Earticle

춘추전국시기에 화폐주조지역의 공간발전과정에 대한 연구는 이 시기에 중국화폐경제의 발전에 중요한 의미를 갖고 있다. 중국초기의 금속적인 주폐의 등장 시기는 춘추중기 이후인 것 같다. 전국중기이후부터 진나라 통일까지 널리 유통됐다. 본문에서는 이 시기의 중국화폐주조지역의 발전에 대하여 살폈다. 연구방법상에 있어서 본문에서 고고학의 원리에 따라 중국초기 화폐주조지역을 춘추시기의 원생지역과 전국시기의 차생지역으로 나누었다. 고고를 통하여 발굴된 화폐주조틀의 출토지를 화폐주조지의 유일한 근거로 간주한다. 그리고 하남성 낙양과 산서성 남부지역에서 춘추시기의 많은 화폐주조틀이 출토되었기 때문에 중국초기 화폐주조의 원생지역으로 간주하고 이 지역의 공간범위가 전국중기 이후부터 넓혀졌다. 진나라, 초나라, 위나라, 한나라, 조나라, 연나라, 제나라 등 일곱 나라 지역내에서 화폐주조틀이 많이 출토된 사실에서 중국초기 화폐주조 공간분포의 변화가 남쪽에서 북쪽으로 저위도에서 고위도로 점차 진행되었음을 말해준다. 마지막으로 이 시기의 화폐주조의 자연기초인 동의 분포문제에 대해 살펴보고자 한다.

It has a vital significance to study the space evolution of the coinage region in the Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States time for us to explore the development of the China money economy. The accurate time of the early Chinese metal coinage produced after the Middle Spring and Autumn Period, and its universal circulation should be in the period from the Middle Warring States to the unify of Qin Dynasty. This article has made the discussion to China coinage region development evolution in this time. In the research technique, this article with the aid of the archaeology typology principle, divided the early Chinese coinage region into two big types, namely, the primary region in Spring and Autumn Period and the secondary region in Warring States. And take the unearthed place of coin Fan (Mold) in the archaeology discovery asthe only basis to determine thecoinage place. Further thinks Henan Luoyang and south Shanxi should be regarded as the early Chinese coinage primary region,because in this foundation area unearthed massive Spring and Autumn Period time currency coin Fan. After middle Warring States this region spatial scope obviously expanded, and unearthed massive coin Fan in Qin, Chu, Wei, Han, Zhao, Yan, Qi and so on. It explained the early Chinese coinage spatial distribution change basically has followed by the law from south to north, advances gradually from the low latitude to the high latitude. Finally, this article has also discussed coinage natural foundation in this time -- copper distributed question.

The Yellow River Delta (YRD) wetlands are the largest coastal wetlands in China, and it serves to control soil erosion, nourish the climate and protect biodiversity. At present, due to climate change and human activities, the wetlands of the YRD are facing ecological and environmental problems such as species invasion, vegetation degradation, and biodiversity reduction. In order to study the evolution of wetland landscape types more intuitively, this paper proposed a semantic segmentation network based on the encoder and decoder structure of ResNet-18. Then, the wetland landscapes in the YRD were classified into five types by combining the Landsat series of remote sensing images. In addition, this paper used the optical flow algorithm to visualize the identification results, which can represent the evolution pattern of wetland landscape types in different years. The results of this paper have an important significance for the subsequent development planning and protection in the YRD.

