Earticle

Purpose: The study aims to evaluate satisfaction of toothpaste adding natural materials extracted from Zanthoxylum schinifolium and various herbs (Pine, Lemongrass, Spearmint). Methods: We performed the first survey to collect basic data for the development of natural herbal toothpaste. Participants were the general public in Jeonju and Iksan of Jeollabuk-do, and a total of 273 questionnaires were analyzed for the study. By adding anthoxylum schinifolium and herbal extracts (Pine, Lemongrass, Spearmint) to the toothpaste, four kinds of natural herbal toothpaste prototypes were manufactured. The second survey was conducted to assess the satisfaction one week after using the natural herbal toothpaste prototypes. Results: Satisfaction with current toothpaste was 3.52. The most important criterion of toothpaste was the prevention of tooth caries. 55.3% participants obtained toothpaste information through advertising. The survey indicated the most worrisome ingredient of toothpaste was surfactant, showing 55.3%. The overall satisfaction of natural herbal toothpaste was 3.99; among the four natural herbal toothpaste, toothpaste 2 (Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Lemongrass) showed the highest satisfaction as 3.99; and toothpaste 3 (Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Spearmint) showed the lowest satisfaction as 3.56. Conclusion: Four kinds of natural herbal toothpaste showed higher satisfaction as 3.99. In particular, the toothpaste adding Zanthoxylum schinifolium and Lemongrass extracts

본 연구는 구강관리용품 중 가장 대표적인 칫솔과 치약에서 이용자가 얻고자 하는 관련검색어를 통하여 이용자 가 기대하는 선택정보를 구글 트렌드를 활용, 분석하여 이를 구강관리용품에 대한 교육의 기초자료로 제공하고자 한다. 구글 트렌드에서 제공하는 최초 시점인 2006년부터 2018년 현재(9월)까지의 시기에서 영문 Toothbrush와 Toothpaste를 검색한 뒤 인기순으로 정렬하여 노출되는 관련 검색어 각 25개 총325개의 검색어를 연도별로 수집하였 다. 그 후 이용자가 기대하는 검색기능을 파악하는 검색어 세부분석방법과 빅데이터 프로그램 넷마이너를 활용한 단어 네트워크 분석의 두가지 방법으로 분석하였다. 연구 결과 전 세계적으로 Toothbrush에 대하여 브랜드에 대한 기대와 관심이 높았으며 Toothpaste에 대하여 치약의 기능에 대한 기대와 관심이 높았다. 이를 통해 구강교육의 동기부여를 높이기 위해 칫솔은 브랜드, 치약은 치약의 기능에 대한 지식과 정보를 활용하고 제공함으로써 환자의 흥미를 높이는 것이 효과적으로 판단된다.

This study used the Google Trends site to analyze selection information that users expect from prominent Toothbrushes and Toothpastes through related search keywords that users wanted to obtain. From 2006 to 2018(sep), searches for Toothbrushes and Toothpastes were arranged in the order of popularity of related searched words. The total number of searches words exposed was each 25, total 325 collected. The analysis was conducted using two methods, first, by search function. second, by a word network using a Big Data program. The study has shown that toothbrushes there are high expectations for brands, toothpaste there are high expectations in the function. In order to increase the motivation for oral health education, it is recommended to use and provide knowledge about the brand of toothbrushes and Toothpastes by the function.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the toothpaste squeezing methods and the amount of toothpaste that the daycare teachers apply for the children in order to prevent the overuse of fluoride-containing toothpaste among children, and to understand their educational experiences on oral health and their awareness of the right amount of toothpaste used. Methods: The subjects in this study were 87 teachers at 16 different daycare centers in the city of Sokcho, Gangwon Province. They were interviewed to find out whether they had ever received oral health education and whether they were cognizant of the right amount of toothpaste to be used. And a transverse technique and a pea-sized squeezing technique were selected to look for connections between their toothpaste squeezing methods and the amount of toothpaste used by them. Results: 89.7 percent of the daycare teachers investigated taught to preschoolers how to do toothbrushing after they took meals and had a snack. 36.8 percent of the daycare teachers had children squeeze toothpaste on their own. The amount of toothpaste applied by the daycare teachers at a time was 0.58ｇ. When they utilized two other squeezing methods, transverse technique and pea-sized squeezing technique, they used each 0.38 g (p<0.005) and 0.38 g (p=0.405) of toothpaste. Conclusion: To prevent children from being overly exposed to fluoride-containing toothpaste, daycare teachers should learn about the right amount of toothpaste to be used when oral health education is provided, and the transverse technique should be recommended to ensure the use of the proper amount of toothpaste.

