Earticle

본 연구에서는 학부모가 자녀의 SW교육 의지에 미치는 영향이 무엇인지 분석하였다. 구조방정식 모형을 설계하기 위해 변인을 자녀의 SW 관심도, 부모의 SW정책 인식, SW관련 역량, 자녀의 SW 진로, 자녀에 대한SW교육 의지로 설정하고 SW교육 경험이 있는 자녀를 둔 부모를 대상으로 검사하였다. 연구 결과 자녀의 SW 교육에 대한 학부모 의지에 미치는 요인은 자녀의 SW 관련 직업을 매개로 SW관련 정책과 SW 역량의 중요성에 대한 인식이 중요한 변인으로 작용하였고, 자녀의 SW 관심도는 직접적으로 중요한 요인임을 밝혔다.

In this study, we analyzed what factors parents have on the SW education willingness for the child. In order to design a structured model, we set the configuration of five variables; child's SW interest, recognition of SW policy, importance of SW competency, child's SW profession and willingness of SW education. We surveyed the parents who their children have SW education experiences. According to the results, mediating factors on parental commitment to their child's SW education was recognized SW-related jobs. SW-related job was worked the recognition of SW policy and the importance of SW capabilities as independent variables. In addition, SW interest of child affected an important independent factor.

이 연구는 국제학교 학생의 컴퓨팅 사고력 특성을 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 S 국제학교 학 생 108명을 표집 집단으로 선정하여 국제학교 학생의 컴퓨팅 사고력에 대한 산출된 검사 결과를 바탕 으로 데이터 셋을 확보하고 AMOS25버전을 활용하여 신뢰도, 타당도, 산점도, 상관관계, 탐색적 요인분 석, 확인적 요인분석, 구조적 관계를 분석하였다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 국제학교 학생의 창의성은 다른 하위 요인에 대해 가장 높은 경로계수를 나타냈는데, 이를 통 해 창의적 사고 능력이 높은 학생들이 다른 컴퓨팅 사고력 요소에서도 높은 성과를 보이는 경향이 있 음을 알 수 있다. 둘째, 국제학교 학생의 문제 해결(PS)과 알고리즘적 사고(AT) 간에도 유의한 경로가 확인되었다. 문제해결(PS)에서 알고리즘적 사고(AT)로의 경로 계수는 .383로서, 문제 해결 능력이 높은 학생들이 알고리즘적 사고 능력 또한 높게 나타난다는 것을 보여준다. 셋째, 협력(CO)과 알고리즘적 사 고(AT) 및 문제 해결(PS) 사이의 관계는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 이같은 국제학교 학생의 컴퓨팅 사고력 특성에 대한 이해는 국제학교 대상 컴퓨팅 사고력 관련 교육프로그램 개발 및 일반학교 학생과 의 비교 연구 등 앞으로 다양한 측면에서 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

This study aimed to examine the characteristics of computational thinking among students at an international school. For this purpose, 108 students from S International School were selected as the sample group, and a dataset was collected based on the test results measuring their computational thinking abilities. The analysis was conducted using AMOS 25 to assess reliability, validity, scatter plots, correlations, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural relationships. The findings of the study are as follows: First, creativity among the international school students showed the highest path coefficient compared to other sub-factors. This suggests that students with higher creative thinking abilities tend to perform better in other aspects of computational thinking as well. Second, a significant path was observed between problem-solving (PS) and algorithmic thinking (AT), with a path coefficient of 0.383. This indicates that students with strong problem-solving skills also tend to exhibit higher algorithmic thinking abilities. Third, the relationships between collaboration (CO), algorithmic thinking (AT), and problem-solving (PS) were not statistically significant. Understanding these characteristics of computational thinking in international school students could be valuable in developing computational thinking-related educational programs for international schools, as well as in comparative studies with students from general schools, and in various other future research directions.

