We standardized the LOAT in a nationwide sample of 324 healthy adults. Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability and concurrent validity tests were performed in patients with stroke. We prospectively applied the LOAT in 80 patients and analyzed the incidence of apraxia. We also compared the clinical characteristics between the apraxia and non-apraxia groups. Results The internal consistency was high (Cronbach’s alpha=0.952). The inter-rater and intra-rater reliability and concurrent validity were also high (r=0.924?0.992, 0.961?0.999, and 0.830, respectively; p<0.001). The mean total, limb, and oral scores were not significantly different according to age and education (p>0.05). Among the 80 patients with stroke, 19 (23.8%) had limb apraxia and 21 (26.3%) had oral apraxia. Left hemispheric lesions and aphasia were significantly more frequently observed in the limb/oral apraxia group than in the non-apraxia group (p<0.001). Conclusion The LOAT is a newly developed comprehensive test for limb and oral apraxia for Korean patients with stroke. It has high internal consistency, reliability, and validity and is a useful apraxia test for patients with stroke.

Objective: This study evaluated the reliability and validity of the Nordic Hamstring Test (NHT) performed using a Wii Balance Board (WBB) for assessing eccentric hamstring strength, compared with a conventional isokinetic dynamometer (CSMI). Design: Cross-sectional validation study. Methods: Twenty-eight healthy young adults participated. Each performed three trials of the WBB-based NHT and eccentric knee extension testing using the CSMI at 60 °/s. Peak force and peak torque values were recorded and normalized to body weight. Reliability and validity were evaluated using standard statistical analyses. Results: The WBB-NHT demonstrated excellent within-session reliability. Peak force measured by the WBB-NHT showed significant positive correlations with peak torque obtained from the CSMI. A significant mean difference between the two measurement methods was observed. Conclusions: The WBB-based NHT provides reliable and valid measures of relative eccentric hamstring strength in healthy young adults. Its low cost and portability suggest that it may be a practical assessment tool in clinical and sports settings.

Objective : This study aimed to verify the validity and reliability of the Upper Extremity Performance Test for the Elderly (TEMPA) by modifying its items 새 exhibit cultural differences. Methods : This study included 171 healthy adults and older adults and 41 individuals with impaired upper extremity function. Content validity, discriminant validity, test-retest reliability, and inter-rater reliability were analyzed. Results : The following items, exhibiting cultural differences, were modified: “open a lock and take the top off a pillbox”and“write and affix a postage stamp.” The discriminant validity results indicated that participants with normal upper extremity function performed better than those with impaired in the upper extremity function (p<.001). The test-retest reliability of the execution speed (intraclass correlation coefficient; ICC) was .71–.94, functional rating (kappa) was 1.0, and task analysis (ICC) was 1.0. The inter-rater reliability of the speed of execution was 1.0, functional rating was .79–1.0, and task analysis was .94–1.0. Conclusion : TEMPA has moderate to high level of reliability and is an assessment tool that can clearly distinguish individuals with upper extremity impairment from those without impairment

Objective To assess the accuracies and validities of popular smart bands for heart rate (HR) measurement in cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients during a graded exercise test (GXT).Methods Seventy-eight patients were randomly assigned to wear two different smart bands out of three possible choices: Samsung Galaxy Fit 2, Xiaomi Mi Band 5, or Partron PWB-250 on each wrist. A 12-lead exercise electrocardiogram (ECG) and patch-type single-lead ECG were used to assess the comparative HR accuracy of the smart bands. The HR was recorded during the GXT using the modified Bruce protocol.Results The concordance correlation coefficients (rc) were calculated to provide a measure of agreement between each device and the ECG. In all conditions, the Mi Band 5 and Galaxy Fit 2’ correlations were rc>0.90, while the PWB-250 correlation was rc=0.58 at rest. When evaluating the accuracy according to the magnitude of HR, all smart bands performed well (rc>0.90) when the HR was below 100 but accuracy tended to decrease with higher HR values.Conclusion This study showed that the three smart bands had a high level of accuracy for HR measurements during low-intensity exercise. However, during moderate-intensity and high-intensity exercise, all the three smart bands performed less accurately. Further studies are needed to find a more optimal smart band for HR measurement that can be used for precise HR monitoring during formal cardiac rehabilitation exercise training, including at high and maximal intensity (Clinical Trial Registration No. cris.nih.go.kr/KCT0007036).