하동읍성은 경남 하동군 양경산 자락에 축성된 조선시대 대표적인 연해읍성(沿海邑城)이 다. 2004년 사적 지정 이후 진행된 발굴조사를 통해 객사, 창고, 연지 등 성내 주요 시설과 남문 지를 중심으로 한 성벽 및 치성(雉城)의 실체가 확인되었으며, 이를 바탕으로 복원 및 정비가 이 루어졌다. 문헌상 하동읍성 축성연대는 기록마다 상이하나, 조선시대 실록과 지리지의 초축연대를 확인한 결과 세종 재위기 간지(干支) 오류로 보이고 실제 초축(初築) 연대는 태종 17년(1417)으로 판단 된다. 본래 고전면에 위치했던 당시 하동읍치는 임진왜란 이후 수차례 이설(移設)을 거쳐 영조 21년 (1745) 현 하동읍으로 최종 이전되었다. 하동읍성은 한양도성의 조영 원리를 투영하여 좌청룡·우 백호의 산세 사이에 입지하였으며, 객사지를 혈(穴) 자리에 배치하고 성내 중앙을 관통하는 수체 계를 구축하여 배수가 용이한 구조를 완성하였다. 역사적으로는 왜구 방비를 위해 내륙 깊숙한 곳에 조성되었으나, 입지 분석 결과 섬진강 하구 와 진교만 방향의 주요 침투 경로를 효과적으로 차단하는 전략적 요충지였음이 확인된다. 하동읍 성은 산지 지형 특성에 맞춰 외벽 보강, 기단사선화, 지대석 수평화, 층단 및 대형화 기법 등 다 양한 공법이 적용된 것이 특징이며, 이는 태종 대 축성 수법의 전형을 보여준다. 성벽 석재는 주교천 일대의 퇴적암류를 주로 사용하였으며, 섬진강 하구 두우산 노두(露頭)에 서 확인되는 쐐기 흔적을 통해 섬진강과 주교천 수로 운반 루트를 추정할 수 있다. 읍치 이전 후에도 하동읍성은 고지도 기록과 군창지(軍倉址) 흔적에서 알 수 있듯 전세와 대 동미를 보관하는 창성(倉城)으로서 그 기능을 지속하였다. 본 고에서는 이러한 고고학적 성과를 바탕으로 하동읍성의 입지적 특수성과 축조기법, 석재조달 방법 그리고 기능 변화에 따른 공간 변천 과정을 심도 있게 고찰하고자 한다.

Hadong Eupseong is a representative Joseon Dynasty coastal town wall (eupseong) located at the foot of Mt. Yanggyeongsan. Since its designation as a National Historic Site in 2010, excavations have identified key defensive structures and internal facilities, including the guesthouse (gaeksa) and lotus pond. While historical records vary, a critical review of the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty confirms the wall's initial construction in 1417 (the 17th year of King Taejong). Unlike typical plain-based walls, Hadong Eupseong is a mountainous-style (sanseong-hyeong) fortification. Its layout reflects Hanyang’s urban planning and Feng Shui principles, with the guesthouse positioned at the auspicious focal point (hyeol). Strategically, it served as a vital stronghold intercepting maritime threats from the Seomjin River and Jingyo Bay. The construction utilized diverse techniques adapted to the rugged terrain, including base slanting (gidan-saseon-hwa), horizontal leveling of foundation stones, and stepping methods. Petrographic analysis indicates that sedimentary rocks were sourced from the Duusan outcrop and transported via the Seomjin River and Jugyo-cheon waterways. Even after the relocation of the administrative center in 1745, the site continued to function as a storage castle (changseong) for tax grains. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the locational uniqueness, advanced fortification techniques, and spatial evolution of Hadong Eupseong.

Regional tourism spatial structure is the projection of tourist activities in space, also the relationship between the relative balance of tourism elements in space such as position, contact, interaction and concentration degree, etc. Regional tourism development can be adjusted to the best condition by regulating and controlling regional tourism spatial structure. This article researches the tourism development trend and tourism resources classification statistics in Chang-Ji-Tu regions, the space layout evolution of Chang-Ji-Tu regions tourism scenic area(spot) is divided into three stages depending on the general features of tourism scenic area(spot) space layout, tourism scenic area(spot) point layout stage, circle- layer stage featured by scatter, network layout stage featured mainly by filling. The result shows the process of the evolution of Chang-Ji-Tu regions tourism scenic area(spot) is "scatter—gather —filling". Tourism spatial structure takes Chang-Ji urban circle and Yan-Long-Tu urban circle as the core, the highway between Changchun and Hunchun as the axis, radiating to surrounding cities and towns to form a primary network development model, tourism development level, the natural form of tourism resources spatial distribution, tourist transportation, tourism market demand and the original tourism spatial structure are the driving factors of tourism spatial structure evolution in Chang-Ji-Tu regions, among these factors the tourism developmental level of Chang-Ji-Tu regions is the most fundamental inner power.