최근 가구 분화가 활발히 이루어지고 개인의 성향을 강조하는 경향이 두드러짐에 따라 새로운 주거유형으로 정착하고 있는 소형주거유형인 오피스텔의 주거만족도를 측정하고 그 영향력을 분석하고자 한다. 또한 타인의 추천의사를 통해 주택유형을 수립할 수 있는 방향을 제시하기 위해 설문조사를 실시하였다. 구조방정식을 통해 분석한 결과 주거만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 내부적 특성 이 가장 높게 평가되었으며, 그 다음으로 외부적 특성, 사회경제적 특성, 경영특성 순으로 평가되었다. 추천의도에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 내부적 특성이 가장 높게 평가되었으며, 사회경 제적 특성, 외부적 특성, 경영특성 순으로 분석되었다. 그리고 주거만족도는 추천의도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 결국 주택의 대용으로 1-2가구의 생활을 영위하는 오피스텔은 건물의 외적인 면도 중 요하지만 휴식의 가치를 느낄 수 있는 부분이 가장 중요한 것으로 파악되어 향후 오피스 텔은 내부벽의 강화, 복도의 울림 예방 등을 통해 공간의 분리를 추구해야 할 것이다. 또한 향후 지속적인 가구의 분화가 일어날 것으로 판단되어 오피스텔 건축과 주거에 관 한 연구가 지속적으로 진행되어야 할 것이다.

In this study, as household differentiation is actively taking place and the tendency to emphasize individual tendencies is prominent, we measured the housing satisfaction of officetels, which are small housing types, and analyzed their influence, and decided to change the housing type to a new housing type through the recommendation intention of others. A survey was conducted to suggest a direction that could be established. As a result of analyzing through structural equations, internal characteristics were evaluated the most as factors affecting housing satisfaction, followed by external characteristics, socio-economic characteristics, and management characteristics. As for the factors affecting recommendation intention, internal characteristics were evaluated the most, and socio-economic characteristics, external characteristics, and management characteristics were analyzed in order. And it appears that housing satisfaction has an effect on recommendation intention. In the end, for officetels, where 1-2 households live as a substitute for housing, the exterior of the building is important, but the part where you can feel the value of rest is the most important. You will have to pursue the separation of space. In addition, it is judged that continuous division of households will occur in the future, so research on officetel architecture and housing should be continuously conducted.

최근 사회적 문제를 해소할 뿐만 아니라 소비자 및 서비스 제공자에게 다양한 이익을 제공하는 공유 가치 서비스 시장이 주목받고 있다. 숙박 및 차량뿐만 아니라 의류, 자전거, 아동 장난감, 도서 및 오피 스 등 다양한 분야로 영역을 확장하며 급격한 성장을 이루고 있다. 공유가치 서비스 이용의도에 대한 영향요인을 공유가치 서비스 품질의 특성 (경제성, 편의성, 보안성)과 소비자의 심리적 특성(친환경 성 향, 이타주의 성향, 혁신 성향) 두 가치 측면에서 접근하였으며, 지각하는 개인적 및 사회적 혜택을 매 개하여 이용의도에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 2021년 9월 1일부터 2021년 9월 6일까지 국내 유명 설 문기관을 통하여 온라인 설문조사를 시행하였으며, 전국에서 공유가치 서비스 경험이 있는 만 20세에 서 59세 이용자를 대상으로 최종 473부를 수집하였다. 자료분석은 SPSS와 AMOS 26.0을 이용하여 구 조방정식(SEM)으로 분석하였다. 연구결과 공유가치 서비스 품질의 경제성, 편의성, 보안성과 소비자 심리적 특성인 친환경 성향, 이타주의 성향, 혁신 성향 모두 소비자의 개인적 및 사회적 혜택에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 이 두 변수들은 이용의도에 통계학적으로 유의미한 결과를 미쳤 다. 뿐만 아니라 조절변수인 플랫폼 이용 용이성이 큰 집단(높은 플랫폼 이용 용이성)과 공유가치 서비 스의 편의성은 통계학적으로 유의미한 결과로서 개인적 혜택에 영향을 미쳤다. 아울러, 본 연구는 공유 가치 서비스의 마케터 및 향후 공유가치 서비스에 진입하려는 사업자들에게 공유가치 서비스 시장에 대한 이해를 높일 수 있는 데 도움이 되고자 하는 목적이다.