목적: 본 연구는 과산화수소와 콜로이드성 이산화규소를 적절히 배합한 치아 미백제의 치아 밝기, 구취 개선, 시린 이 반응에 대한 임상적 효과를 평가하는 것을 목적으로 수행되었다. 방법: 본 시험은 6주간 진행된 평행 비교 방식의 무작위 배정 임상시험으로 설계되었다. 자발적으로 참여에 동의한 피험자는 방문 평가를 통해 선정 및 제외 기준의 적합 여부를 판정받았다. 선정된 대상자는 1주간의 run-in 기간 후 무작위로 실험군과 대조군에 배정되었으며, 대상자는 하루 3회, 각 3분 동안 실험 또는 대조 세치제를 이용해 칫솔질을 시행하였다. 실험군은 실험 세치제를 4주간 사용한 후, 이후 2주간은 대조군과 동일한 세치제를 사용하 여 효능의 지속성을 평가하였다. 총 6회의 방문을 통해 치아 밝기, 구취, 시린이 항목에 대한 평가가 이루어졌다. 결과: 치아 색상 검사 결과, 실험군과 대조군 간에는 사용 2주 후부터 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 관찰되었으며(p ＜0.05), 실험군에서는 사용 1주 후부터 시험 전 대비 유의한 미백 효과가 확인되었다(p＜0.05). 실험군의 대조군 대 비 치아 미백 개선 효과율은 2주 후 98.92%, 4주 후 94.39%였으며, 자체적인 치아 미백 개선율은 각각 82.10%, 85.70%로 나타났다. 사용 종료 후 2주 시점(4+2주)에서도 대조군 대비 89.99%의 개선 효과율을 유지하였다. 관능 평가를 통한 구취 검사에서는 4주 후 실험군과 대조군 간 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 관찰되었으며(p＜0.01), 실험군에서는 사용 2주 후부터 유의한 구취 감소 효과가 나타났다(p＜0.05). 실험군의 대조군 대비 구취 개선 효 과율은 4주 후 45.35%, 자체 개선율은 89.30%였으며, 4주+2주 후에도 31.78%의 개선 효과율을 보였다. 한편, Airblow 법을 통한 시린이 평가는 실험군과 대조군 모두에서 통계적으로 유의한 변화가 관찰되지 않았다(p＞0.05). 결론: 본 연구 결과, 과산화수소 및 콜로이드성 이산화규소를 적정 배합한 세치제 형태의 치아 미백제는 짧은 기간 내 효과적인 치아 미백 효과를 나타내며, 구취 개선에도 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한, 실험 세치제의 사용 중단 후에도 일정 기간 미백 효과가 지속됨을 확인하였다.

Objectives: This study aimed to clinically evaluate the tooth whitening efficacy, halitosis reduction, and dentin hypersensitivity response of a dentifrice formulated with hydrogen peroxide and colloidal silica. Materials and Methods: The study was designed as a 6-week, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial. Participants who voluntarily signed informed consent were screened through on-site evaluations based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Eligible subjects were randomly assigned to either the test or control group after a one-week runin period. Participants were instructed to brush their teeth three times daily for three minutes using the assigned dentifrice. The test group used the experimental dentifrice for four weeks, followed by the control dentifrice for two additional weeks to assess the persistence of effects. Across six scheduled visits, tooth shade, halitosis, and dentin hypersensitivity were evaluated. Results: Tooth shade assessments revealed statistically significant differences between the test and control groups from week 2 onward (p<0.05), with the test group showing significant whitening improvement as early as week 1 compared to baseline (p<0.05). The whitening improvement rate of the test group compared to the control was 98.92% at week 2 and 94.39% at week 4. The intra-group improvement rates were 82.1% and 85.7%, respectively. At week 6 (4 weeks of use plus 2 weeks of discontinuation), the test group maintained an 89.99% whitening improvement compared to the control. For halitosis, organoleptic evaluations showed significant differences between groups starting at week 4 (p<0.01), with the test group showing a notable reduction from week 2 (p<0.05). The improvement rate of halitosis in the test group compared to the control was 45.35% at week 4, with an intra-group improvement rate of 89.3%. At week 6, the inter-group improvement rate was 31.78%. Dentin hypersensitivity, measured via the air-blow method, showed no statistically significant changes in either group (p>0.05). Conclusion: These findings indicate that the dentifrice containing hydrogen peroxide and colloidal silica offers rapid and effective tooth whitening and additional halitosis-reducing benefits.

본 연구의 목적은 현대사회에서 치아미백에 대한 관심도가 높아짐에 따라 실생활에서 쉽게 접할 수 있는 과일들을 이용한 천연 치아미백술 효과를 확인하기 위함이다. 20개의 소구치를 4개씩 5 그룹으로 딸기(A), 레몬(B), 바나나 껍질(C), 베이킹소다(D), 미백치약(E)을 법랑질 표면에 칫솔을 이용하여 처리하였다. 치아의 표면에 아침, 점심, 저녁 3분씩 동일한 시간에 칫솔을 이용하여 처리 후 멸균증류수로 세척하고 생리식염수에 담가 보관하였다. 이러한 과정을 총 4주 동안 반복하였으며, 1주 간격으로 치아의 색변화를 관찰하였다. 4주간 치아에 적용한 결과, 3주후부터 치아의 색 변화에 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 그 중에서도 딸기와 레몬은 미백치약보다 높은 색의 변화를 보였으며, 이는 딸기와 레몬은 미백치약보다 높은 미백효과를 가져다주며 미백치약에 함유된 인체에 유해할 수 있는 화학성분을 대신하여 딸기와 레몬을 사용해 보다 안전한 천연미백술로 미백 효과를 거둘 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

