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배경: 뇌졸중 발병 후 인지 재활에서 주의력 장애는 주요하게 다루어지는 영역이며, 신경 보상 메커니즘을 통 해 삶의 질과 정서적 기능에 영향을 끼친다. 방법: 5명의 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 3~4주간 개별화된 NMT 중재를 실시하였다. 다중 척도 평가(MoCA, SDS, SS-QOL)를 사용하여 주의력과 변인 간 상관관계를 분석하였다. 결과: 주의력 향상(MoCA 주의력 하위 점수 증가)은 삶의 질 향상과 유의한 정적 상관(r = 0.629, p < 0.05)을 보였다. 인지 행동의 향상은 우울 증상과 유의한 부적 상관(r = -0.845, p < 0.05)을 나타내어, 인지 기능의 향상이 우울 상태를 완화시킬 수 있음을 시사한다. 결론: 개별화된 NMT는 뇌졸중 후 주의력 결함을 개선하는 데 있어 긍정적인 영향을 미친다. 주의력은 다차원적 뇌졸중 재활의 핵심 목표로 작용하여, 주의 과정의 재구조화를 통해 전반적인 회복을 촉진하는 가능성을 보여준다.

Background: Attention deficit is a major challenge in post-stroke cognitive rehabilitation and may affect quality of life and emotional function through neural compensation mechanisms. Methods: Five stroke patients received individualized Neurologic Music Therapy (NMT) over 3–4 weeks. Multimodal assessments (MoCA, SDS, SS-QOL) were used to examine the relationship between attention and cross-domain rehabilitation outcomes. Results: Improvements in attention, reflected by higher MoCA attention subscores, were significantly associated with better quality of life (r = 0.629, p < 0.05). Cognitive gains were significantly negatively correlated with depressive symptoms (r = –0.845, p < 0.05), indicating that improved cognition may reduce depressive states. Conclusions: Personalized NMT shows efficacy in addressing post-stroke attention deficits. Attention may serve as a central target in multidimensional rehabilitation, supporting recovery through the reorganization of attentional processes.

바람직하지 않은 내용을 의식하지 못하도록 방어하는 기제인 억압이 심리신체적 증상을 초래한다는 억압가설과 달리, 최근 국내의 여러 연구들은 억압이 적응적 대처양식이라는 결과를 제시하고 있다. 이러한 상반된 결과들이 방어성이 정확하게 측정되지 않아 나타난 것인지 혹은 문화적 맥락에 따라 억압의 기능이 다를지에 대해, 억압 측정의 타당성을 검토하며 고찰하였다. 연구1에서는 억압의 개념화에 있어 정서를 경험할 수 있는 능력의 제약이 중요하다는 관점에서, 정서과정의 주요 개인차 변인인 정서강도, 정서주의, 경험적 회피에서 억압집단과 비억압집단 간에 차이가 있는지를 살펴보았다. 그 결과, 억압집단 구분의 타당성을 지지하는 가설들은 기각되었다. 연구 1에서 사용한 자기보고 자료는 억압이 내포하는 자기기만의 문제를 배제할 수 없음으로, 연구 2에서는 암묵적, 그리고 명시적 스트레스 조건에서 자율신경활동양상과 기분의 변화를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 스트레스 자극에 대한 생리적 반응 및 자기보고된 기분변화에서 억압집단과 비억압집단 간의 기대되었던 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 두 연구 모두 낮은 불안과 높은 사회적 바람직성으로 억압집단을 타당성 있게 구분할 수 있다는 입장을 지지하지 않았다.

Repression, a defense mechanism rejecting and keeping something out of consciousness, is generally regarded as maladaptive. However, recent studies in Korea have reported adaptive characteristics of repressor. This study investigated whether this difference is due to cultural contexts, or low validity of the repression measurement. In Study 1, the validity of repression related to avoidance and minimization of emotional experience was investigated. A total of 454 college students (281 women and 173 men) were allocated into four groups (repressor, truly low-anxious Ss, high-anxious Ss, defensive high-anxious Ss) based on the scores of the Manifest Anxiety Scale and MCSDS. The results showed no significant hypothetic group differences. The repressor presented higher affect intensity, similar level of emotional attention, and lower experiential avoidance compared to the truly low-anxious Ss. In other words, the validity of the distinction of repressor was not confirmed. In Study 2, to exclude the possibility of self-deception involved in repressors' self-report, the group differences in psychophysiologic reactivity [Heart Rate Variability(HRV) that reflects autonomic nervous system reactivity] to stressors were examined. The results indicated no significant hypothetic group differences on psychophysiologic reactivities in both of implicit stress condition (taking ability test) and explicit stress condition (bogus failure feedback), nor on pre- and post- mood changes. In sum, the validity of the above repressor measurement was not supported in Korea, This suggests the need of including behavioral and physiological measurement to study how repression functions in Korea.