Currently, Creating Shared Value (CSV) service market, which not only solves social problems but also provides various benefits to consumers and service providers, is drawing attention. CSV is growing rapidly by expanding its scope to a variety of consumer goods and services such as clothing, bicycles, children’s toys, books, and office space, as well as accommodations and vehicles. In this study, we analyze factors that affect the intention to reuse CSV services with high potential in the future. Based on previous studies, this study examined two factors influencing the intention to use CSV services in terms of value: the characteristics of CSV services (convenience, economy, security) and the psychological characteristics of consumers (eco-friendly, altruistic, and innovative). In addition, the effects of these independent variables on reuse intention were analyzed by mediating personal and social benefits perceived by consumers. From September 1 to September 6, 2021, an online survey was conducted through a domestic survey agency, and the final 473 surveys were analyzed by collecting from users ages 20–59 with experience with CSV services nationwide. Data were analyzed with SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 26.0 using a structural equation model. The results of the study indicate that service convenience, economy, security, and consumer tendencies including eco-friendliness, altruism, and innovation all had a significant effect on consumers’ personal and social benefits. In addition, personal and social benefits were found to have a significant effect on use intention. Moreover, the group with a large ease of the moderator variable platform had a statistically significant effect on the convenience of the service, as a result of which personal benefits were affected. This study will help marketers of CSV services and operators who want to enter CSV services in the future to build a successful business model.

본 연구의 목적은 외부-사회문화적인 요인이 공직사회 부정부패 인식에 미치는 영향을 구조방정식 모델(SEM)을 통해 정량적으로 확인하고, 공직사회 부정부패를 줄이는 방안을 모색하는데 있다. 현재 국민들이 바라보는 공직 부정부 패 수준은 상당하며, 더 나은 국가 경쟁력 제고를 위해서도 공직 부정부패를 지속적으로 감소시킬 필요가 있다. 시스템 이론이나 사회 연결망 이론에 비추어 공직사회도 한 국가의 일부로써 공직사회는 외부와 상호작용하고 있다는 확장된 인식을 바탕으로 한 연구가 필요하다. 600명의 설문 결과를 바탕으로 변수들이 정의되어 모델이 구축 되었으며, 분석결 과 청탁금지법 시행 이후 공직부패는 줄어들었으며 사회문화적인 요인들이 공직사회에 부정부패에 직접적인 영향을 미 치는 것으로 나타났다. 추후에는 공직 부정부패 감소를 위해서는 공직사회 자체적인 노력 외에도 국가 전체적인 시민사 회의 교육과 인식의 전환 방안에 대한 구체적인 연구가 필요하다.

The purpose of this study is to identify the influence of external-social and cultural factors on the perception of corruption in the public society through the Structural Equation Model(SEM) and to seek ways to reduce corruption in the public society. Currently the level of corruption in public sectors that people think is still large, and it is necessary to continuously reduce corruption in public sectors in order to improve national competitiveness. Since one society is a part of a country in system theory and social network theory, public society needs quantitative research in order to find the causes of corruption and solve them. The model was built and the variables were defined in SEM based on 600 questionnaires. As a result of analysis, corruption in public offices has decreased since the implementation of the solicitation and graft law, and socio-cultural factors have had a direct impact on corruption in public offices. The further research area is to seek detailed ways for transforming the education and awareness of civil society across the country in addition to the efforts of the public officials themselves in order to reduce corruption in public offices.

본 연구에서는 지역사회의 교육서비스 만족도에 영향을 미치는 커뮤니티웰빙의 구성요소들의 인과관계 구조를 밝히고 이로부터 교육정책에 관한 정책적 시사점을 얻고자 하는 것을 주된 연구목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해서 서울시 25개 자치구의 주민들을 대상으로 커뮤니티 웰빙 분석을 위한 이론적 틀에 따라 구성된 설문지를 배포하였다. 수집된 설문지는 구조방정식 모델을 이용하여 분석하였으며, 주민들의 교육서비스 만족도에 미치는 영향요인들이 무엇인지, 또 이들 요인들의 관계는 어떠한지를 분석하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같이 요약된다. 첫째, 본 연구에서 지역사회의 교육 서비스 만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인들로 커뮤니티웰빙의 구성요소인 경제자본, 인프라자본, 자연자본, 인적자원, 문화자본, 사회자본을 Maslow의 욕구위계단계에 근거하여 설정한 구조적모형의 적합도 지수가 χ²=963.975, df=116, ρ=.000, RMSEA=.076, TLI=.933, GFI=.901로 모두 기준에 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 지역사회의 교육 서비스 만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인인 커뮤니티웰빙(경제자본, 인프라자본, 자연자본, 인적자원, 문화자본, 사회자본)의 직․간접적 영향 관계에 대한 타당성이 확보되었다고 볼 수 있다. 둘째, 이상의 구조적 관계에서 교육서비스 만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인들의 직․간접적 영향력을 구체적으로 살펴본 결과, 교육서비스 만족도에 가장 직접적으로 영향력이 큰 변수는 인적자본이었다. 일반적으로 교육서비스에 대한 만족도를 높이기 위한 변수로 교수자, 교수법, 교육환경, 교육과정, 교육내용 등 다양한 부분으로 논의되고 있으나 본 연구의 결과에서는 커뮤니티웰빙의 구성요소 중 인적자본의 영향력이 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 즉 지역사회에서 확보하는 인적자원의 질이 주민의 교육서비스에 대한 만족도를 높이는 가장 중요한 요인이므로 교육정책 방향을 이에 우선적으로 집중하는 것을 고려할 수 있다.