This study systematically analyzes the evolution of spatial patterns and driving factors of county-level economies in Jilin Province from 2013 to 2022, applying the standard deviation ellipse method and the Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) model for panel data analysis. The results provide a scientific basis for understanding spatial economic pattern changes in Jilin Province, offering data-driven insights and theoretical foundations to promote more balanced regional economic development. The findings reveal a distinct "core-periphery" differentiation in Jilin's county economies, with economic activities gradually concentrated in the southeast direction and the degree of spatial agglomeration increased significantly. Spatial patterns of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries show marked divergence: while the primary industry remains clustered in the northern black soil region, secondary and tertiary industries have gradually expanded southward. Analysis of economic imbalance and dynamic indices highlights evolving disparities among counties. Notably, high dynamic indices in primary and tertiary industries reflect inter-county growth disparities, where remote counties experienced negative economic growth contrasted with southeastern counties' economic dominance. The study identifies a transitional phase in Jilin's county economic development: initial resource dependence has gradually shifted toward market-driven mechanisms and industrial restructuring under policy interventions and market forces. Overall, Jilin's county economies demonstrate spatial agglomeration and differentiated development shaped by multiple drivers. Persistent challenges include: (1) conflicts between resource endowment advantages and modern industrial system development, (2) tensions between central cities' polarization effects and county-level synergistic development, and (3) transitional friction between traditional factor-driven growth and innovation-driven strategies. To address these, the study proposes three coordinated strategies: (1) "industrial renewal + emerging sector cultivation", (2) "spatial optimization + equitable resource allocation", (3) "digital transformation + policy innovation", providing actionable references for building a modernized, sustainable economic framework in Jilin Province.

Recent rapid institutional reforms in the financial sector and fast economic growth make China a special case for studying the spatial evolution of banking system in the particular circumstances. Drawing on data from China’s four big state-owned banks in the nation’s largest less-developed, yet rapidly growing interior province of Henan, this paper reveals that the spatial evolution of the regional banking system did not follow the “stages of banking development” theory developed in the literature. The regional banking system started from a fairly even spread of national bank branches and moved towards a geographical concentration in the urban centers. Institutional reforms, particularly government deregulation and bank re-organization played a crucial role in driving the changes. Along with diminishing government controls, spatial economic difference directly determined the locations of bank branches. This was proved at high significance levels in the pooled OLS and Fixed Effect regression models. The questionnaire interviews with 58 bank branches further supported the findings. We argue that the different banking practices in the specific institutional background of China may extend the “stages of banking development” theory based on evidence from the Western economies.

This study focused on the a 20-year evaluation of the dynamism of critical thermal anomalies in Busan metropolitan area prompted by unusual infrastructural development and demographic growth rate. Archived Landsat thermal data derived-LST was the major input for UTFVI and hot spot analysis (Getis-Ord Gi^*). Results revealed that the surface urban heat island-affected area has gradually expanded overtime from 23.32% to 32.36%; while the critical positive thermal anomalies (level-3 hotspots) have also spatially increased from 19.88% in 2000 to 23.56% in 2020, recording a net LST difference of > 5℃ between the maximum level-3 hotspot and minimum level-3 coldspot each year. It is been observed that thermal conditions of Busan have gradually deteriorated with time, which is potentially inherent in the rate of urban expansion. Thus, this work serves as an eye-opener to powers that be, to think and act constructively towards a sustainable thermal conform for city dwellers.

