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Hotel companies must receive an evaluation of hotel ratings every three years based on the Tourism Promotion Act and also they are not able to dismiss employees deliberately from Korean Labour Law. Firstly, this study extracted which HRM practices were associated with the evaluation criteria of hotel ratings based on the Tourism Promotion Act and Korean Labour Act. Secondly, this study looked at the opinions of hotel employees towards HRM practices on their organisation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between HRM practices which were from Korean legislation and organisational effectiveness by ownership types. This study employed a structural equation modelling approach and demonstrated that training and job security had a positive influence on distributive and procedure justice in international chain hotels and Korean owned hotels otherwise selection did not significantly influence both justices in both hotels. The procedure justice had a positive influence on job satisfaction and turnover intention in international chain hotel only. This study will help practitioners when they revise the Act by understanding which HR practices are important from the view of employees and also help management to review what type of HR practices should be provided to maintain or upgrade their status.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate how employees perceived human resource management practices which are associated with quality enhancement business strategy and organisational effectiveness regarding the concept of procedure justice in the Korean hotel companies by types of ownership. Also this study used a structural equation modelling approach to understand the employees' feeling about their organisation between international chain hotels and Korean owned hotels. The results of this study proved that the factor of 'training and development', 'service quality', 'consultation' had a positive influence on procedure justice in international chain hotels otherwise 'training and development', 'recruitment', 'consultation' had a positive influence on procedure justice in Korean owned hotels. Also 'procedure justice' significantly influenced 'job satisfaction' and 'turnover intentions' in both hotels. This study found that deluxe hotels adopt a quality enhancement business strategy which is tailored HRM practices such as hiring excellent employees, providing good services, offering training opportunities more to meet various customers' needs. Moreover the results of this study will help managers to provide a better understanding of the concept of business strategy which enacts in hotel companies and management can apply those HRM practices into their similar service organisations.

Since the last few decades, information technology outsourcing has been observed as an instrument for technology transfer and rapid economic development, with the potential to change the fate of the nation. However, many emerging countries, including Nepal, continue to struggle to establish a foothold in the international market; they are perplexed about their path toward outsourcing, and they still have ineffective laws and policies in place. A snowball sampling method was used to collect quantitative data inside Kathmandu valley among outsourcing companies, freelancers, consultants, and policymakers. Data were properly tested for reliability using Cronbach’s Alpha, analysed using exploratory followed by confirmatory factor analysis, and results were confirmed using convergent and discriminant validity. Second-level validation was performed by partial least squares. The researcher has validated a multidimensional structural model with interdependencies between 8 unobserved and 33 observed variables using path analysis and proposed an information technology outsourcing success model for emerging markets from the vendor’s perspective. Similarly, a latent variable ‘setup quality’ was identified as a new construct omitted by previous researchers in the study of IS success. The model shall be interpreted as “the system dimensions - setup quality, system quality and service quality influence the characteristics – communication quality, user satisfaction, and usage of the products or services. The positive impact of mediating factors leads to individual and organizational benefits, resulting in the overall success of information technology outsourcing.”