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The present study examined whether enhanced motivation for beating deception detection measures in people who score high on the Machiavellianism scale improves the detection efficiency of P300-based GKT. Forty-six participants chose for themselves to be deceptive or honest in a mock crime procedure based on information or feedback they would be given following the result of physiological detection. There were significant group difference in Machiavellianism scores between the guilty group and the honest group, which allowed us to confirm the fact that the people who score high on the Machiavellianism scale have predispositions for duplicity and lying over honesty. After experiencing a mock crime, the P300-based GKT was carried out. An one-way ANOVA revealed that only in guilty group, the P300 amplitude of the crime relevant item (the probe) was significantly higher than that of irrelevant items. However, when we conducted an ANCOVA by designating Machiavellianism as a covariate, this difference between the crime relevant item and the irrelevant items was not observed. This result implies that the increased motivation in manipulative people to cope with the deception measure may have an ironical role of improving the detection efficiency of the P300-based GKT.

The question of how vocabulary knowledge of second language (L2) learners can be measured in a valid and reliable way has attracted attention from researchers. One widely used format for assessing vocabulary knowledge is a Yes/No test, where learners are asked to indicate whether they know each vocabulary word on the test. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the LexTALE test, a recently developed Yes/No English vocabulary test, can be an approximate measure of vocabulary knowledge and general proficiency for Japanese learners of English. In this study, 111 Japanese university students majoring in English took the LexTALE, an English to Japanese translation test, and the Vocabulary Size Test (VST). They were further asked to provide self-ratings of their English proficiency. Analysis showed that the LexTALE score correlated more strongly with the translation score and VST score than self-ratings of their proficiency. The results also showed that the LexTALE score correlated significantly with the TOEFL ITP® score, although some self-ratings resulted in a higher correlation. The findings suggest that for Japanese learners of English, LexTALE may be used as an approximate measure of English vocabulary knowledge and, to a lesser extent, general proficiency.

This study examined the validity of subscores for a reading comprehension section in a TOEIC practice test for which subscores are routinely provided for test takers. The study employed a bifactor approach, a constrained version of full-information item factor analysis, in its investigation of the subscore characteristics. The results showed a) all the subscores have lower reliability indices compared to the reliability of the total score and b) that the information of the subscores is trivial and redundant after accounting for their contribution to the general reading ability. These results agree with most of the previous studies on subscore quality and again demonstrate that language testing programs should be cautious about reporting subscores despite the pervasive demand for subscores in the testing industry.

The main purpose of th study was to evaluate he validity of Korean Pain Measurement Tool composed of pain terms. The specific purposes of this study were 1. to examine whether pain intensities of pain terms are congruent with those classified in three previous studies. 2. to evaluate the relative intensity of each term by panel of judges. 3. to explore the difference of ranks of pain terms according to the sex, education, and ages. One hundred and sixty normal individuals were selected by 2$\times$2$\times$4 sampling design. Sex (male, female), education (high school, college), and age (20s, 30s, 40s, 50s) were matched. Each individual was asked to rate the ranks of 3~8 pain terms in each subclass. The data measured by ordinal scale were transformed to the interval scale to compare with the pain intensities gained from the previous study. The pain ranks different from previous results were finally rearranged or cancelled through the consultation of 4 panel of judges and sunmed up to 91 pain terms in the scale. As a result, the ranks of pain terms within each of eleven subclasses among the twenty subclasses completely were congruent with the Previous pain ranks, while the ranks of nine subclasses were different from the previous pain ranks. In addition, there was significant relation between sex and pain ranks in skin punctuate pressure pain and cavity pressure. (sp : $\chi$$^2$=5.18 ø=0.26； cp : $\chi$$^2$=5.83 ø=0.24) In conclusion, seven terms from subclasses of inflammatory repeated pain, traction pressure pain, fatigue-related pain, fear-related pain, dull pain, and pulsation. related pain were cancelled. The ranks of four terms in subclasses of incisive Pressure pain and constrictive pressure pain were tentatively rearranged. Ranks of two terms in the tract pain were left as shown in the third study. As a result, six terms must be studied repeatedly for obtaining exact scores from ratio scale.