The cell ecology and spatial niche implicated in the dynamic and sequential process of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) from adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) to minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA) and subsequent invasive adenocarcinoma (IAC) have not yet been elucidated. Here, we performed an integrative analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and spatial transcriptomics (ST) to characterize the cell atlas of the invasion trajectory of LUAD. We found that the UBE2C?+?cancer cell subpopulation constantly increased during the invasive process of LUAD with remarkable elevation in IAC, and its spatial distribution was in the peripheral cancer region of the IAC, representing a more malignant phenotype. Furthermore, analysis of the TME cell type subpopulation showed a constant decrease in mast cells, monocytes, and lymphatic endothelial cells, which were implicated in the whole process of invasive LUAD, accompanied by an increase in NK cells and MALT B cells from AIS to MIA and an increase in Tregs and secretory B cells from MIA to IAC. Notably, for AIS, cancer cells, NK cells, and mast cells were colocalized in the cancer region; however, for IAC, Tregs colocalized with cancer cells. Finally, communication and interaction between cancer cells and TME cell-induced constitutive activation of TGF-β signaling were involved in the invasion of IAC. Therefore, our results reveal the specific cellular information and spatial architecture of cancer cells and TME subpopulations, as well as the cellular interaction between them, which will facilitate the identification and development of precision medicine in the invasive process of LUAD from AIS to IAC.

淸末民初 天津 도시공간의 변화 劉 海 巖 도시공간의 측면에서 볼 때 중국의 개항장은 서로 큰 차이를 보이는 두 특징적인 구역, 즉 전통적 古城과 근대화된 구역을 형성한다. 이러한 공간구조는 전통에서 근대로 전환하는 과정에서 이들 도시가 보여주는 일반적인 특징이다. 天津은 하나의 전형을 보여준다. 지도나 기타 사진 등의 자료를 통해보면 천진의 두 가지 모습을 확인할 수 있다. 하나는 성벽의 존재가 명확히 드러나는 전통 천진의 모습이고, 다른 하나는 유럽식 건축물이 도처에 존재하는 ‘서양식’ 천진이다. 이 논문의 목적은 천진을 사례로, 중국의 도시가 근대화의 과정 중에 어떻게 전통적 공간에서 근대형의 도시공간으로 변모해 가는가에 대해 이해하고자 하는 것이다. 본문에서 말하는 도시공간은 지리공간(physical space)과 사회공간(social space), 혹은 ‘物 ’로 조성된 공간과 ‘人’으로 조성된 공간을 포괄하는 개념이다. 중국 도시의 근대적 변모 과정에서는 지리공간 혹은 사회공간 모두에서 분명한 변화가 발생했고, 일종의 동양식 도시공간 모델이 형성되었다. 공간 분배의 과정 가운데 중국도시의 공간구성은 명확한 ‘중심화’ 추세를 보여 주었다. 즉, 자원과 재부는 중심부를 향하고, 기초시설과 교통 등에 대한 투자 역시 중심부에 집중되었다. 또 다른 문제는 지리적 구분이 명확한 주변부의 등장이었다. 천진에서 이들 주변부는 대략 10여 곳에 이른다. 어떤 것은 도시전체의 지리적 주변부에 분포하고 어떤 것은 행정구 사이의 ‘주변’에 등장하며, 어떤 것은 현재의 河道 부근과 같은 비교적 넓은 空地에 등장하는데 이들은 통제를 받지 않는 구역이었다. 근대 도시의 사회공간 구성은 분명히 중심으로부터 주변으로 부유층과 빈곤층이 퍼져나가는 분포를 취한다. 조계의 중심부는 사회상층이 몰려 사는 ‘富人區’이고, ‘빈민구’는 도시 주변에 위치하였다. 이들 두 社區 사이의 지리적 경계선은 명확하였고 경관 역시 선명하였다. 천진에서 뿐만 아니라 上海 등과 같은 통상항구형의 도시에서는 모두 이와 유사한 공간 특징을 보여주고 있다.