The purpose of this study is to confirm the effect of natural tooth whitening using fruits that can be easily accessed in real life by increasing interest in tooth whitening in modern society. Twenty premolar teeth were divided into five groups (n=4). Strawberry (A), lemon (B), banana skin (C), baking soda (D) and whitening toothpaste (E) were treated with a toothbrush on the enamel surface. The tooth surface was treated with a toothbrush at the same time for 3 minutes for breakfast, lunch, and dinner, then washed with sterile distilled water, and stored in saline solution. This procedure was repeated for 4 weeks, and the color change of teeth was observed at intervals of one week. After 4 weeks, there was a significant difference in tooth color change after 3 weeks(p<0.05). Among them, strawberry and lemon showed higer effects to whitening toothpaste. It is believed that strawberries and lemons have a higher whitening effect than whitening toothpaste. Whitening toothpaste may be replaced with a safe natural whitening effect using strawberries and lemons instead of chemical ingredients that may be harmful to human body.

본 연구에서는 잇솔질 후 헹굼 횟수에 따른 흡광도 및 pH 변화를 조사하여 구강 내 잔여 치약의 양을 확인하고 이를 통하여 적정 헹굼 횟수를 제시하고자 하였다. 연구대상자는 대전, K대학 대학생 중 일생생활에 지장이 없는 건강 한 신체를 가진 학생 총 14명을 선정하였으며, 연구대상자는 잇솔질 후 0회부터 12회까지 40ml의 물로 입울 헹구었다. 각 헹굼액은 수거하여 흡광도 및 pH를 측정하였다. 헹굼액의 흡광도 값을 측정한 결과, 잇솔질 후 6 ∼ 7회의 헹굼액부 터 흡광도 값이 일정한 수치를 보이며 통계적으로 유의한 결과가 나타났다(p<0.05). 1g, 1.5g, 2g으로 달리한 치약의 양에 따라서는 차이가 없었다. 향후 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 세치제 사용에 관한 교육과 구강 내 잔여 세치제가 구강에 미치는 영향에 대한 다양한 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

This study aimed to suggest the optimum number of rinsing by researching changes in optical density and pH in accordance with the number of rinsing after toothbrushing, and then verifying the amount of residual toothpaste in mouth. Total 14 university students who had healthy body with no difficulties in daily life were selected from the students of K university in Daegu as the research subjects. The research subjects rinsed their mouths with 40ml of water from zero time to 12 times after toothbrushing. After collecting each rinsing water, the optical density and pH were measured. In the results of measuring the optical density value of each rinsing water, the rinsing water of six-seven times or more after toothbrushing showed the constant value of optical density, which was statistically significant(p<0.05). There were no differences in accordance with the amount of toothpaste such as 1g, 1.5g, and 2g. Based on such results of this study, it would be necessary to provide the education of the use of dentifrice, and also to have diverse researches on the effects of residual dentifrice in mouth on the oral cavity.

현대 실생활에서의 질병으로 인해 기본적인 청결제들은 필수 상품으로 자리잡아가고 있다. 그 와중에서도 현대 소비자들은 진열된 많은 상품들 중에서 자신의 기호에 맞는 제품만을 선택하는 라이프스타일로 구매자 위주의 시장으로 변화되고 있다. 소비자가 직접보고 선택하도록 하는 판매형태의 변화로 구매시점에서의 행동구매가 점점 높아짐에 따라 제품의 포장디자인의 중요성이 더욱 크게 인식되고 있다. 현대는 경쟁시대로 경쟁시장에서 기업들이 생존하기 위해서는 기존 시장을 유지하면서 신제품을 개발함과 동시에 새로운 전략을 세워야 될 것이 품질과 기능에 있어 별 차이가 없어진 상황의 변화는 경쟁 브랜드들 간의 차별화되고 개성화된 상품을 더욱 필요로 한다. 소비심리를 만족시키는 상품이 더욱 팔리는 시대가 되면서 유명한 브랜드일수록 유사제품이 범람하여 소비자들에게 혼란을 주고 있다. 소비자들은 공정하게 평가한다고 하지만 비슷하고 유사한 형태, 컬러의 디자인 제품으로 인한 혼동으로 유사 제품을 구매한다. 마케팅 전략은 소비자들의 문화생활을 향상시키고, 기업의 생존과 성장이 될 수 있는 중요한 역할을 갖고 있기 때문에 마케팅적 사고와 접근방법에 따른 전략적 행동은 기업을 위한 방법이기도 하지만 소비자를 위한 또 하나의 과제이다. 본 연구는 치약브랜드의 유사디자인의 사례 분석과 소비자 선호도에 미치는 영향에 관한 내용이다. 기존의 선행연구 및 문헌자료로 이론적 체계를 갖춘 후, 디자인분석은 시각적 요소로 비교‧분석하였으며 소비자 설문조사를 통해 리커트척도법 및 유의확률로 관계성을 입증하였다. 분석결과로는 첫째, 치약 제품은 대부분 유사한 디자인과 컬러를 사용하여 시각적으로 청량감과 맛있어 보이는 디자인이 선호도에 가장 많은 영향을 미치는 것으로 알 수 있었다. 둘째, 제품 구매 시 포장디자인과 브랜드, 전체적인 컬러를 가장 중요시 하는 속성으로 나타났다. 셋째, 소비자의 대다수가 유사제품들로 인해 브랜드 혼동을 초래한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 넷째, 치약포장디자인의 유사사례의 경우 효과적임과 신뢰성이 브랜드 선호도에 가장 큰 요인들로 나타났다. 유사한 브랜드로 혼동하지 않기 위해서는 차별화된 브랜드의 이미지에 맞는 제품의 포장디자인 개발로서 소비자의 인지도를 높여야 하며 제품의 특성을 이해시키고, 구매심리를 자극하는데 결정적인 역할을 할 수 있을 것이다.