Purpose: Decision-making process about financial investment is complicated. Relying on modern financial theory to explain behaviours of individual investors is inadequate because it focuses on the objective risk as the determinant for making investment decisions under the assumption that individuals are rational. The current study, which was built from the financial, sociological and psychological perspectives, investigated the predictors of risk perception and determined the association of risk perception and attitude toward financial investment intention. This study served the purpose of unravelling the complexity of the financial investment decision-making process among individuals. Design/methodology/approach: The research framework was based on Perception Formation Model (PFM) with further support from the Theory of Planned Behaviour, decision making models under risk, and knowledge-attitudebehaviour model. Purposive-sampling method was adopted. The dataset, which consisted a total of 492 responses from income earners below the age of prime savings years were entered for analysis. Twelve hypotheses were tested using the Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) statistical software. Findings: Measurement-model assessment revealed the data fitted well to the research model Results from the structural-model assessment revealed subjective knowledge, peer influence, internet influence, and risk propensity had a significant relationship with favourable risk perception. Consistent with the PFM proposition, it was found favourable risk perception significantly related to higher intention toward financial investment. Research limitations/implications: The resultant outcomes strengthen the understanding of how financial investment decision is performed by individuals, which is crucial in the personal-finance industry, especially in promoting a long-term and meaningful client-advisor relationship. Interestingly, objective knowledge, which measured the actual level of financial knowledge was found to be insignificantly associated with risk perception and intention toward financial investment. As a sizeable financial literature posited financial knowledge has impact on decision-making process, future study could perhaps examine whether objective knowledge could contextually alter the relationship between predictors and the endogenous variable. Originality/value: The study has successfully identified several predictors for risk perception about financial investment and provided an empirical link for knowledge-perception-attitude-intention, thus, enriching the behavioural finance literature. The research model was robust as it was formulated based on the three major pillars of behavioral finance, namely: financial, sociological, and psychological perspectives.

Background Leprosy remains a significant public health challenge in endemic regions, particularly among vulnerable populations. Immune dysregulation and community health factors, including environmental conditions and socio-economic status, may play a crucial role in the transmission and progression of the disease. This study aims to estimate the magnitude of the effects of immune dysregulation and community health status on the occurrence of leprosy among mothers and children in endemic areas. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted. This study collected patient data from mothers and children with leprosy in endemic regions and non-leprosy subjects in endemic and non-endemic areas. This involved assessing immune dysregulation, focusing on T helper 1 (Th1; interferon-γ [IFN-γ]), T helper 2 (Th2; interleukin-4 [IL-4]), regulatory T cells (Treg; forkhead box P3 [FoxP3+]), and T helper 17 (Th17; interleukin-17 [IL-17]) markers. Because immune parameters were available only in a sub-sample, these variables were incorporated into the structural equation modelling as exploratory immune constructs. Community health status was evaluated through maternal nutrition, household environment, family education, economic status, household smoking habits, village endemicity, presence of Bacille Calmette?Guerin (BCG) scars in children, access to healthcare, and perinatal risk factors. The results were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (version 26.0, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), and SmartPLS 4 (SmartPLS GmbH, Bonningstedt, Germany). Results One hundred six subjects were included in this study. Path analysis revealed significant effects within the studied factors. The health environment had a significant negative impact on village endemicity (β=-0.294; P<0.001). Leprosy in the family was significantly influenced by health environment (β=0.146; P<0.001), family education (β=-0.289; P<0.001), family economic status (β=-0.237; P<0.001), smoking in the family (β=0.191; P<0.001), access to health facilities (β=-0.051; P<0.001), and village endemicity (β=0.305; P<0.001). Mother immunity was significantly influenced by village endemicity (β=0.138; P<0.001), leprosy in the family (β=-0.554; P<0.001), maternal nutritional status (β=0.191; P<0.001), and maternal BCG scar (β=-0.149; P<0.001), which was noteworthy but should be interpreted cautiously. Child immunity was significantly affected by village endemicity (β=-0.148; P<0.001), leprosy in the family (β=-0.280; P<0.001), mother immunity (β=-0.156; P<0.001), child BCG scar (β=-0.021; P<0.001), perinatal risk (β=0.067; P<0.001), and mother leprosy (β=0.429; P<0.001). Maternal leprosy was significantly influenced by maternal immunity (β=-0.208; P<0.001). Finally, Child leprosy was significantly affected by mother immunity (β=0.441; P<0.001), child immunity (β=-0.374; P<0.001), and mother leprosy (β=-0.165; P<0.001). Conclusion This study highlights the intricate interplay between immune dysregulation and community health factors in the occurrence of leprosy. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to address these factors and reduce leprosy prevalence.