In Korea, education has traditionally been among the most important policy areas. Nowadays, education taking place at local level is increasingly important, in Korea in particular. On the other hand, personal well-being has received increasing attention within the social sciences, and more specifically within community studies. The determinants of community well-being have received a great deal of attention from academics and practitioners. From a policy point of view, it is important to identify the relationships between satisfaction with education services at community level and determinants of well-being. In order to strengthen education services at community level, the causal relationships between these services and the determinants of well-being should be examined. Under this background, this research aims to discover the most important well-being factor affecting satisfaction with education services at community level, and to identify the causal relationships among the well-being factors affecting satisfaction with education services at community level. The analytical methods employed in this study are descriptive statistics, correlation coefficients, and structural equation modelling (SEM). The hypothetical model constructed in this study was proved to be statistically significant, with X2=963.975, RMSEA=0.073, and TLI=0.933. The strongest variable affecting satisfaction with education services at community level is human capital, including health, welfare, and education facilities. And, a path from economic capital to infra capital, from infra capital to human capital, and from human capital to education service, has the strongest indirect effect, by the value of 2.761.

Statistics by structural equation modeling techniques were used to assess a model of chemistry learning strategy based on performance goal orientation. In the optimal Model III of this research, Performance-approach goal was positively related to the use of learning strategy(p<.05) and achievement need(p<.05). Performance-avoidance goal was negatively related to learning strategy(p<.05) and was positively related to self-handicapping tendency(p<.15). Performance-approach goal affected learning strategy indirectly through achievement need(p<.05). Use of achievement need was positively related to learning strategy(p<.05) and self-handicapping tendency(p<.35). Self-handicapping tendency affected learning strategy negatively(p<.05). Implications of these findings for learning strategy in chemistry education are discussed.

Purpose: This study aimed to construct and validate a model of the quality of working life (QWL) among cancer survivors returning to work. Methods: A cross-sectional study was developed. Participants included 204 cancer survivors in the extended cancer survivor stage, 6 months after returning to work, who were treated at two tertiary hospital cancer centers. The data were analyzed with SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 20.0 for confirmatory factor analysis to assess the hypothesis fit and verify the hypothesis. Results: Factors affecting cancer survivors’ quality of working liferesulted in cancer stigma and social support (explanatory power was 43.1%) and the model showed acceptable goodness of fit. In the final model, cancer stigma had a significant direct effect on social support and indirect effect on organizational health, employee health, and QWL. Additionally, social support had significant direct effect on organizational health, employee health and QWL. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, there is a need to develop strategies and effective intervention programs that can increase the support of supervisors and colleagues for improving overall quality of work life. Furthermore, the development of policies and intervention programs to reduce cancer stigma for the purpose of transforming perceptions through education and public relations which are indirect factors that affect the quality of work life, can contribute to improving the quality of work life for cancer survivors.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify variables influencing the psychosocial adjustment of North Korean adolescent refugees in order to establish a structural equation model and design an intervention strategy to improve psychosocial adjustment. Methods: The subjects included 290 North Korean adolescent refugees aged 16~24 years who were enrolled in alternative schools or regional adaptation centers. They were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. Results: The goodness of fit measures of the model were as follows: x2=131.20 (p<.001), GFI=.93, CFI=.91, TLI=.86, RMSEA=.08, and SRMR=.07. The results estimated from the structural equation model indicated a good fit of data to the hypothesized model, which proposed that stress and emotional intelligence are associated with psychosocial adjustment. The major variables influencing psychosocial adjustment were stress, emotional intelligence, which was a significant direct effect, whereas attitude of parenting showed an indirect effect on psychosocial adjustment through emotional intelligence. These variables account for 50.0% of psychosocial adjustment. Conclusion: It is necessary to develop a program and intervention plan that can enhance emotional intelligence and thereby relieve the stress of North Korean adolescent refugees. The program should also include parenting education so that parents have positive attitude of parenting.