Modern basic sanitizers in real life due to illness is becoming a necessary commodity. In the meantime, many items on display among modern consumers for their products the choice of the symbol as a buyer-driven market of lifestyle changes are. Sales reporting directly to the consumer to choose the type of behavior at the time of purchase to change gradually increasing purchases of packaging design of the product even greater importance is being recognized. Competition in the era of modern firms in order to survive in a competitive market while maintaining the existing markets while developing new products should take a new strategy would make much difference in quality and features missing change of circumstances individualized and differentiated between competing brands old products are in great need. More marketable products to meet the times more likely to become the famous brand names to consumers in the flooding of similar products are giving confusing. Consumers are fairly similar, but similar to that assessment shapes and colors in the design of the product due to the confusion is to buy similar products. Marketing strategies to enhance the cultural life of the consumer, corporate survival and growth could be because it has an important role in the marketing approach based on strategic thinking and acting is a way for the company, but also a challenge for consumers is. In this study, case studies of similar design of toothpaste brands, and impact on consumer preferences is about. Existing research and literature with a theoretical system and then compared with the visual elements of design, analysis, consumer surveys were analyzed through recurrent Scaling relations and the significance probability was proved. Therefore, in order not to be confused with similar brands differentiated brand image for the product's packaging design, development, and increase consumer awareness as understanding the characteristics of the product and purchasing, to stimulate sentiment will be crucial.

나날이 커지고 있는 치약 시장에서 각 브랜드 간의 경쟁이 심화하고 있다. 전칠(田七) 치약은 70여 년의 역사를 자랑하 는 중국 치약 브랜드이다. 하지만 전칠 브랜드는 패키지디자 인의 관리가 열악하여 타 브랜드와의 차별화 경쟁에서 뒤처 져있으며, 브랜드 인지도가 갈수록 하락하고 있는 추세이다. 본 연구는 치약 패키지디자인 리뉴얼에 관한 작품 논문으로, 브랜드 인지도 제고를 위한 전칠 한방치약 패키지디자인 리 뉴얼 시안을 제안하는 데 목적이 있다. 연구 방법으로는 먼저 이론적 고찰을 진행하였다. 그 후, 3가지 콘셉트를 도출하여 이를 중심으로 디자인을 제안하였으며, 3개의 시안을 최종적 으로 결정하여 제시하였다. 시안 A는 전칠삼의 꽃인 전칠화 의 이미지를 이용하여 자연물의 감성을 표현하였다. 시안 B 는 전칠삼과 전칠화의 조형미를 이용하여 감성적으로 디자인 하였다. 시안 C는 사실적인 일러스트레이션 표현 기법을 사 용하여 전칠삼이 주는 감성을 직접적으로 전달하였다. 설문 조사를 실시한 후, 다속성 비교분석법을 이용하여 리뉴얼 전 과 시안을 비교·분석한 결과, 디자인 시안은 리뉴얼 전에 비 해 브랜드 인지도에 영향을 미치는 5개 키워드 평가에서 더 높은 평가를 받았다. 특히 시안 B는 평균점 3.46점으로 리뉴 얼 전 2.62점에 비해 0.84점 상승을 보였는데, 이는 리뉴얼을 통해 이전의 약점을 확실히 보완한 것을 보여준다.

In the ever-growing toothpaste market, competition bet ween each brand is intensifying. Tianqi toothpaste is a C hinese toothpaste brand with a history of more than 70 years. However, the Tianqi brand is lagging behind in th e differentiation competition with other brands due to poo r package design management, and the brand awareness is gradually declining. This study is a work thesis on too thpaste package design renewal, and the purpose is to pr opose a package design renewal plan for Tianqi herbal to othpaste to enhance brand awareness. As a research met hod, a theoretical review was conducted first. After that, 3 concepts were derived and a design was proposed base d on them, and 3 drafts were finally decided and presente d. Proposal A expressed the sensibility of natural objects by using the image of Jeonchihwa, the flower of Pannax Notoginseng. Proposal B was emotionally designed using the formative beauty of Pannax Notoginseng and Pannax Notoginseng flower. Proposal C directly conveyed the se nsibility of Pannax Notoginseng by using a realistic illust ration expression technique. After conducting a survey, t he results of comparing and analyzing the proposal befor e and after the renewal using the multi-attribute compar ative analysis method showed that the design proposal re ceived a higher evaluation in five keyword evaluations th at affect brand awareness than before the renewal. In par ticular, Proposal B's average score was 3.46 points, an in crease of 0.84 points compared to 2.62 points before rene wal, which shows that the previous weaknesses were cle arly compensated through renewal.