Purpose: The current research aims to examine the impact of perceived risk on green purchase intention and examine the possible mediation role of green trust and green attitude on the relation of perceived risk to green purchase intention among street food customers. Design/methodology/approach: Quantitative research with a survey research design was utilized, and 536 food customers were selected based on a purposive sampling method to participate in the current study. The data gathered were analyzed through structural equation modelling (SEM) to examine the intercorrelation between the variables studied. The minimum of 0.5 for AVE, less than 0.85 for HTMT, 0.7 for Cronbach Alpha and CR, and the minimum of 0.80 for factor loading confirm the validity and reliability of the measurement model. Findings: The hypothesis testing through path analysis confirms the direct significant impact of perceived risk on green purchase intention, and indirect analysis confirms the mediating role of green trust and green attitude on the significance of the perceived risk to green purchase intention. Furthermore, R-square confirms that the green attitude and green purchase intention were moderately explained by their predictor variable, while green trust was weakly explained by its predictor variable. Based on the F-square result, it was found that green attitude has a moderate effect on green purchase intention, perceived risk has a small effect on green purchase intention and green trust, green trust has a very large effect on green attitude, and green trust has a small effect on green purchase intention. Other than that, the current research found that green trust is the most influential and well-performing variable among these variable correlations. Research limitations/implications: This study focuses only on street food consumers and uses purposive sampling, which may limit generalizability. Future research could use broader samples or longitudinal designs to better explore the links between perceived risk, green trust, green attitude, and green purchase intention. Originality/value: The originality of this research lies in its integrated examination of the mediating roles of green trust and green attitude in the relationship between perceived risk and green purchase intention within the underexplored context of street food consumers.

공유 경제는 쓰지 않은 자원을 다른 사람들과 나누어 쓰는 협력적 소비로 인식되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 공유 숙박업이용 고객들의 충성도에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 살펴보고자 하였다. 고객들이 공유 숙박업 경험에서 느낀 감정과 자아이미지 일치성, 인지된 가치를 고객 충성도에 영향을 주는 선행요인으로 고려하였다. 그리고 진정한 경험, 숙소 시설, 가격 공정성을 공유 숙박업의 선택속성으로 고려하였다. Airbnb가 공유 숙박업에서 가장 큰 업체이기 때문에 설문 대상으로 선정하였다. 294명의 Airbnb 이용 고객 데이터를 바탕으로 구조 방정식 모형을 활용하여 요인들 간 관계를 분석하였다. 또한, Airbnb를 이용한 고객이 작성한 리뷰를 통해 고객이 어떤 사항을 중요하게 고려하였는지 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 네이버 블로그에서 Airbnb 리뷰를 수집하여 LDA기반 토픽모델링을 실시하였다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 공유 숙박업에대한 고객들의 충성도에 영향을 미치는 요인들에 대한 이해를 바탕으로, 효과적인 마케팅 전략과 운영 관리 전략을 수립하는데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

The sharing economy is considered as a collaborative consumption which enables customers to share unused resources. This study investigated the key factors affecting consumer loyalty in the context of sharing accommodation. Emotions, perceived value and self-image consistency were posited as key antecedents of enhancing customer loyalty. Authentic experience, home amenities, and price fairness were also considered as Airbnb's selection attributes. Airbnb was selected a survey target because it is the largest company in the domain of shared accommodation market. The research model was analyzed for 294 Airbnb customer through structural equation models. Additionally, this paper examine Airbnb customers’ experiences by topic modelling method posted on the Naver blog. Based on the understanding of the key factors affecting customer loyalty to sharing accommodation, the analysis results contribute to establish effective marketing and operation strategies by enhancing customer experience.

A review of past studies show that customer contact research does not have a same consent about relationship between customer contact and service quality(or customer satisfaction), although customer contact is one of the key factors in service industries. This paper analysed paths of quantitative customer contact factors(such as communication, proximity, information richness) and qualitative customer contact factor(intimacy), customer satisfaction and affective commitment. The results show that communication influences on proximity, information richness and intimacy. Also, proximity, information richness and intimacy indirectly effect on affective commitment through customer satisfaction.

