Earticle

In this study, a real-sized experimental equipment (pilot plant) was built at the site based on the preliminary research data to develop a movable separator for the mixed construction waste that can be implemented in agricultural areas to review its feasibility through the evaluation of its separation efficiency by waste types. The final construction of the movable separator and experimental results of the separation efficiency are summarized as follows. 1) The separation performance according to the blade type was the best for the combustible wastes either with 26 numbers of L-type blades and 32 numbers of pin type blades. As far as combination of blade types, when the L-type and pin-type were combined, the best separation efficiency was achieved. 2) The separation efficiency for waste wood by the conveyor type and angle of inclination (slope) of the trommel was the best when the conveyor had ribs of seagull shape with the angle of inclination 45°. 3) The separation efficiencies by process showed that 65.9% was separated as inorganic demolition wastes, 18.2% as waste woods, and 16.0% as combustible wastes at conveyor speed of 2-3 rpm, and the error rate was the least from the waste types generated in the dismantle site.

The molten carbonate fuel cell has conspicuous features and high potential in being used as an energy converter of various fuels to electricity and heat. However, the MCFC which use strongly corrosive molten carbonate at 650℃ have many problem. Systematic investigation on corrosion behavior of Fe/20Cr/Ti has been done in (62+38)mol % (Li+K) CO3 melt at 923K by using. steady state polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy method. It found that the corrosion current of these Febased alloys decreased with increasing Ti content, and this attribute to the formation of LiCrO2 layer at the surface.

The noise of large and high-power machines was evaluated and the establishment of mitigation measures was studied. The noise level of large machinery and high-power machinery installed at domestic plant sites was investigated and compared with the noise disclosure regulations to see if they met the standards of the Occupational Safety and Health Act. This investigated the soundproofing design of large and high-power machines and the soundproofing design of complex noise of large machines installed in the plant, and prepared the design standards of the plant design company. In the future, we will compile a database of data to secure standards for research and plant design related to noise reduction, and propose noise improvement and management measures for large and high-power machines.

본 연구는 오일샌드 well-pad의 test separator 지지 프레임에 대해, 표준 하중조합(Load Combination, LCB)–선형 정적해석–단면 검토 절차로 구조건전성을 평가하였다. 모듈 외형(2×7×3m)을 고정하고 H-beam(CSA G40.21 350WT, H244×252×t11/11)을 적용한 뒤, 현지 조건에서 새들(saddle) 너비(w) (1.5w/1.3w/1.2w/1.1w) 변경에 따른 고정하중 (D.L)·활하중(L.L)·풍하중(W.L)을 산정하여 MIDAS Gen을 통해 구조해석을 진행하였다. LCB10(1.2D.L+1.0L.L− 1.0W.L)에서 코드 적합(OK)을 확인했고, H-beam 250×250 공정 치수가 타당했다. 최대응력(1.05×105 kN/m²)·변형 (8.26×10−3 m)은 너비 변화에 둔감했으나, 반력은 1.3w에서 분산되고 1.2w 이하에서 재집중되어 권장 범위는 1.2w–1.3w 로 제안된다. 이러한 결과는 프레임 표준화 및 제작·시공 가이드(지지 폭/국부 보강)에 활용할 수 있다.

This study evaluates the structural integrity of a well-pad test separator support frame via a code-based workflow (load combinations–linear static analysis–section check). With a fixed module envelope (2×7×3 m) and an H-beam per CSA G40.21 350WT (H244×252×t11/11), site-specific D.L/L.L/W.L loads were assessed for saddle widths of 1.5w/1.3w/1.2w/1.1w and compared in MIDAS Gen. Under LCB10 (1.2D.L+1.0L.L− 1.0W.L), code compliance (OK) was confirmed and an H-beam fabrication size of 250×250 was validated. Peak stress (1.05×105 kN/m²) and deformation (8.26×10−3 m) were weakly sensitive to saddle width, whereas reactions dispersed at 1.3w and re-concentrated at ≤1.2w; thus a recommended range of 1.2w–1.3w is proposed. The results support frame standardization and fabrication/installation guidance (support width/local reinforcement).