In this study, hydroxyapatite (HAp) was incorporated into toothpaste and its effect on the remineralization and restoration of dental enamel was evaluated. Different sets of toothpaste were incorporated with HAp levels of 0%, 5%, 10 %, and 15 %. The filler particles of the resulting toothpaste samples were observed via SEM and XRD and compared with compositions of several commercially available toothpastes, showing that the HAp was successfully incorporated into the toothpaste samples. Different sets of human enamel were inflicted with lesions and then treated with the different fabricated toothpaste samples for five minutes three times a day for seven days. During the treatment, the teeth were subjected to demineralization and remineralization cycles to simulate the effect of natural saliva. The surface of the enamel samples were observed using SEM before and after one week of treatment, showing the formation of HAp layers on the surfaces of the enamel samples. The effect of the toothpaste on the lesions was observed using an inverted light microscope and the lesion depth was found to decrease as the concentration of HAp in the toothpaste used increased. HAp was successfully incorporated in the toothpaste and its presence was found to lessen lesion depths and improve tooth remineralization.

Oral mucous membrane test using Syrian hamsters was performed to evaluate the reliability as a model system for the assessment of the potentially irritating substances intended for the mucous membranes, and to determine the irritating potential of a new emulsion-type formulated toothpaste. After test substances were implanted into the cheek pouches of hamsters with diluents (20 mg/kg) under pento-barbital sodium anesthesia, we made the comparison in irritation between emulsion-type and dispersion-type of triclosan (TCS) formulations in the range of 0.2% to 0.3%. The emulsion-type formulations using non-ionic surfactant showed less mucosal lesion than other commercial toothpastes with 0.3% TCS, or dispersion-type ones. However, no significant difference in irritation was detected between 0.2% and 0.3% TCS. We report that this hamster cheek pouch method could be a reliable approach for the evaluation slight difference in the irritating potentials of cosmetics and hygiene products intended for the lips or other mucous membranes, and this method showed that the new emulsion-type formulation significantly lowered the TCS-induced toxicity, compared with other commercial toothpastes.

Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial effect of different frequencies of brushing with fluoride toothpaste on the levels of salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in children undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. Methods: The study included 22 patients scheduled for fixed orthodontic therapy distributed between 2 groups with different hygiene regimes. All the subjects received identical braces, bands, and brackets bonded with the same material. Stimulated saliva samples were obtained before placement of the appliance and at 6, 12, and 18 weeks during the therapy. Saliva samples were cultured on selective microbial agar for the detection of microorganisms. Results: Salivary mutans streptococci were significantly suppressed throughout the experimental period in the group that brushed 4 times a day as compared to the group that brushed twice a day. Salivary lactobacilli were not significantly affected by the frequency of brushing with 0.32% sodium fluoride (NaF) toothpaste. Conclusions: The use of 0.32% NaF-containing toothpaste more than 3 times a day has effective antimicrobial activity on mutans streptococci but not lactobacilli in the saliva of children with fixed orthodontic appliances.

The purpose of this study was to introduce a new in vitro method for evaluating the antimicrobial activity of toothpaste, reflecting the actual toothbrushing time and the dilution of toothpaste by salivation. We designed three experimental groups and one negative control group. The experimental groups were (1) 90 μL of toothpaste + 10 μL 1X phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, 9/10 dilution group), (2) 50 μL of toothpaste + 40 μL 1X PBS (1/2 dilution group), and (3) 25 μL of toothpaste + 65 μL 1X PBS (1/4 dilution group). During toothbrushing, saliva is continuously secreted into the oral cavity and the toothpaste concentration is diluted over time during toothbrushing. Therefore, the 1/2 and 1/4 dilution experimental groups were added. The negative control group was toothpaste diluted 20,000-fold with 1X PBS. Miracle Fresh Doctor toothpaste and Streptococcus mitis KCOM 1350, Prevotella intermedia KCOM 1107, Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. polymorphum KCOM 1322, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans KCOM 1306 were used as the toothpaste and target bacterial strains, respectively. The number of bacterial cells plated on agar plates in the negative control group was 1,000 CFU. If the number of colonies on the experimental group plate was less than one, the treatment was considered to have > 99.9% bactericidal activity. These results suggest that this new in vitro method for antimicrobial evaluation could be used as the standard method for testing the antimicrobial activity of toothpaste.