Purpose: This study investigated the mediating effects of loneliness and depression on the relationship between adult attachment and smartphone addiction in university students. Methods: A total of 200 university students participated in this study. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling. Results: There were significant positive relationships between attachment anxiety, loneliness, depression, and smartphone addiction. However, attachment anxiety was not significantly correlated with smartphone addiction. The results also showed that loneliness did not directly mediate between attachment anxiety and smartphone addiction. In addition, loneliness and depression serially mediated between attachment anxiety and smartphone addiction. Conclusion: The results suggest there are mediating effects of loneliness and depression in the relationship between attachment anxiety and smartphone addiction. The hypothesized model was found to be a suitable model for predicting smartphone addiction among university students. Future study is required to find a causal path to prevent smartphone addiction among university students.

Purpose: This study aimed to construct and test a hypothetical model including factors related to the cultural competence of nurses caring for foreign patients. The transcultural nursing immersion experience model and anxiety/uncertainty management theory were used to verify the paths between the variables. The exogenous variables were multicultural experience, ethnocentric attitude, and organizational cultural competence support. The endogenous variables were intercultural anxiety, intercultural uncertainty, coping strategy, and cultural competence. Method: Participants were 275 nurses working in general hospitals in Seoul and Kyung-Gi Do, Korea. Each nurse in this study had experience of caring for over 10 foreign patients. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed with SPSS statistical software with the added AMOS module. Results: The overall fitness indices of the hypothetical model were a good fit. Multicultural experience, ethnocentric attitude, organizational cultural competence support, and intercultural uncertainty were found to have a direct and indirect effect on the cultural competence of nurses while coping strategy only had a direct effect. Intercultural anxiety did not have a significant effect on cultural competence. This model explained 59.1% of the variance in the nurses' cultural competence when caring for foreign patients. Conclusion: Nurses' cultural competence can be developed by offering multicultural nursing education, increasing direct/indirect multicultural experience, and sharing problem-solving experience to promote the coping ability of nurses. Organizational support can be achieved by preparing relevant personnel and resources. Subsequently, the quality of nursing care for foreign patients' will be ultimately improved.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to find the relationship and conceptual model of discrimination, stress, support, and depression among the elderly in South Korea. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study involving 207 community-dwelling elders. Data were collected through questionnaires from May 5 to May 31, 2014 in community senior centers, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t test, analysis of variance, Scheff e test, and structural equation modeling. Results: There were significant effects of discrimination on stress, support on stress and stress on depression. Moreover, there were two significant indirect effects observed between discrimination and depression, and between support and depression. For each indirect effect, the mediating factor was stress. Additionally, there was no direct effect between discrimination and depression or support. Conclusions: This study found that social support and discrimination had indirect effects on depression through stress. More specifically, decreased stress led to a reduction of depression. Therefore, social support based on a thorough understanding of stress is very important for caring elderly who are depressive.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to construct and test a structural equation modeling on life-world integration in people with severe burns. Methods: A survey design was used. Data were collected in 2008 from 376 people who had experienced severe burns using questionnaires. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results: The fitness parameters of the modified model (χ2/df = 3.15, goodness of fit: .91, normal fit index: .93, Tucker Lewis Index: .93, root mean square error of approximation: .07, root mean square residual: .04, and comparative fit index: .95) indicated its suitability as the research model. Physical function directly influenced burn factor, and family support indirectly influenced life-world integration. Conclusion: Physical function should be directly improved to adjust to life-world integration. A comprehensive integration approach is also necessary to help people with severe burns successfully return to society.