言語的 强化의 外示的 効果에 관해서는 이미 많은 論難가 거듭되어 왔으나 그것이 暗默裡에 波狀的으로 作用함으로써 이루어지는 默示的 効果의 보다 擴散的인 機能에는 善眼하지 않은 감이 없지 않다. 따라서 本 硏究는 言語的 强化의 外示的 効果와 默示的 効果의 相對的 强度와 競爭場面의 構成要因에 따른 言語的 强化의 効果를 比較 硏究하고 同調性과 같은 人性變因이 言語的 强化의 受容過程 및 그 効果에 미치는 影響을 밝혀 보기 위한 것이다. 本 硏究의 方法은 國民學校 4 學年 男女 320名을 對象으로 4 개의 實驗變因 즉 競爭條件, 强化의 効果, 强化의 性質 및 同調性의 程度에 따른 2⁴要因方案에 依據, 16個의 實驗集團을 構成한 후, 1回에는 별다른 言語的 强化나 剌戟없이 置換作業을 시켰고 2 回에는 各 實驗變因에 合當 充足되는 作業强化가 間歌的으로 提示되는 條件下에서 置渙作業을 시켜 1回와 2回 作業成镇의 差를 平均分析法에 의해 比較分析하였다. 이 상의 과정을 거친 硏究의 結果는 ①競爭場面下에서 言語的 强化의 外示的 効果와 默示的 効果는 强度의 差異가 없으며 ②言語的 强化의 두 効果는 다 같이 正의 强化가 負의 强化보다 더 强하다. ③競爭條件에 따른 言語的 强化의 두 効果는 差異가 없으며 同調性의 程度에 따른 言語的 强化의 効果는 正의 强化나 負의 强化 어느 쪽도 그 差異를 認定할 수 없다는 4개의 結論을 얻었다

There has always been a controversy on the direct or explict effects of verbal reinforcement. Unfortunately we have paid little attention to the vicarious and implict effects of verbal reinforcement. In other words, we have been s:) excessively attached to the explict effects of verbal reinforcement that we have failed to take necessary notes of rather inclusive and diffusive functioning of the implicit reinforcement effects, undulated implicitly in terms of the interactions of the explicit reinforcement effects. From this point of view, Sechrest, L. (1963) and Sugimura, T. (1965, 1966) have made a good deal of advances in the studies of the implicit reinforcement effects, but their ends are still far distant and there is margin for improvement in their works and their applicability. Accordingly, this study was undertaken to identify the relative magnitude of explicit and implicit effects of verbal reinforcement and the relative efficacy of two aspects o￡ verbal reinforcement effects in accordance with conditions of competition, namely, competition among individuals in a group and competition between groups, and to ascertain possible effects of conformity as a non-intellectual personality variable influencing on the psychological processes of accepting verbal reinforcement either explicitly or implicitly. The instruments used in this investigation were conformity test revised from Berry, J.W. (1967)， originated by Asch, S.E. (1956), sociometry questionnaire and introspective reports on the feelings of accepting verbal reinforcement. The Ss were 320, 4th grade children, incidentally sampled, of primary school, of both sexes and were assigned to 16 experimental groups constructed under the cross combinations of four experimental variables of effects of reinforcement (explicit and implicit), types of reinforcement (positive and negative), conditions of com petition (within group and between groups), and degree of conforming tendency (high and low) in terms of 24 factorial design. The learning tasks were symbol-digit transformation tasks which were made of programmed nine symbols and nine digits. The Ss were given the learning tasks for seven minutes a day for two successive days. The first trial of learning tasks were administered in an ordinary condition without any verbal instructions or stimuli. The second trial of learning tasks were administered under the competitive situations, with verbal instuctions of performance reinforcers schemed to intermittent reinforcement schedule, suitable to the characteristics of experimental groups respectively. The performance increment on the second day was used as a measure to test the effects of experimental treatments and the group performance scores for each group were statistically analyzed in terms of ANOM(Analysis of Means Techniques), recently adapted by Karas, S.F. (1968) On the basis of the findings and discussion with research precedent, it could be concluded as follows: 1. As verbal reinforcement has both direct or explicit incentive value and implicit incentive value, there are explicit and implicit effects of verbal reinforcement. The explicit effects of verbal reinforcement are of the same magnitude, in a competitive situation. 2. The effects of positive verbal reinforcement are significantly greater than those of negative verbal reinforcement, in both the explicit and implicit effects of verbal reinforcement. 3. There is no significant difference between conditions of competition, competition within group and competition between groups, on the two facets of verbal reinforcement effects. 4. On die basis of the introspective report, a man with a high degree of conforming tendency has a significantly higher expectancy to receive positive reinforcement and needs to avoid negative reinforcement more than a man with a low degree of conforming tendency in his psychological process of accepting verbal reinforcement, either explicitly or implicitly, but we can not find any sign...