The purpose of this study was to introduce a new in vitro method for evaluating the antimicrobial activity of toothpaste, reflecting the actual toothbrushing time and the dilution of toothpaste by salivation. We designed three experimental groups and one negative control group. The experimental groups were (1) 90 μL of toothpaste + 10 μL 1X phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, 9/10 dilution group), (2) 50 μL of toothpaste + 40 μL 1X PBS (1/2 dilution group), and (3) 25 μL of toothpaste + 65 μL 1X PBS (1/4 dilution group). During toothbrushing, saliva is continuously secreted into the oral cavity and the toothpaste concentration is diluted over time during toothbrushing. Therefore, the 1/2 and 1/4 dilution experimental groups were added. The negative control group was toothpaste diluted 20,000-fold with 1X PBS. Miracle Fresh Doctor toothpaste and Streptococcus mitis KCOM 1350, Prevotella intermedia KCOM 1107, Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. polymorphum KCOM 1322, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans KCOM 1306 were used as the toothpaste and target bacterial strains, respectively. The number of bacterial cells plated on agar plates in the negative control group was 1,000 CFU. If the number of colonies on the experimental group plate was less than one, the treatment was considered to have > 99.9% bactericidal activity. These results suggest that this new in vitro method for antimicrobial evaluation could be used as the standard method for testing the antimicrobial activity of toothpaste.

Background: It is unclear as to whether the size ratio elastographic technique is useful for assessing ultrasound-detected ductal carcinoma-in-situ (DCIS) masses since they commonly lack a significant desmoplastic reaction. The objectives of this study were to determine the accuracy of this elastographic technique in DCIS and examine if there was any histopathological correlation with the grey-scale strain patterns. Materials and Methods: Female patients referred to the radiology department for image-guided breast biopsy were prospectively evaluated by ultrasound elastography prior to biopsy. Histological diagnosis was the gold standard. An elastographic size ratio of more than 1.1 was considered malignant. Elastographic strain patterns were assessed for correlation with the DCIS histological architectural patterns and nuclear grade. Results: There were 30 DCIS cases. Elastographic sensitivity for detection of malignancy was 86.7% (26/30). 10/30 (33.3%) DCIS masses demonstrated predominantly white elastographic strain patterns while 20/30 (66.7%) were predominantly black. There were 3 (10.0%) DCIS masses that showed had a co-existent bull's-eye sign and 7 (23.3%) other masses had a co-existent toothpaste sign, a strain pattern that has never been reported in the literature. Four out of 4/5 comedo DCIS showed a predominantly white strain pattern (p=0.031) while 6/7 cases with the toothpaste sign were papillary DCIS (p=0.031). There was no relationship between the strain pattern and the DCIS nuclear grade. Conclusions: The size ratio elastographic technique was found to be very sensitive for ultrasound-detected DCIS masses. While the elastographic grey-scale strain pattern should not be used for diagnostic purposes, it correlated well with the DCIS architecture.

치아과민증은 치아의 병적인 증세는 아니지만 치아뿌리가 잇몸밖으로 노출되어 외부의 자극에 대한 민감한 반응으로 환자가 통증을 느끼는 것을 말한다. 칫솔질이나 잇몸질환 등의 다양한 원인이 있으며 치료를 위해서는 자극을 줄여 주는 방법으로 치아과민치료활성이 있는 물질을 이용하거나 레진으로 들어난 치주를 도포하는 방법이 있다. 본 연구에서 수산화인회석과 인산삼칼슘을 혼합하여 만든 치약과 시중에 판매하고 있는 불소함유치약을 4주간 사용하면서 치주과민성 치료효과를 비교 조사하였다. 첨가한 수산화인회석과 인산삼칼슘의 순도는 XRD분석결과 99% 이상으로 나타났으며, 제조한 치약(Hap-TCP)에는 각각 10%와 19%(W/W) 되게 첨가하였다. 치아과민성 치료효과를 VRS값으로 조사한 결과 사용직후에는 대조군과 차이가 없었으나, 1주후에는 대조군에 비해 8% 통증감소효과가 나타났고, 2주와 4주 후에는 각각 30%와 60%정도 통증감소효과가 나타났다. 그리고 냉자극에 대한 지각과민증을 VAS값으로 조사한 결과도 초기에는 차이가 없었으나, 1주, 2주, 4주 후에 측정한 결과 기간에 따라 유의적으로 감소하였다. 4주후에는 VAS값이 3배이상 차이를 보였다. 이 결과는 현미경관찰에서도 확인이 되어진 것과 같이 수산화인회석이 확장된 상아세관들을 메우고, 구강내의 칼슘, 인 등 이온평형을 인산삼칼슘이 조절하여 메워진 상아세관을 안정적으로 자리를 잡도록 도와주는 재석회화현상으로 치아과민증상을 완화하는 것으로 확인되었다.