Purpose: This study was designed to construct and test a structural model of successful aging in older adults with osteoarthritis using the selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC) strategy, and to identify the direct and indirect effects of various influencing factors. Methods: Physical factors, depression, healthcare provider, and family support were set as exogenous variables. Endogenous outcomes were the SOC strategy and successful aging. The 220 study participants were older adults (aged ≥65 years) and had degenerative osteoarthritis. Data were collected with a structured questionnaire administered between December 2019 and February 2020. Subsequently, the data were analyzed, and a hypothetical model was tested. The data were analyzed using SPSS Ver. 25.0 and AMOS Ver. 20. Results: Nine paths of the hypothetical model were changed to six modified routes, and a simple modified model was defined as this study’s final modified model, including increasing the goodness-of-fit. Variables influencing successful aging were depression (β=-.70, p=.002), healthcare provider support (β=.20, p=.002), family support (β=.14, p=.041), and the SOC strategy (β=.21, p=.020). For depression, the direct effect (β=-.70, p=.002), the indirect effect (β=-.07, p=.001), and the total effect (β=-.77, p=.006) on successful aging were statistically significant. For healthcare provider support, it was noted that the direct effect (β=.20, p=.002), the indirect effect (β=.02, p=.044), and the total effect (β=.23, p=.022) on successful aging were statistically significant. Conclusion: It is important to reduce depression and promote healthcare provider support for successful aging in older adults with osteoarthritis using the SOC strategy.

Purpose: The prevalence of psychological distress is frequently observed among old adults with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). However, current researches are insufficient to clarify the correlation among these relevant factors. This study examined the effects of symptom burden, psychological resilience, coping styles, and social support on psychological distress. Methods: Two hundred fifty five elderly patients with AECOPD were conveniently selected in Taian, Shandong Province. The General Information Questionnaire, Distress Thermometer, The Revised Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire, Perceived Social Support Scale were used to investigate. The relationship among factors was estimated by using a structural equation model. Results: Psychological distress score of elderly patients with AECOPD was (5.25 ± 1.01); coping styles, psychological resilience, symptom burden, and social support directly affected psychological distress (the direct effects were -.93, .17, .17, and -.09); coping styles had the largest total effect on psychological distress (the total effect was -.93); psychological resilience indirectly affected psychological distress through coping styles (the indirect effect was -.74); symptom burden indirectly affected psychological distress through psychological resilience (the indirect effect was .25); social support indirectly affected psychological distress through symptom burden, psychological resilience, and coping styles (the indirect effect was -.80). Conclusion: The psychological distress of elderly patients with AECOPD is at a moderate level; coping styles, psychological resilience, and social support have positive effects on alleviating the psychological distress of elderly patients with AECOPD; symptom burden is negatively correlated with psychological distress. Healthcare professionals should pay more attention to elderly patients with AECOPD who are particularly prone to experience higher levels of psychological distress, especially in the presence of low coping style, limited psychological resilience, inadequate levels of social support, and high symptom burden.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test a model for intention to discontinuation drinking high caffeinated beverages among undergraduate students. This model was based on the Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior and Becker’s health belief model. Methods: Participants consisted of 201 undergraduate students. Data were collected by questionnaires from March 11 to May 24, 2019. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 22.0, AMOS 22.0 program. Results: The assessment of the model indicated an acceptable fit (normed x2=1.65, goodness-of-fit index [GFI]=.83, adjusted GFI=.79, comparative fit index [CFI]=.92, standardized root mean square residual [SRMR]=.05, Tucker-Lewis index [TLI]=.91, normed fit index [NFI]=.87, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA]=.07). Perceived behavior control, subjective norm, the subjective attitude was found to have a significant direct effect on the intention to discontinuation of drinking a high caffeinated beverage. The variances of this model explained 45.3% of the variance in intention to discontinuation of drinking a high caffeinated beverage. Conclusion: These results suggest that a need to increase awareness of adverse effects and potential risks of high caffeinated beverage consumption in undergraduate students. Besides, the university and government should provide education and campaigns to prevent excessive high-caffeinated beverage consumption.