In electric vehicles, the core is a secondary cell battery. Raw material is pulverized by the grinding disc in the Classifier Separator Mill (CSM) and rises through the Classifier Wheel. Both require characteristics to withstand high-speed rotation, including abrasion, corrosion, and shock. Our study analyzes the impact of RPM and heat source on temperature, convergence, and durability. In conclusion, high heat increases flow, while high RPM reduces the maximum temperature but may harm durability. Proper RPM settings enhance durability.

본 연구는 well-pad 모듈의 핵심 설비인Test separator 지지프레임을 대상으로KDS 기반 하중조합을MIDAS Gen에 적용하여 소재별H-beam 단면 선정 절차를 검토하였다. 2(W)×7(L)×3(H) m 프레임에 작용하는 고정하중, 활하중 및 풍하중의 48개 조합을 해석하고CSA G40.21 350WT, ASTM A572-50, SS275 및 SM355의 지배 하중조합과 구조응답을 비교하였다. 초기 H244×175×7×11 mm 단면은 허용변위 6.0 mm를 초과하여 NG로 판정되었으며, H244×252×11×11 mm로 변경한 후 허용변위 기준을 만족하였다. 변경 단면의 압축 강도비(COM)는 0.255～0.313으로 모두1.0 이하였고, 부재 변위 사용률(Def/Defa)은 최대 0.895로 확인되었다. 또한 소재별 지배 하중조합과 전체 구조응답에는 차이가 있었으나 네 소재 모두 공칭 250×250급 H-beam의 적용이 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 본 결과는 각 소재의 설계조건과 지배 하중조합을 반영하여 단면 적합성을 평가하고 공통 적용 가능한 규격을 도출하는 절차를 제시한다.

This study examined an H-beam section selection procedure for the support frame of a test separator in a well-pad module by applying KDS-based load combinations in MIDAS Gen. For a 2(W) ×7(L) ×3(H) m frame, 48 combinations of dead, live, and wind loads were analyzed for CSA G40.21 350WT, ASTM A572-50, SS275, and SM355. The initial H-244×175×7×11 mm section was rated NG because the deflection exceeded the allowable limit of 6.0 mm. After revision to H-244×252×11×11 mm, the allowable deflection criterion was satisfied. The compression utilization ratios (COM) of the revised section ranged from 0.255 to 0.313, and the maximum member deflection utilization ratio (Def/Defa) was 0.895. Although the governing load combinations and global structural responses differed among the materials, all four materials were applicable with a nominal 250×250 class H-beam under the analysis conditions. The results provide a consistent procedure for evaluating section adequacy while accounting for material-specific design conditions and governing load combinations.

A high gradient magnetic (HGM) separator prototype with the 2nd generation high temperature superconducting (2G HTS) magnetic system operated in sub-cooled nitrogen is presently under development at NRC “Kurchatov Institute” (Moscow, Russia). The main goal of the project is an attempt to shift away from the complicated liquid helium cryostats towards simple cryocooler-based nitrogen cryogenics as much more convenient for HGM separators industrial applications. Using of commercial HTS tapes allows to get a sufficient level of magnetic fields and extraction forces with low energy consumption. The expected operational parameters of the device are 1.2-1.5 T in the empty operational gap and up to 3 T on the ferromagnetic filters. In this paper we briefly describe the design of the HTS rotary separator prototype with the horizontally oriented rotor axis and propose different types of ferromagnetic filters intended for weakly magnetic ores enrichment.

An in-flight fragment separator, which aims to produce and study rare isotopes, consists of superferric quadrupole triplets and 30° dipole magnets to focus and bend the beams for achromatic focusing and momentum dispersion, respectively. The separator is divided into pre and main stages, and we plan to use superconducting magnets employing high-Tc superconductor (HTS) coils in the pre-separator area, where radiation heating is high. The HTS coils will be cooled by cold He gas in 20- 50 K, and in the other area, superferric magnets using low-temperature superconductor (LTS) will be used at 4 K. A few LTS coils were wound and successfully tested in a LHe dewar, and the design of cryostat has been optimized. Development of the HTS coils is ongoing in collaboration with a group at KERI. An HTS coil of racetrack shape was wound and tested in a LN2 bath and in a dewar with cryocooler. No degradation on critical current due to coil winding was found.