中国古代都城的营建参照『周礼·考工记』的建城原则, 但其中不乏因最高统 治者的意志和实际地理条件的限制而有所变动。其中, 中央官署的合理布局对国 家运作和高效率地处理国政起着决定性的作用。 除中国外, 身处汉字文化圈的韩国、日本、越南等国在都城营建时或多或少的 都受到了中国的影响, 例如朝鲜时期的汉阳城、日本的平城京和平安京、越南阮朝 时期的顺化京城等。李氏朝鲜时期对都城汉阳城以『周礼·考工记』为蓝本进行设 计与营建, 在实际营建过程中虽因自然因素和统治者意愿的影响与『考工记』所 述有所出入, 但大体上依然承袭了中国古代的建城规制。其中, 朝鲜时期汉阳城 的中央官署在整个都城中的空间布局与明南京城、明北京城、清北京城皆有诸多 相似之处。 中国古代都城中, 中央官署密集地分布于宫城以南的先例, 可以追溯到曹魏 时期的邺城, 此种布局方式为明清统治者所效法。明代北京城中的中央官署分布 遵从‘悉如南京之制’, 只略有改动。清代北京城中的中央官署大多沿袭明代建制, 重要的官署依然设置在天安门以南大清门以北的千步廊东西两侧, 东侧官署全 部未作变动, 西侧则作了诸多调整。朝鲜时期的汉阳城中, 最宽的一条道路当属 六曹路, 中央官署皆配置于六曹路东西两侧。 明清时期国都中的千步廊两侧不单纯是官署的集中分布, 更体现出‘文东武西’ 的官制理念, 千步廊东侧为文官系统的官署建筑, 西侧则为武官系统的官署建 筑。朝鲜时期的光化门前六曹路东西两侧, 虽然文武官署的布局理念不甚明了, 但通过分布在六曹路东侧的以议政府为首的文官系统官署, 以及西侧属于武官 系统的中枢府, 仍表露出‘文东武西’理念的设计意图。

The construction of imperial cities in ancient China followed the principles of ur- ban construction recorded in “Zhouli·Kao Gong Ji”. However, there would be some changes due to the variations of wills of the supreme dominators and the limitation of the practical geographical conditions. One of them, for instance, rational distribution of cen- tral administrative offices played a decisive role in the normal operating of a nation and whether the local authority had capabilities to process national political affairs efficiently. In addition to China, South Korea, Japan, Vietnam, and other countries in the sphere of Chinese culture were more or less influenced by China when they built their capitals. For example, Hanyangdoseong of Joseon Dynasty, Heijokyo and Heiankyo in Japan, and the Hue of Ruan Dynasty, etc. During the Joseon Dynasty, Han- yangdoseong, the capital city, was designed and constructed on the basis of “Zhou Li·Kao Gong Ji”. Although the actual construction process was different from the description in “Kao Gong Ji” due to the influence of natural conditions and the ruler’ s wishes. Nonetheless, it still inherits the general construction regulations of ancient Chinese city. Among them, the spatial layout of the central government office of Hanyangdoseong in the Joseon Dynasty has many similarities with Nanjing and Bei- jing, the capital of Ming Dynasty, as well as Beijing in Qing Dynasty. Among ancient Chinese capitals, the precedent for the dense distribution of central government offices in the south of the palace city can be traced back to Yecheng in the Cao We i period. This layout was imitated by the rulers of Ming and Qing Dynas- ties. The distribution of the central government offices in Beijing of Ming Dynasty followed the ‘Xiru Nanjing system’ with only slight changes. Most of the central government offices in Beijing in the Qing Dynasty inherited the constructions of the Ming Dynasty. Important government offices were still located on the east and west of the Qianbu Corridor, which located in the south of Tiananmen and north of Daqin- gmen. In Hanyangdoseong of Joseon Dynasty, the widest road was Liucao Road, and the central government offices were arranged on the east and west of Liucao Road. In Ming and Qing Dynasties, the two sides of the Qianbu Corridor in the capital were not simply the centralized distribution of official offices, but also reflected the con- cept of the official system of ‘Wendong Wuxi’. In the Joseon Dynasty, on the east and west of Liucao Road in front of Gwanghwamun Gate, although the layout concept of the Civil and Military Officers Office was not clear, the government offices of the civil service system headed by the Qing government were distributed on the east of Lucao Road, and the central government office belonging to the military attache system on the west still continued to show the design principles of ‘Wendong Wuxi’ concept.