In the 2000s, the‘ Japanese Animation ’, called Anime and ‘Otaku Culture’ have received attention in the West contemporary art world. The exhibitions as <The contemporary art and anime> , <Super Flat> that the Japanese artist, Takashi Murakami whose works originated from the traditional Japanese art such as Ukiyoe of the Edo period curated, have been spotlighted in the West contemporary art world. Ukiyoe is, especially, woodblock print of Katsushika Hokusai who, a Japanese cartoonist and woodblock prints artist, influenced artists of the impressionism and Art Nouveaux in the context of Japonisme prevailed in America and Europe one hundred years ago. Ukiyoe, with the emphasis of the‘ f l a t n e ss ’of forms and colors, has also influenced Japanese animation and manga, and many contemporary artists have begun to use the style,‘ f l a t n e ss ’of new trend ‘Tokyo-Pop’, that Murakami re-created after pop art of the 1960s. But, this interactivity of animation and contemporary art seems to be more expanded in the digital media time. The style and form of animation have deeply influenced the new generation artists using digital media as video art. experimental film etc.. Furthermore, in the context of viewing and installation methods, the interactivity of them has been expanded to the realm of the film festivals and exhibitions as Senef, Resfest, Future Cinema exhibition of ZKM center in Germany, etc.. The purpose of this study stressing on the interactivity of animation and 영상예술연구_ 5호 contemporary art lies in the future study on the interactivity of animation, video art and cinema as digital media. Also, it is expected to map new discourse about the ‘artistic’positioning of animation as the popular culture, in animation studies of Korea.

최근 디자인영역에서 사회가 가지고 있는 문제나 이슈를 협업으로 해결해가는 소셜디자인 프로젝트가 주목되고 있다. 연구의 목적은 사회적 문제를 디자인비즈니스 관점에서 해결 하는 실행과정 속에 학습적 만족도를 높이는 것이다. 본 연구 는 교양교육과정인 ʻ디자인비즈니스ʼ 강좌로 문제기반학습(P BL)을 적용하여 진행되었다. 첫 번째 설계 단계에서는 PBL 수업의 가장 큰 특징인 ‘좋은 문제’를 제시하기 위해 프로젝 트 기획 단계에서 전문가 집단의 점검을 실시하였고, 학습자 에게 ‘푸드트럭 생산 및 판매’ 와 ‘푸드트럭 운영’ 등 2가지 프 로젝트를 제시하였다. 학습자는 2가지 프로젝트 중 관심 있는 주제를 선택하여 팀을 구성하였다. 실행단계에서는 문제해결 을 위한 방법으로 문제 탐색, 문제 공감, 문제 재확인 등 과정 별로 제시하였다. 문제 해결안 생성 과정에서는 전략분석, 이 미지분석, 경영분석의 등의 순서로 진행하였다. 이러한 문제 해결 과정 속에서 학습자는 팀 내에서의 역할분담과 문제에 대한 토론 및 협의의 과정들을 반복 학습함으로써 자기성찰 과 실행이 가능하였다. 마지막 평가 단계에서는 프로젝트의 실행단계평가와 학습자만족도 평가를 통해 디자인교육 프로 그램을 검증할 수 있었다. 그 결과 PBL수업을 적용한 디자인 교육 프로그램 개발은 사회 문제를 해결할 수있는 중추적 역 할로써 디자인 분야임을 확인할 수 있었다. 아울러 PBL수업 을 경험한 학습자들은 변화하는 사회의 다양한 문제를 인식 하고 해결하는데 도움이 될 것으로 기대한다.