본 연구의 목적은 유아의 초기 문해 기술에 관한 구조모형을 통해 문해 관련 기술들(음운인식, 음운처리, 자모음지식, 어휘력)이 유아의 단어읽기와 단어쓰기에 미치는 영향력을 살펴보고자 한 것이다. 본 연구의 대상은 서울, 경기 지역에 소재한 12곳의 유아교육기관(유치원, 어린이집)에 재원 중인 만 4, 5세반 유아로 가정의 사회경제적 지위가 중상류층과 저소득층에 속하는 유아들에게 음운인식, 음운처리, 자모음지식, 어휘력을 측정하는 13가지 검사를 실시하고, 유의미단어, 무의미단어, 유사단어 읽기 능력과 이름쓰기, 유의미단어와 무의미단어 쓰기 검사를 수행하였다. 연구를 통하여 수집된 자료는 AMOS 7.0 프로그램을 이용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과 이론적 배경을 기반으로 설정한 연구모형이 적합한 것으로 판명되었으며, 유아의 단어읽기와 단어쓰기에 중요한 영향을 미치는 변인들을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 본 연구를 통해 유아의 초기 문해 기술이 단어읽기와 단어쓰기에 이르는 전체적인 인과관계의 모습이 연령과 가정의 사회경제적 지위에 관계없이 일반적으로 적용될 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구는 유아의 초기 문해 기술 즉, 음운인식 능력, 음운처리 능력, 자모음지식, 어휘력과 같은 변인들이 단어읽기와 단어쓰기에 미치는 상대적인 영향력을 밝힘으로써 유아의 초기 문해 발달을 이해하는 종합적인 틀을 설명하고자 하였다는 것에 의의가 있다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the causal structural equation model of young children's early literacy skills. The research model hypothesized that young children's early literacy skills(phonological awareness, phonological processing, Korean alphabet knowledge, and vocabulary knowledge) have influences on their word reading and word writing. Out of 409 four- to five-old children from 12 kindergartens or daycare centers, 190 participants were from mid-to-high income districts and 219 from low income districts of Seoul and Gyeonggi-do, Korea. 13 sub-tests of early literacy skills were performed to assess children's phonological awareness, phonological processing, Korean alphabet knowledge, and vocabulary knowledge. Also, the meaningful/nonsense/pseudo word reading ability tests and the children's name writing, meaningful/nonsense word writing tests were administered. The collected data were analyzed using the AMOS 7.0 programs with the methods of confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling analysis. It was proved that this causal structure equation model had sufficient validity and demonstrated the relationships among variables affecting word reading and word writing. The result of this study confirmed that early literacy skills such as phonological awareness, phonological processing, Korean alphabet knowledge, and vocabulary knowledge had powerful effects on young children's word reading and word writing, regardless of age and SES groups. That is, young children with more knowledge of alphabet, phonological awareness and phonological processing did word reading and writing better. This study showed the relationships among the variables influencing young children's early literacy development with a general and structural point of view.