A series of high gradient superconducting magnetic separator (HGMS) for kaolin has been developed. It is used for processing kaolin to increase the brightness or whiteness whether it is for paper or ceramic applications. The HGMS system mainly consists of a solenoid magnet with a zero boil-off helium cryostat, a double reciprocating canisters system, and a PLC (Process Logic Controller) fully automatic control system based on SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system. We have successfully developed CGC-5.5/300 and CGC-5.0/500 HGMS systems in the recent years, and now three sets of them are on-site operation in different customers. This paper will present recent progress of the HGMS system, the results of some experiments on processing kaolin clay used HGMS, and the on-site operation.

유역으로부터 발생되는 강우유출수가 하수관거로 유입되는 것을 방지하기 위하여 별도의 우수전용관을 설치하는 것은 많은 비용이 수반되며 현장 시공여건에 따라 대단히 어려운 경우가 있다. 본 논문에서는 교통 및 도로 여건상 시공이 어려운 곳에 경제적인 접근방법으로 기존의 하수관거에 별도의 하수분리관을 설치하는 단순하면서 혁신적인 방안에 관한 연구결과 를 제시하였다. 실험실 규모의 하수관거 실험장치를 통하여 얻은 결과에 따르면 기존의 관거를 하수 및 우수전용 공간으로 분리할 경우 관내유속을 증가시켜TSS, TCOD, TN, TP 퇴적율을 각각 74-88%, 79-90%, 75%, and 67-90%, 정도 감소 시킬 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 3차원 수리유동 모의결과 하수분리관의 설치가 직선구간, 접속구간, 곡선 및 낙차구간 에서 하수의 흐름 및 유속분포에 미치는 영향이 미미한 것으로 분석되었다. 그러나 접속구간에 분리관을 설치할 경우 접속 면 지역은 유입되는 강우유출수의 운동에너지에 의한 구조물 훼손을 방지하기 위하여 보강해야 할 것으로 판단된다. 또한 곡선부에서 분리관은 곡선부의 안쪽보다는 외곽쪽에 설치하는 것이 구조적으로 안정 적인 것으로 분석된다. 이와 같은 연구 결과를 바탕으로 폭 3 m 제원을 갖는 하수관거에는 약 0.4 m × 0.4 m 분리관 설치가 적합한 것으로 나타났다.

Sewage separation which often involves installing a new pipe to separate wastewater flow from stormwater runoff flow can be costly and depends highly on its feasibility in a site. To be able to develop a potentially more economical alternative that can also lessen major road traffic disturbance during this process, a different approach where a smaller sewage separator pipe is installed inside an existing combined sewer pipe was investigated. A small-scale of a box sewer and the proposed sewage separator pipe was constructed in the laboratory to observe and compare the deposition of solids and other solid-associated major pollutants at different flow rates. In addition, three-dimensional flow simulations considering five different scenarios were conducted using Ansys Fluent to observe the effect of the proposed sewage separator pipe to the hydraulic flow if installed inside the combined sewer pipe. Results revealed that the deposition of TSS, TCOD, TN, and TP were reduced by at least 60% when the wastewater was conveyed by the sewage separator pipe instead of the combined sewer pipe. Moreover, the flow simulations conducted showed that there was little to no major disturbance in hydraulic flow and velocity distribution when the sewage separator was installed inside a straight pipe and even at pipe transitions such as intersections, turns, and drop in elevation. Considering the pipe dimensions and the results of the study, the proposed approach can be promising in terms of reduction in pollutant deposition without a major effect on the hydraulic flow. Further investigation and cost-analysis should be done in the future to support these preliminary findings and help alleviate the problems caused by combined sewer overflows by introducing an alternative approach.