Although it is not a pathological symptom, Dentinal Hypersensitivity (DH) describes pain felt by patients whose tooth roots are exposed outside of the gums and are therefore sensitive to external stimuli. DH is caused by tooth brushing or gum diseases and treatment to reduce the sensitivity can include use of materials having stimulation activity for DH or a resin material applied periodontally. This study examined the hypersensitivity treatment effects of a four-week treatment with a toothpaste containing hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate (Hap-TCP toothpaste). The Hap-TCP toothpaste was made by mixing a commercially available fluorine-containing toothpaste with 10% (W/W) hydroxyapatite and 19% (W/W) tricalcium phosphate (both 99% purity based on XRD analysis). The tooth hypersensitivity treatment effect was surveyed by scoring VRS values, and showed no significant initial difference compared with the control. However, after 1 week of use, the pain reduction value was 8% in the treatment group compared to the control group. This value increased to 30% and 60% after 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. Hypersensitivity to cold stimulation, which was used as a VAS value, showed no initial significant differences compared with the control, but was significantly decreased after 1, 2, and 4 weeks in the experimental group, with more than a 3-fold difference after 4 weeks. These findings confirmed that remineralization can alleviate DH as hydroxyapatite fills dentinal tubules and calcium, phosphorus, and tricalcium phosphate ion equilibrium is established.

Objectives: This study was conducted to suggest the necessity of education about toothpaste usage to infants, preschoolers, and their parents. Also, another purpose is to provide basic data that is necessary for oral health education about accurate cognition and usage of toothpaste. Methods: From October to December 2015, we conducted a survey on parents of 0~4 years old infants and preschoolers about toothpaste usage based on the data of a questionnaire with a total of 505 subjects. The survey questions were composed of general characteristics of infants, preschoolers and their parents, and toothpaste usage. Results: Usage frequency of toothpaste for infants and preschoolers increased with age (p<0.001), and infants and preschoolers in homes with monthly income under 4 million won showed high frequency of toothpaste usage (p<0.001). Toothpaste mouth rinsing of infants and preschoolers increased with age (p<0.001), while on the other hand, toothpaste swallowing decreased (p<0.001). Conclusions: In this study, it was shown that the factors that effect toothpaste usage in infants and preschoolers were age and average monthly income of the family. This suggests the necessity of oral health education to parents about usage of toothpaste in infants and preschoolers.

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tooth whitening effect of 0.74% and 2.80% hydrogen peroxide toothpastes and safety on tooth and gingival tissue. Methods : Toothpastes containing 0.74% and 2.80% hydrogen peroxide were evaluated. In in-vitro test, some additives (sodium metaphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate and titanium dioxide) were added to the toothpastes. Hydroxyapatite specimens (HAPs) were made and stained using modified Stookey's methods. HAPs were treated for 1 hour at shaking incubator and brushed for 1,000 times as 250 gF with each diluted toothpaste. Before and after color was measured by colorimeter. Using double blind method, 99 Korean with natural maxillary anterior teeth were selected and the initial brightness (baseline) was measured by SHADEEYE-EX. Based on this measurement they were crossly distributed into control group (0% hydrogen peroxide), test 1 (0.74% hydrogen peroxide) and test 2 (2.80% hydrogen peroxide). After 2 weeks, people of each group were provided toothpaste and told to use 3 times a day right after every meal for 3 minutes. The brightness of teeth was measured 3 times for every one month. Results : ${\Delta}L$ was statistically significant among three groups in shaking test. ${\Delta}L$ of two test groups was statistically significant compared with control group but not between each test group in brushing test. After using toothpaste for 3 months, test 1 group and test 2 group were 15.89% and 31.23% more whitened compared with control group respectively (p<0.05). Rate of more whitened person of each test group was 24.2% and 40.5% more than control group respectively (p<0.05). There was no difference in the hypersensitivity during 3 months using toothpastes and no side effect on teeth or gums. Conclusions : Toothpastes containing 0.74% and 2.80% hydrogen peroxide showed tooth whitening effect and both were safe enough to use for tooth whitening.

본 실헐은 P-치약의 햄스터의 구강점막에 대한 자극성을 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 시험 시작일에 햄스터의 오른쪽 협낭에 P-치약, 죽염치약, 증류수와 대조물질을 각각 적용하고 14일 동안 유지하였다. 점막 자극성을 평가하기 위하여 임상증상, 치사율, 체중 변화와 육안적, 조직병리학적 관찰을 실시하였으나 모든 군에서 사망한 동물이나 체중의 유치적인 변화는 관찰되지 않았으며, 특히 증류수는 처치한 군과 P-치약을 처치한 군의 육안적, 조직병리학적 관찰 소견의 차이가 매우 미미하였다. 이런 결과들을 종합해 보았을 때, P-치약은 햄스터 구강점막에 대한 자극성의 거의 없는 것으로 사료된다.

This study was carried out to evaluate the irritant potential of P-toothpaste in hamster cheek pouch. The test materials were applied once at the beginning of this study into right pouches of hamsters and maintained for 14 days. Animals were administered with P-toothpaste, Bamboo salt toothpaste, D.W. and control solution, respectively. In order to evaluate the irritant potential in mucosa of hamster cheek pouch, we observed clinical signs, morality, body weights and gross and histopathological findings for 14 days. In all groups, there were neither dead animals nor significant changes of body weights. In addition, there were no differences between D.W. and P-toothpaste treated group in gross and histopathological findings. Therefore, these results suggest that there was little irritant potential of P-toothpaste in hamster cheek pouch.