Recently, In the field of design, there is a growing focus on social design projects that address societal problems and issues through collaborative efforts, garnering signifi cant attention. The purpose of the study is to increase lea rning satisfaction in the implementation process of solvin g social problems from the perspective of design busines s through teamwork in the liberal arts course. This study was conducted by applying problem-based learning to th e 'Design Business' class, a liberal arts course. First, ‘go od problems' were presented to learners through a group of experts to select topics, which are the biggest characte ristics of PBL classes. It is two projects -'Production and Sales of Food Trucks' and 'Operation of Food Trucks'. The learner formed a team by selecting a topic of interest among the two projects. In the implementation stage, it was possible to find solutions for problem solving by pro cess, such as problem exploration, problem empathy, and problem identification for problem solving by team. In the process of preparing the problem-solving plan, it was co nducted in the order of strategic analysis, image analysis, and management analysis. In this problem-solving proce ss, learners were able to self-reflect and implement by re peatedly learning the process of role-sharing and discuss ion and consultation on problems within the team. In the final evaluation stage, the design education program coul d be verified through evaluation of the execution stage of the project and evaluation of learner satisfaction. As the result, development of design education programs with P BL applied is confirmed as a field of design, as a pivotal roles in solving social problems. PBL class experience wi ll help the learners recognize and solve various problems in a changing society.

최근몇년동안코로나19 사태로건강분야가더큰영향을 받아 주목받고 있으며, 점점 더 많은 사람들이 피트니스 앱을 이용하여자신의건강을유지한다. 이와동시에사용자들은피 트니스 앱의 서비스 경험에 대한 요구가 높아지고 있다. 일부 앱은 게이미피케이션 요소를 디자인함으로써 앱을 더욱 매력 적으로 만들지만 그 중에서 게이미피케이션 디자인을 합리적 으로운용하는앱은많지않다. 본연구는한국피트니스앱개 발자들이앱을디자인할때게이미피케이션개념을적절히 활 용하고 있는지 알아보기 위해서 먼저 선행 연구와 관련 문헌 자료를통해게이미피케이션이론에서옥탈리시스프레임워크 에대해고찰하였다. 그리고옥탈리시스프레임워크에있는여 덟 가지 요소를 사례 분석틀로 이용한다. 선택한 피트니스 앱 의 모든 게이미피케이션 디자인 요소를 옥탈리시스 프레임워 크에있는8개코어드라이브와연결해서평가한다. 연구결론 을보면대부분의앱은좌뇌코어드라이브(외적동기)에치중 하며 배지, 포인트, 리더보드 등 외적 인센티브를사용하여 앱 이 더 재미있게 함으로써 사용자를 끌어들인다. 또한 대부분 앱은 화이트 햇게이미피케이션에 집중하는 반에 블랙 햇 게 이미피케이션를소홀히하였다. 상기문제점에대해자기결정 성 이론을 결합시켜 합리적인 해결 방안을 제시한다. 이를 통 해제품의질을향상시키고사용자가더건강하고오래사용할 수 있도록 돕는다. 본고의 연구를 통해 피트니스 앱에 효과적 인 도움과 참고를 제공할 수 있기를 바란다.

In recent years, the health sector has been receivin g attention due to the COVID-19 incident, and more and more people use fitness apps to maintain their he alth. At the same time, users are increasingly deman ding the service experience of fitness apps. Some app lications make their products more attractive by desi gning gamification elements, However, there are not many products that use gamification design rationall y. In this study, in order to understand whether Kore an fitness app developers reasonably use the concept of gamification for product design. Firstly, through p rior research and related literature investigated whic h Octalysis behavior analysis method of gamification theory, and then uses the eight elements in the Octal ysis framework as the benchmark for case analysis. Link all gamification design elements of the selected fitness application with the 8 core drives in the Octaly sis framework for evaluation. From the research con clusion, most applications focus on the left brain cor e drive (extrinsic motivation), and use extrinsic rewar ds such as badges, points, reading boards, to make t he application more interesting and thus attract user s. In addition, most applications focus on white hat g amification and ignore black hat gamification. In view of the above problems, combined with the self-deter mination theory, a reasonable solution is proposed. T hrough researches in the article, it would be provided effective help and reference for improvement of fitne ss applications.