Quadruple magnet is an essential component for the accelerator, and the field uniformity in the good field region reflects the quality of quadruple magnet. In this paper, the total magnetic field B was separated into the coil-induced magnetic field Bs and the iron-induced magnetic field Bc to explain why the total magnetic field B has some inhomogeneity. Using Fourier analysis, harmonic components of Bs, Bc and B have been analyzed at good field region, respectively. The harmonics of multipole magnet and Fourier analysis are helpful to show the uniformity of magnetic field. Several geometries of yoke and coils were defined to analyze the effect on field uniformity of an HTS quadruple magnet. By the analysis, it was found that the sixth harmonics which is the main factor of field inhomogeneity can be reduced to zero. It means that the sixth harmonics of the magnetic field B can be removed by adjusting the geometry of the magnet pole and the position of coils. We expect that this result can effectively improve the uniformity of an HTS quadruple magnet.

The cryostat is designed for the superconducting quadrupole magnets to be used in a heavy-ion accelerator facility. The main accelerator is superconducting linac, which can accelerate a 238U beam to 200 MeV/u (Mega electron voltage per nucleon). The cryostat for the magnet employs an innovative design primarily driven by the requirement of the compactness, user-friendliness and reliability. Also, several ancillary requirements such as background field, space restriction due to the beam line and cryostat structure need technical attentions. The development of the cryostat for three quadrupole magnets in the in-flight fragmentation separator is presented in the paper. The concept of cryogenic design is reported and the amount of cryogenic load is estimated by a relevant analysis. The structure of the cryostat to endure the heavy iron yoke including three quadrupole magnets is presented. In addition, the design as well as the performance test of the support link for the cold mass is described.

Storm runoff from road contains significant loads of micro particles, heavy metals and organic constituents. The majority of storm runoff pollution is trapped in particles smaller than 100 μm in diameter. Storm water data collected from two road sites in the Chungbuk, Korea areas to characterize the road runoff. The quantity of road runoff and quality constituents, including COD, SS, TKN, PO4-P, TP, Fe, Cd, Cu, Cr and particle size distribution were analyzed. There were three major objectives of this study. The first objective was to characterize the road runoff and first flush. The second objective was to measure and evaluate particle size distribution of the road runoff. The final objective was the assessment of the hydrodynamic filter separator (HDFS) for treatment of micro particle in road runoff. Because many road runoff pollutants are associated with micro particles, new device called hydrodynamic filter separator has been developed for the treatment of road runoff.

A large amount of cesium-contaminated soil was generated as a result of the decontamination work following the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. To reduce the final disposal volume of contaminated soil, it is necessary to separate the contaminated soil into low- and high-dose soil components and reuse the low-dose soil under 8000 Bq/kg. We have investigated a magnetic separation technique to reduce the volume of the contaminated soil. Magnetic separation is a volume reduction technology that utilizes these differences in magnetic properties. However, the high-gradient magnetic separation technique (HGMS) we have been studied has problems such as clogging of filters and low separation accuracy due to the passage of 2:1 type clay minerals with small particle diameters. In this study, we propose a new separation method using a cyclone-type magnetic separator that focuses not only on magnetic susceptibility but also on differences in particle size. The cyclone-type magnetic separator can separate 2:1 type clay minerals from 1:1 type clay minerals by inducing 1:1 type clay minerals with large particle diameters to the outside of the cylinder and 2:1 type clay minerals with small and large particle diameters to the inside of the cylinder through the difference in the combined magnetic and centrifugal forces acting on soil particles. Separation accuracy was evaluated using simulated soil consisting of vermiculite and kaolinite. Based on these results, the reduction rate of the radioactivity concentration was estimated, and the design guidelines of the device for practical use were discussed.