Judicial activities need to use the resources in time and space to achieve their own purposes, so they will inevitably show obvious spatial characteristics under the influence of geographical environment. The Warring States Period, the Qin and Han Dynasties were an important period of transformation from the kingdom to the Empire. The central judicial power of the Qin and Han Dynasties government expanded to the surrounding areas with the Guanzhong(關中)region and the later Central Plains region as the core, showing a progressive circle structure that gradually weakened from the center to the edge, which can be regarded as the embodiment of the Wufu(五服) system in the judicial field. At the beginning of Imperial China, there were great differences in economy and culture between different regions. At this time, allowing specific regions to "rule according to custom" in judicature can not only maintain their own stability, but also build a beautiful and diverse judicial landscape.

The defensive system of the Jilin General's jurisdiction during the Qing dynasty was the key to maintaining long-term stability in the northeastern frontier. Based on a systematic review of historical sources, this paper analyzes the system from three dimensions: institutions, spatial organization, and dynamic evolution. Rooted in defensive thought and core principles, the system constructed a hierarchical spatial structure centered on the Jilin garrison city, with other garrison cities at various levels forming its supporting framework, and integrated them into an organic whole through an efficient and interconnected courier-road network. Furthermore, the defensive focus of this system was not static; rather, it dynamically adjusted as external threats waxed and waned, moving from Ningguta as the frontier in the early Qing Dynasty, to Jilin as the core in the mid-Qing Dynasty, and then to Hunchun in the late Qing Dynasty, where the focus shifted eastward and then southward. This defensive model combined ideology, structure, and mechanism into a unified whole, while also demonstrating a high degree of adaptability.

본 연구는 중국 관광공연을 공간을 기반으로 작동하는 문화콘텐츠로 규정하고, 지난 20여 년간 중국 관광공연의 발전 과정을 공간미학의 관점에서 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 중국 관광공연의 성장은 단순한 규모 확대나 기술 고도화의 결과라기보다, 공간 구조의 분화와 관객 경험 방식의 재구성을 통해 공연미학을 심화해 온 과정이라는 문제의식에서 출발한다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 르페브르의 공간 생산론, 투안의 장소감 이론, 셰크너의 환경극 개념을 이론적 틀로 삼아, 왕조가(王潮歌)의 대표 작품인 <인상·대홍포>, <우견·평요>, <지유·하남>을 비교 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 왕조가의 관광공연은 자연 실경 기반 공연에서 도시기억을 체험하는 이동형 공연을 거쳐, 관객의 선택과 이동을 전제로 한 전역 몰입형 복합 공간극으로 진화해 왔음을 확인하였다. 아울러 본 연구는 대형 관광공연이 지닌 산업적 특징이 아닌 관광공연을 공간 기반 문화콘텐츠로 재정의하고, 문화원형·공간 구조·관객 경험의 상호작용을 분석함으로써 중국 관광공연의 공간미학적 특성을 구조적으로 정리하였고 향후 공간 기반 공연콘텐츠 연구와 실무적 창작 양측에 유용한 분석 기반을 제공한다.

This study conceptualizes Chinese tourism performance as a form of space-based cultural content and examines its development over the past two decades through the lens of spatial aesthetics. It argues that the evolution of Chinese tourism performance cannot be adequately explained by quantitative expansion or technological advancement alone; rather, it represents a qualitative transformation driven by the differentiation of spatial structures and the reconfiguration of audience experience. Drawing on Henri Lefebvre’s theory of the production of space, Yi-Fu Tuan’s concept of topophilia, and Richard Schechner’s concept of environmental theatre, this study establishes a theoretical framework for analyzing the works of director Wang Chaoge. A comparative analysis is conducted of three representative productions?Impression Dahongpao, Seeing Pingyao, and Only Henan. The findings reveal a clear evolutionary trajectory, from landscape-based performances to mobile immersive performances centered on urban memory, and further toward large-scale, integrated immersive spatial productions that emphasize audience movement and agency. Moving beyond industry-centered perspectives, this study redefines tourism performance as an integrated system in which space, narrative, and audience experience are closely interconnected. By examining the interactions among cultural archetypes, spatial organization, and modes of audience engagement, the study identifies the core characteristics of spatial aesthetics in contemporary Chinese tourism performance. thereby proposing an analytical framework for future scholarship while also providing conceptual guidance for creative practice in space-based performance production.