본 연구의 목적은 가정과 보육시설에서 생활하는 만 3세 유아의 사회정서적 행동문제에 영향을 미치는 변인을 살펴보는 것이다. 유아의 사회정서적 행동문제에 영향을 미치는 관련변인은 개인변인(유아의 기질, 자기조절능력), 가정환경변인(부모의 부부관계적 특성, 어머니의 양육행동), 보육시설환경변인(유아와 보육교사와의 관계), 가정과 보육시설의 상호작용변인(어머니와 보육교사와의 관계)으로 구분하였다. 연구결과, 유아의 사회정서적 행동문제는 기질적 특성과 보육교사와의 관계에 직접적인 영향을 받고, 어머니의 양육행동, 부모의 부부관계 특성과 주양육자들 간의 관계는 다른 매개변인을 통해 유아의 사회정서적 행동문제에 간접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 유아의 기질, 자기조절능력, 부부관계, 어머니의 양육행동, 유아와 보육교사의 관계 그리고 어머니와 보육교사와의 관계의 6개 변인은 유아의 사회정서적 행동문제 전체 분산의 45%를 설명하는 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study was to examine young children's social-emotional behavior problems. It was hypothesized that organism variables (temperament, self-regulation), micro system home variables (mother's behavior at home, marital relationship), micro system day care centersvariables (young children-caregiver relationship) and meso system variables (mother-caregiver relationship) have an impact upon young children's social-emotional behavior problems. The results revealed that the young children's social-emotional behavioral problems were directly affected by the child's temperament, their mother's behavior and the state of the marital relationship. In addition, the mother-caregiver played a mediating role which have an indirect impact upon affects young children's social-emotional behavioral problems. The revised model demonstrated the effectiveness of the analysis of the structural equation model and illustrated that all variables affected the social-emotional behavior problems of young children. These variables accounted for 45% of the social-emotional behavior problems detected among the sample.

연구배경: 본 연구는 사회경제적 수준(socioeconomic status), 건강행동, 스트레스와 대사증후군 위험도(metabolic syndrome risks) 사이의 복잡한 관계망을 알아보고자 하였다. 수정된 일반적 개념모델(generalized conceptual model) 을 적용하여 이들 사이의 관련성을 설명하였고 구조방정식모델(structural equational modelling)을 분석에 이용하였다. 방법: 2004-2007년 사이 Korean Health Examinee Cohort (KOEX)에 등록한 24,210명(남자 8,242명, 여자 15,968명) 을 연구 대상으로 하였고 개별 면담을 통하여 사회경제적수준, 건강행동, 스트레스에 대한 자료를 수집하였다. 사회경제적 수준(교육, 소득, 직업), 건강행동(식이, 신체활동량, 흡연, 음주) 및 스트레스를 외생변수로 하였고, 수정된NCEP ATP-III 기준을 참고하여 대사증후군 위험도를 구하였고 이를 내생변수로 하였다. 결과: 모델적합도 검증 결과, 남자에서는 CFI=0.877, IFI= 0.877, TLI=0.757, RMSEA=0.055였고, 여자는 CFI=0.924, IFI=0.924, TLI=0.851, RMSEA=0.050으로 적합하였다. 남자는 사회경제적 수준(β=-0.08), 건강행동(β=-0.25) 및 스트레스(β=-0.25)가 MetS risk와 유의한 관련성이 있었으나, 여자에서는 SES (β=-0.25)만 관련성이 있었다(P<0.05). 결론: 일반적 개념모델은 건강행동, 스트레스 및 대사증후군 위험도에 미치는 사회경제적 수준의 복잡한 관련성을잘 설명하고 있다. 남자에서는 건강행동, 여자에서는 사회경제적 수준이 대사증후군 위험도와의 관련성이 가장 높았다. 또한 사회경제적 수준은 연령, 건강행동, 스트레스와도강한 관련성을 보였다.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the complexity of the relationships between socioeconomic status, health behaviors, stress and risks of metabolic syndrome. By applying structural equational modelling, modified generalized conceptual model had described the associations and interactions among them. Methods: 24,210 participants (8,242 men, 15,968 women) registered with the Korean Health Examinee Cohort (KOEX) between 2004 to 2008. This study collected data on the socioeconomic status, health behaviors, and stress through individual interviews. Socioeconomic status (education, house income, occupation), health behaviors (diet, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption) and stress level were defined as exogenous factors. Endogenous variables were risks of metabolic syndrome based on modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel-lll (NCEP ATP-lll, 2006). Results: According to model fitness test, these proposed model were acceptable in men, comparative fit index= 0.877, incremental fit Index=0.877, Tucker-Lewis index=0.757, root-mean-squared error associated=0.055. These were compatible also in women as comparative fit index=0.924, incremental fit index=0.924, Tucker-Lewis index=0.851, root-mean-squared error associated=0.050. There were sex difference related to risks of metabolic syndrome: in men socioeconomic status (β=-0.08), health behaviors (β=-0.25) and stress (β =-0.25) were relevant, but in women only socioeconomic status (β=-0.25) was relevant (P<0.05). Conclusions: A conceptual model properly explains how Socioeconomic status may influence on health behaviors, stress, and risks of metabolic syndrome. Health behaviors in men and socioeconomic status in women had the strongest associations with risks of metabolic syndrome. In addition, socioeconomic status was strongly associated with health behaviors, stress and age.