예전부터 치약이 모발성장을 촉진시킬 수 있는 잠재력을 갖고 있다고 제안되어 왔지만 발모효과에 대한 과학적 검증과 치약 내 주요 활성성분에 대한 연구는 보고된 바가 없다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 치약을 이용하여 피부 각질세포의 성장 및 C57BL/6 마우스의 제모된 등쪽 피부에 국소적으로 적용하여 모발의 성장 촉진 여부를 평가하였다. 본 연구 결과 치약의 구성 성분으로서 문헌에서 발모 효과가 있다고 알려진 𝛼-tocopherol acetate와 l-menthol, stevioside 혼합액과, 이들을 제외한 치약 조성 성분들의 혼합액을 각각 두 그룹의 C57BL/6 마우스의 제모된 피부에 국소적으로 적용한 경우, 치약 성분의 혼합액은 발모효과를 보이지 않았고, 𝛼-tocopherol acetate과 l-menthol, stevioside 혼합액이 포함되었을 경우에는 마우스에서 발모 효과가 나타났다. 따라서, 치약을 구성하는 보조성분들인 α-tocopherol acetate과 l-menthol, stevioside 혼합물은 in vivo에서의 모발성장에 있어 잠재력을 갖고 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 치약을 처리한 그룹의 마우스와 발모 유효 성분으로 추정되는 𝛼-tocopherol acetate과 l-menthol, stevioside를 혼합 처리한 그룹의 마우스, 그리고 대조군의 마우스의 등쪽 표피를 취하여 전사체 분석을 진행한 결과 대조군에 비해서 각각의 처리군에서 유의적으로 발현된 유전자 패턴은 매우 유사함을 보였다. 또한 기능유전체적 분석을 하였을 때, 두 그룹에서 공통적으로 발모 조절 관련 기능의 유전자들이 매우 큰 비율의 변화를 보였다. 두 그룹에서 발현이 변화한 발모관련 유전자들로는 케라틴과 케라틴 관련 단백질, forkhead box, sonic hedgehog 등이 관찰되었다. 따라서, 치약의 발모 효과는 𝛼-tocopherol acetate과 l-menthol, stevioside 혼합물의 효과에 기인하는 것으로 생각된다.

It has been suggested that some toothpastes have the potential to promote hair growth. However, there was no scientific verification on the hair growth effect of toothpaste and no scientific report on major active ingredients in toothpaste. In this work, toothpaste and its constituents were applied topically over the shaved skin of C57BL/6 mice and evaluated. Results indicated that toothpaste showed hair growth effect. Also, the effect of toothpaste constituents on the proliferation rate of keratinocyte cells was investigated. The mixture solution of 𝛼-tocopherol acetate, l-menthol, and stevioside, each of that was known to promote hair growth and other toothpaste constituents were applied topically on mouse skin. When the mixture solution was included, hair growth effect was observed in mice. Transcriptome analysis was performed using the dorsal epidermis of mice from the group treated with toothpaste, the mixture which are presumed to be active ingredients for hair growth, and from mice used for the control group. As a result of analyzing the genes whose expression was significantly changed in each treatment group, the gene patterns of the two groups were very similar. Also, when functional genomic analysis was performed, genes with functions related to hair growth regulation showed a high extent of the change in both groups. Hair growth-related genes whose expression was changed in both groups included keratin, keratin-related proteins, forkhead box, and sonic hedgehog. Therefore, the hair growth effect of toothpaste is thought to be due to the effect of a mixture of 𝛼-tocopherol acetate, l-menthol, and stevioside.

본 연구에서는 0.243% 불화나트륨 함유된 어린이 불소치약을 적용하여 유치의 재광화 효과를 알아보기 위하여 유치의 법랑질 표면경도 측정과 치아의 무기질 성분인 Ca, P의 성분분석을 시행하여 분석한 결과, 0.243% 불화나트륨이 함유된 어린이 불소치약의 사용은 유치의 법랑질의 경도를 증가시켜 치질의 강도를 높이고, 치아의 주요성분인 Ca, P의 수치가 증가 됨을 확인하였다. 따라서 영유아 구강건강 관리를 위하여 불화나트륨이 함유된 어린이 불소치약으로 칫솔질을 하게 되면 유치의 효과적인 재광화가 이루지는 것으로 사료되며, 유치의 표면의 미세경도와 무기질 성분분석을 통하여 치질의 재광화 촉진에 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다.

This study was to determine the efficacy in the remineralization on premary teeth following the application of toothpaste with and without sodium fluoride. All tooth were checked using microhardness tester and the calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) concentration by electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) analysis for the 4 weeks. The collected data was analysed using the statistical software program SPSS, 20.0. The applied enamel of premary teeth with 0.243% fluoridated toothpaste resulted in significant differences in the microhardness values (p>0.05). The Ca and P concentrations of applied premary teeth with fluoridated toothpaste were also significant difference in norm wt% (p>0.05). As a results, a increasing the surface microhardness of the premary teeth and providing a remineralizing effect by increased Ca and P concentrations.