국가는 개발의 논리를 통해 빈곤을 도시 공간의 중심으로부터 격리하고 재배치하려고 한다. 또 ‘혐오와 배제’, 그리고 ‘동정과 공감’의 서사를 동시에 구사함으로써, 결과적으로 구성원들이 경쟁 구조의 불가피성을 받아들이게 한다. 동시에 사회의 주체들은 집단적 불안과 우울, 정신병적 상태, 무기력, 집단 공황 등 병리적 징후를 일상적인 것으로 받아들이게 되었다. 이 같은 상황에도 불구하고, 본 논문은 청년들이 빈약한 자신들의 주거 공간 속에서 자기만족과 치료를 얻고, 또 표류하는 자신들의 미래를 위해 잠시라도 안착 가능한 ‘상륙지’를 찾아가는 다양한 시도를 발견하고, 그 의미에 주목하였다. 최근 청년들에게 보이는 ‘빈곤의 자기화’ 추세가 단순히 자기만족에 머물지 않고, 장차 경쟁 논리의 대안 서사가 될 가능성에 대해서 앞으로도 주의 깊게 지켜볼 필요가 있다.

This research examines how impoverished youth's perceptions of space, both real dwelling spaces and abstract social progress areas, are evolving. It examines in particular how the problems of'snail homes' and 'ant tribes', which were big difficulties connected to living spaces in the early 2010s, are continuing in what social context, and how disadvantaged youth are generating new narratives within this. They deploy narratives of 'disgust and exclusion' and'sympathy and empathy' towards poverty at the same time, eventually demonstrating new attitudes and actions in reaction to the state's narrative that has backed the development logic. Of course, their living conditions have not changed significantly, but the young are now learning to collect and recontextualize their own experiences and narratives in limited living spaces. Furthermore, in terms of social progress, they choose employment that provide stability in their lives rather than a single direction of travel focused in the city or the quest of tremendous achievement. Even people with strong academic credentials opt to go to the competitive perimeter, advance their jobs, and then return to the core city. The author believes that their psychological state is not entirely free of the stress of a competitive society and the narrative of competition, but that they are becoming psychologically stronger through lightness rather than previous heaviness, and cynicism and joy rather than sadness or despair. When reading impoverished youth's actions as signals of social transformation, it is assumed that the spectrum of interpretations will expand as we approach closer to future China.

싱가포르는 동남아시아의 전략적 위치에 자리 잡은 도시국가로, 세계적인 금융 및 물류 허브이다. 이 연구의 목적은 동남아시아의 선진국이자 세계도시의 위상을 강화하고 있는 싱가포르의 도시발전과 도시공간구조 및 경관을 고찰하는 것이다. 싱가포르는 광역적 단핵에서 다핵구조로 전환되고 있다. 마리나베이 중심의 중심업무지구는 고밀도 압축개발로 광역화되고 있 으며, 도시외곽의 부도심이 대중교통체계와 연결되면서 다핵구조로 변모하고 있다. 특히 상류층 주거지대는 중심업무지구와 상 업중심지에 근접 입지하고, 저소득층 주거지대는 도심으로부터의 거리에 따라 도시외곽으로 확산되는 동심원 구조를 나타내기 도 한다. 또한, 도심에서부터 창이 공항으로의 수변공간을 따라 상류층의 주거지대가 선형 패턴으로 입지하기도 한다. 공공주택 의 자가소유율이 높아 주거 안정성은 높지만, 소득격차가 여전히 존재하며 민간주택과 공공주택의 가격격차가 심화되어 사회⋅ 경제적 양극화의 단면도 드러난다. 다민족 엔클레이브와 상업 젠트리피케이션 현상은 독특한 도시경관을 형성하기도 한다. 이연구는 싱가포르를 대상으로 한 해외지역 연구로서의 시론적 의의를 갖는다.