Using structural equation modelling approach, the current study investigates the ways in which Conversational English Instructors (CEI) influence on middle school students'L2 selves and motivation. Grounded in Dornyei's (2005, 2009) L2 motivational self system, a model representing the relationships between CIE, students' L2 selves, and other submotivational constructs was developed. A total number of 367 data were used to analyze the proposed model. The results confirmed the validity of predicted relationships among the constructs. Specifically, it was found that the CEI positively affected the students' interest in L2 learning as well as L2 class involvement, which in turn influenced the creation of possible L2 selves. Further analysis indicates that the students' L2 learning interest demonstrates siginificant causal-effect relationships with ideal L2 self, promotion- and prevention-focused motivation. On the other hand, L2class involvement, mediated by CIE, only affected the students' prevention-focused motivation. Along with the call for professional support for CIE, this study recommends CIE to deploy diverse L2 motivational strategies in order to promote students' balanced L2 self development.

이 연구는 청소년의 여가 스포츠 참여 동기와 스포츠 참여, 여가 만족 및 여가 지속의 구조적인 관계를 규명하는데 목적을 두었다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위하여 2017년 2월 경기도의 중·고등학교에 재학 중인 학생 188명을 대상으로 예비조사를 실시하고, 6월 서울특별시와 울산광역시의 중·고등학교에 재학 중인 학생 496명을 대상으로 본조사를 실시하였다. 이 자료를 활용하여 빈도 분석과 T-검증, 신뢰도 분석, 타당도 분석, 확인적 요인분석 및 경로 분석을 실시하였다. 이와 같은 절차를 통해 도출한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 성별에 따른 변인들의 차이에 대한 결과는 남학생이 여학생보다 모든 변인들에서 높게 나타났고, 학교급에 따른 변인들의 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 여가 스포츠 참여 동기는 스포츠 참여에 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 여가 스포츠 참여 동기는 여가 만족에 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 스포츠 참여는 여가 지속에 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 스포츠 참여는 여가 만족에 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 여섯째, 여가 만족은 여가 지속에 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과를 토대로 청소년의 올바른 여가 선용의 방법으로 스포츠 참여를 제시하고, 청소년들이 여가 스포츠에 적극적으로 참여할 수 있도록 환경을 조성해야함을 논하였다.

This study investigated how the use of leisure sport participation motive adolescent’ sport participation and leisure satisfaction, and leisure continuance utilizing structural equation modelling. Survey responses of 684 adolescent were analyzed by SPSS 24.0 and AMOS 24.0. Survey questions were developed based on previous research and modified for this study. Frequency analysis, reliability analysis, validity analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and path analysis are utilized to analyze the survey responses. The results were as follow. First, It revealed that individual background data highly influenced all variables in boys compared to girls. However, school grade was not related to all variables in both middle and high school students. Second, leisure sport participation motive had a positive effect on sport participation. Third, leisure sport participation motive had a positive effect on leisure satisfaction. Fourth, sport participation had a positive effect on leisure continuance. Fifth, sport participation had a positive effect on leisure satisfaction. Sixth, leisure satisfaction had a positive effect on leisure continuance.