Purpose: Authors develop a unified structural model that defines multirelationships between systematic factors causing excessive use of smartphones and the corresponding results. Methods: A survey was conducted with adolescents who live in Seoul, Pusan, Gangneung, Donghae, and Samcheok from February to March 2016. Authors used SPSS, version 22, and AMOS, version 22, to analyze the survey results at a 0.05 significance level. To investigate demographic characteristics of the participants and their variations, descriptive analysis was used. The maximum likelihood estimate method was adopted to verify the fitness of the hypothetical model and the hypotheses therein. Authors used c2 statistics, goodness-of-fit index, adjusted goodness-of-fit index, comparative fit index, normed fit index, incremental fit index, root mean square residual, and root mean square error of approximation to verify the fitness of our structural model. Results: (1) The proposed structural model demonstrated a fine fitness level. (2) The proposed structural model could describe the excessive use of a smartphone with 88.6% accuracy. (3) The absence of the family function and relationship between friends, impulsiveness, and low self-esteem were confirmed as key factors that cause an excessive use of smartphones. (4) Furthermore, impulsiveness and low selfesteem are closely related to the absence of family functions and relations between friends by 68.3% and 54.4%, respectively. Conclusion: Authors suggest that nursing intervention programs from various angles are required to reduce adolescents' excessive use of smartphones. For example, family communication programs would be helpful for both parents and children. Consultant programs about relationships with friends would also be helpful.

Purpose: Health literacy has been attracting increasing attention because low health literacy is considered an important predictor of adverse health outcomes in many chronic conditions, including diabetes. However, it is unclear how health literacy is associated with health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to formulate a hypothetical structural equation model linking health literacy to self-efficacy, selfcare activities, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was employed, and 459 patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited from outpatient clinics in two university hospitals. The patients completed a pack of questionnaires. The hypothetical model was tested using structural equation modeling analysis. Results: The values of multiple fit indices indicated that the proposed model provided a good fit to the data. Health literacy exerted not only a direct effect on self-care activities, but also an indirect effect on self-care activities via self-efficacy. However, health literacy exerted only an indirect effect on HRQOL. This structural model was invariant across hemoglobin-A1c-controlled and hemoglobin-A1c uncontrolled groups. Based on R2 values, the final model accounted for 20.0% of the variance in selfefficacy, 61.0% of the variance in self-care activities, and 16.0% of the variance in HRQOL. Conclusions: This study suggests that self-care activities are crucial to the link between health literacy and HRQOL. Both health literacy and self-efficacy need to be considered in clinical practice for enhancing self-care activities in patients with type 2 diabetes. This approach may ultimately improve HRQOL in these patients.

Purpose: Parental satisfaction is essential for evaluating pediatric care quality and influences healthcare practices and performance. Pediatric patients frequently experience anxiety, affecting their and their parents’ satisfaction. Nurses play a key role in reducing anxiety and improving care interactions. Meeting parents’ expectations shapes long-term outcomes and impacts the hospital's reputation. While instruments such as the Child ZAP (Zufriedenheit in der Arztpraxis) provide comprehensive measures of satisfaction, their use in Indonesia has not been explored. This study aimed to validate the Child ZAP and offer insights to improve pediatric care quality in Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 139 mothers whose children were older than 5 years and received treatment at private hospitals. Structured questionnaires were analyzed using partial least squared-structural equation modeling in SmartPLS 4, and a disjoint two-stage method was used to test dimensionality. Results: All hypotheses were significant (p<0.05), demonstrating strong support. All Child ZAP dimensions, treated as low-order constructs, effectively measured parents’ satisfaction as a high-order construct. Overall parental satisfaction significantly influenced behavioral intention and mediated its relationship with Child ZAP. The mother’s and the child’s age served as moderating factors. The research model exhibited strong predictive power, underscoring pediatric nurses' pivotal role in improving communication among parents, physicians, and children to ensure quality care. Conclusions: The Child ZAP instrument effectively evaluates parental satisfaction by examining how children interact and communicate with medical staff. It assesses doctors’ engagement with children and their communication skills, highlighting nurses’ essential role in providing family-centered pediatric care.

Project management information systems (PMIS) have been implemented to support cooperation among the participants of construction projects. Unlike other information systems used by members from an organization with similar culture and business environment, the PMIS are members from one-off fragmented project organization with diverse professional background. Successful operation is significantly affected by the tendencies of client's side and individual awareness of participants. In this regard, it is imperative to evaluate the success of the system based on the individual characteristics of PMIS users. Thus, this study proposes a method for determining the system success by analyzing the extent of the effects of system factors such as System Quality, Information Quality, and Service Quality and individual factors such as a user's IT application ability, Extrinsic Motivation to achieve User Satisfaction, and loyalty. Accordingly, a structural equation model (SEM), an effective tool to examine of the comprehensive structure of a causal relationship, is applied for analysis because the internal awareness of individuals is established as a variable.