Singapore, a city-state strategically located in Southeast Asia, serves as a global financial and logistics hub. This study aims to explore the urban development, spatial structure, and landscape of Singapore, a developed country in Southeast Asia that is enhancing its status as a world city. Singapore is transitioning from a metropolitan monocentric to a polycentric structure. The Marina Bay-centered Central Business District(CBD) is expanding through high-density compact development, while suburban sub-centers are evolving into a polycentric structure through connections with the mass rapid transit network. In particular, upper-class residential areas are situated near the CBD and commercial hubs, while low-income residential zones display a concentric pattern, expanding outward from the city center based on distance. Additionally, upper-class residential areas are located in a sector pattern along the waterfront, extending from the urban center to Changi Airport. Despite a high homeownership rate in HDB-Flat, which contributes to residential stability, income disparities persist, and the widening price gap between private and HDB-Flat highlights aspects of socio-economic polarization. Multiethnic enclaves and commercial gentrification further shape Singapore's distinctive urban landscape. This study holds exploratory significance as a case study of Singapore within the field of international area studies.

Pusan has evolved for last 40 years, from small mono-centric city to the metropolitan city which has the urban structure of multinuclear pattern. This study tried to show that there had been a change of the spatial pattern of hotel locations and its differentiation and segregation by size and category , in relation to ‘life-zone’. This study is theoretically based on both ‘land-use’ model and ‘historical evolution’ model. However, finding was that, among 4 life-zone of Pusan, only two, central and south-eastern life-zone, have significant difference of spatial pattern of hotel location. Central life-zone, which is almost the same as the sphere of ‘Old Town’, shows the characteristics of ‘histotical consistency’ and ‘transportation node’. However, with its decay of centrality, in this zone, budget hotels are the segment with the highest growth. Therefore encouraging the conversion of unused and vacant business buildings into budget hotels would be a policy for this Zone. South-eastern Life-zone, which is not only the tourist district but also the New town of Pusan, shows the characteristics of new centrality of this city and recreational business district. With urban development of New town, its advantage of social, cultural environment facilitated the middle class life-style in this zone. Therefore the characteristics of hotel location of this zone depends on both tourism and resident's life style.

본 연구는 도쿄 도시 개발의 시대별 전개와 도시 계획 제도의 변천을 삼중 구조 분석틀(사실–제도–사례)로 고찰하고, 제도 변화가 도시 공간 구조에 미친 영향을 분석한다. 이를 위해 도시 개발의 연대기적 흐름을 정리한 후, 제도 도입과 조정 과정이 도시 공간 구조 변화와 어떻게 연결되었는지를 중심으로 검토하였다. 분석 결과, 도쿄의 도시 계획 제도는 재난 대응, 산업구조 변화, 글로벌화, 지속가능성 정책 등 시대적 과제에 대응하며 점진적으로 발전해 왔으며, 그 과정에서 교외 확장, 고밀·고층 개발, 다핵적 구조 형성, 보행 및 공공 공간 중심 재편 등 다양한 공간적 전환을 유도하였다. 또한 타마 뉴타운, 오다이바, 마루노우치 재생 사례를 통해 제도 변화가 실제 공간 재편으로 구현되는 과정을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 도시개발사, 제도 변천, 사례 분석을 통합적으로 검토함으로써 도시 계획 제도와 도시 공간 구조 변화 간의 관계를 구조적으로 해석하였다는 점에서 의의를 가진다.

This study examines the historical evolution of urban development in Tokyo and the transformation of its urban planning institutions, focusing on how institutional changes relate to urban spatial restructuring. Rather than presenting a purely chronological description, the study adopts an analytical perspective that interprets institutional adjustments in connection with spatial transformation. The findings show that Tokyo’s urban planning institutions evolved incrementally in response to changing policy priorities, including post-disaster reconstruction, rapid economic growth, global competitiveness, and sustainability. These institutional developments were linked to suburban expansion, high-density redevelopment, the formation of multiple urban centers, and the reorganization of pedestrian- and public space-oriented environments. Case studies of Tama New Town, Odaiba, and the Marunouchi redevelopment illustrate how institutional mechanisms were implemented in actual spatial restructuring processes. By integrating urban development history, institutional transformation, and case analysis within a unified analytical framework, this study offers a structural interpretation of the relationship between planning institutions and urban spatial change.