에어 롤러 선별기는 고속 롤러 회전으로 생성된 회전 유체 흐름을 통해 물질의 비중에 따라 이물질을 선별하는 장비이며, 본 연구에서미선별 폐플라스틱의 물질 재활용률 향상을 위해 도입하였다. 본 연구에서는 미선별 원물 폐플라스틱 파쇄물을 에어 롤러 선별기를 사용하여 선별을 진행하였으며, 선별기의 기계적 요인(롤러 높이, 롤러 간격, 롤러 회전속도)과 운전 조건(열풍 온도, 피드 투입량)에 따라 이물질 비율 및 목적 물질의 품위에 미치는 영향을 평가하여 최적 조건을 도출하였다. 각 조건에 따른 선별 경향성 분석을 통해 롤러 높이 0 mm, 롤러 간격 15 mm, 롤러 회전속도 1,800 rpm, 열풍 온도 90 ℃, 피드 투입량 800 kg/h 조건에서 이물질 비율 0.5%, 목적 물질 품위97.7%로 선별할 수 있는 최적 조건을 설정하였다. 해당 연구를 통해 에어 롤러 선별기가 적용된 선별 공정 최적화를 통해 미선별 폐플라스틱의 선별 효율 개선 가능성을 확인하였다.

The air roller separator classifies impurities based on their specific gravity by utilizing a rotating fluid flow generated through high-speed roller rotation. This study introduces an advanced separation system designed to improve the recycling rate of unsorted plastic waste. The effects of key mechanical parameters (roller height, roller gap, and roller rotation speed) and operational parameters (temperature and feed rate) on impurity rates and target material grades were evaluated to determine optimal parameters. The optimal mechanical parameters were identified as a roller height of 0 mm, a roller gap of 15 mm, and a roller rotation speed of 1800 rpm. Additionally, the optimal operational parameters were determined to be a temperature of 90 °C and a feed rate of 800 kg/h. Under these optimized conditions, the impurity rate was reduced to approximately 0.5%, while the target material grade reached approximately 97.7%. These findings demonstrate the potential for enhanced separation efficiency through the optimization of air roller separator parameters.

자력선별장비는 일반적으로 광산업 및 재활용 분야에서 사용되어 왔으며, 다양한 분야에서 폭넓게 활용되고 있다. 자력선별장비는 비철재료로부터 철 스크랩 분리를 위한 조립자용 선별장비와 3 mm 이하 미립 강자성체를 농축하기 위한 미립자용 선별장비로구분된다. 또한 미립자용 선별장비는 저자력 선별장비와 고자력 선별장비로 세분된다. 저자력 선별장비는 강자성체나 높은 자화율의 상자성체를 분리하는데 사용되고, 고자력선별장비는 낮은 자화율의 상자성체를 분리하는데 사용된다. 저자력 및 고자력 선별장비 모두 습식과 건식으로 활용된다. 최근 0.7 Tesla미만 영역에서 활용되는 전자석 고구배자력선별장비는 1980년대 이후 상용화된희토류 영구자석으로 제조된 자력선별장비로 점진적으로 대체되는 추세이며, 환경분야와 생물분야에서 합성자성물질과 관련된 나노기술의 확대는 향 후 자력선별기술의 발전에 긍정적으로 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

Magnetic separators has been used in the mining and the recycling fields in general, and is still applied in wide variety of fields. It is classified into the equipments for separating coarse ferrous scrap from non-ferrous materials and the equipments for concentrating fine ferromagnetic particles below 3mm. Magnetic separation equipments for concentrating fine materials also falls into two categories of low intensity and high intensity magnetic separators. The former is used for ferromagnetic materials but also paramagnetic materials of high magnetic susceptibility, and the latter for paramagnetic materials of lower magnetic susceptibility. Both low and high intensity magnetic separators could be utilized either dry and wet. Recently, the High gradient magnetic separators(HGMS) used in the range of less than 0.7 tesla has been gradually replaced by the magnetic separator made of rare earth permanent magnets commercialized in the 1980s. In addition, the expansion of nanotechnology in terms of synthetic magnetic materials in the environmental and biological fields is expected to contribute positively to the development of magnetic separation technology.

CO2 지중저장은 막대한 양의 CO2 처분이 가능하고 현장 적용성이 높아 국제사회에서 효과적인 CO2 감축 방안 중 하나로 인정받고 있다. CO2 지중저장 시 대수층으로 주입된 CO2의 유동 및 축출 특성, 저장 메커니즘을 이해하기 위해서는 염수와 CO2의 상대 투과도 자료가 필요하다. 기존의 염수와 CO2의 상대 투과도 측정연구에서는 염수에 용해되는 CO2의 양을 고려하지 않았고 대기압 조건에서 포화도를 결정하였기 때문에 불확실성을 내포하고 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 본 연구에서는 밀폐 순환형의 시스템을 도입하여 염수에 용해되는 CO2의 양을 일정하게 유지시켰으며 고압 2상 분리기를 설계, 제작하여 실험 조건에서 암석 시료 내 포화되어 있는 유체의 양을 정량적으로 측정하였다. 고압 2상 분리기를 사용하여 측정된 염수와 CO2의 상대투과도 실험 결과는 CT scan을 사용하여 측정된 실험 결과와 상당히 유사한 양상을 보였다.

CO2 geological storage has been recognized as one of the most effective CO2 mitigation method due to its significant amount of storage capacity and high efficiency in the field application. CO2-brine relative permeability data is necessary to understand the fluid flow, displacement characteristics and storage mechanism of injected CO2 into deep saline aquifer. Most of the previous studies did not consider CO2 solubility and only few CO2-brine relative permeability data shows quantitative saturation measurement at aquifer condition. In this study we developed a high pressure 2-phase separator to quantitatively measure fluid saturation of CO2-brine relative permeability and introduced a closed circulation system to consider CO2 solubility. The relative permeability results measured using high pressure 2-phase separator are similar to the experimental results measured using CT sacn.

The cyclone separator is a simple device, which causes the centrifugal separation of materials such as droplets or particles in a fluid stream. The cyclone separator utilizes the energy obtained from fluid pressure and linear motion to create rotational fluid motion. This rotational motion leads the materials suspended in the fluid to separate from the fluid quickly due to the centrifugal force. The rotation is produced by the tangential or involuted introduction of fluid into the vessel. These materials may be droplets of fuel in blow-by gas through an engine. Droplets suspended in the feed liquid may separate according to size, shape, or density. And the change of part dimension in a cyclone separator can yield the its performance variation. The current study shows the influence of design parameters on the performance of a cyclone separator for blow-by gas.

코로나 방전 정전선별기 내에서 인쇄회로기판(Printed Circuit Board, PCB) 분쇄 입자의 이동궤도를 전산 모사하였다. 여기서 PCB입자는 전자부품 분리된 기판을 파쇄한 것으로, 대부분 구리와 FR-4(Flame Retardant Level-4)로 이루어져있다. 우선 입자가 선별기내 회전전극으로부터 탈착 지점을 계산하였으며, 중력, 원심력, 정전기력의 평형으로부터 유도되었다. 한편 탈착 후 이동궤도는 입자의 운동방정식으로부터 구한 가속도를 시간 적분하여 계산하였다. 시뮬레이션 변수는 입자의 크기, 공급전압의 세기, 회전전극속도 및 유도전극 각도로 하였다. 입자 이동궤도에 미치는 영향은 구리 입자의 경우에는 회전속도가 주요 변수였으나, 반면 FR-4 입자의 경우에는 상기 모든 변수에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다.

The trajectories of PCB(Printed Circuit Board) particles in the corona discharge electrostatic separation was simulated. ThePCB particles are prepared by crushing bare board, which disassembled from electronic components, consist mostly of copperand FR-4(Flame Retardant Level-4) Firstly, a model was established for calculating of detachment points of PCB particles fromthe rotating electrode in separator. The model of detachment points was derived from equilibrium of force such as gravity force,centrifugal force, electrostatic force. The trajectories of particles after detachment was calculated by acceleration derived fromtime-integrating method of motion equation. In this simulation, particle size, supplied voltage, rotation speed of rotating roll electrodeand angle of induction electrode were adopted as variables. While the trajectories of FR-4 particles were affected by allvariables, rotation speed of rotating roll electrode was dominant variables affecting trajectories of copper particles.