최근몇년동안코로나19 사태로건강분야가더큰영향을 받아 주목받고 있으며, 점점 더 많은 사람들이 피트니스 앱을 이용하여자신의건강을유지한다. 이와동시에사용자들은피 트니스 앱의 서비스 경험에 대한 요구가 높아지고 있다. 일부 앱은 게이미피케이션 요소를 디자인함으로써 앱을 더욱 매력 적으로 만들지만 그 중에서 게이미피케이션 디자인을 합리적 으로운용하는앱은많지않다. 본연구는한국피트니스앱개 발자들이앱을디자인할때게이미피케이션개념을적절히 활 용하고 있는지 알아보기 위해서 먼저 선행 연구와 관련 문헌 자료를통해게이미피케이션이론에서옥탈리시스프레임워크 에대해고찰하였다. 그리고옥탈리시스프레임워크에있는여 덟 가지 요소를 사례 분석틀로 이용한다. 선택한 피트니스 앱 의 모든 게이미피케이션 디자인 요소를 옥탈리시스 프레임워 크에있는8개코어드라이브와연결해서평가한다. 연구결론 을보면대부분의앱은좌뇌코어드라이브(외적동기)에치중 하며 배지, 포인트, 리더보드 등 외적 인센티브를사용하여 앱 이 더 재미있게 함으로써 사용자를 끌어들인다. 또한 대부분 앱은 화이트 햇게이미피케이션에 집중하는 반에 블랙 햇 게 이미피케이션를소홀히하였다. 상기문제점에대해자기결정 성 이론을 결합시켜 합리적인 해결 방안을 제시한다. 이를 통 해제품의질을향상시키고사용자가더건강하고오래사용할 수 있도록 돕는다. 본고의 연구를 통해 피트니스 앱에 효과적 인 도움과 참고를 제공할 수 있기를 바란다.

In recent years, the health sector has been receivin g attention due to the COVID-19 incident, and more and more people use fitness apps to maintain their he alth. At the same time, users are increasingly deman ding the service experience of fitness apps. Some app lications make their products more attractive by desi gning gamification elements, However, there are not many products that use gamification design rationall y. In this study, in order to understand whether Kore an fitness app developers reasonably use the concept of gamification for product design. Firstly, through p rior research and related literature investigated whic h Octalysis behavior analysis method of gamification theory, and then uses the eight elements in the Octal ysis framework as the benchmark for case analysis. Link all gamification design elements of the selected fitness application with the 8 core drives in the Octaly sis framework for evaluation. From the research con clusion, most applications focus on the left brain cor e drive (extrinsic motivation), and use extrinsic rewar ds such as badges, points, reading boards, to make t he application more interesting and thus attract user s. In addition, most applications focus on white hat g amification and ignore black hat gamification. In view of the above problems, combined with the self-deter mination theory, a reasonable solution is proposed. T hrough researches in the article, it would be provided effective help and reference for improvement of fitne ss applications.

21세기는 브랜드의 글로벌화로 제품 동질화가 심해지고 있으며, 소비성향이 단순한 물질적 요구에서 개성과 품위를 보여주는 것으로 바뀌게 됨에 따라 브랜드 경쟁력 강화를 위 하여 시각적 주목성 있는 패키지 디자인이 매우 중요해지고 있다. ‘2022년 글로벌 맥주 브랜드 순위’에서 옌징 맥주는 하 락세를 보이고 있는데, 패키지의 시각적 주목성이 미흡하기 때문이다. 이에 연구목적은 시각적 주목성의 표현 방법과 특 징을 파악하고 트랜드를 반영한 효율적 옌징 캔 맥주 패키지 디자인 방안을 제시하고 전후를 비교하고 검증하는 것이다. 연구범위는 ‘2022년 맥주 브랜드 순위’에서 상위 10개 브랜드 의 대표 제품을 대상으로 선정하였다. 연구방법은 시각적 주 목성에 대해서는 관련 연구논문, 전문 서적 등 문헌조사 방식 과 캔 맥주 패키지 디자인 현황을 파악하고토대로 16개 스케 치 중 3가지 디자인 방향을 선정하였다. 최종 디자인을 선택, 소비자 설문조사를 실시하였다. 연구내용은 첫째, 패키지 ‘시 각적 주목성’이란 제품의 일러스트레이션, 색상 등 디자인이 소비자의 시선을 자극하고 끌리는 정도를 의미한다. 둘째, 본 리뉴얼 방안은 제품과 밀접한 관련이 있는 요소와 색상을 사 용하였다. 방향 1은 전통 회화에 의한 일러스트레이션 패키지 디자인이고 방향 2, 3은 이미지와 텍스트의 조합 일러스트레 이션 패키지 디자인이다. 셋째, 소비자 220명을 대상으로 설 문조사를 실시하여 주목성, 식별성, 각인성, 심미성, 구매의도 등의 5가지 항목에 대한 장단점을 비교·분석하였다. 연구결 과 시각적 주목성의 격차는 우선적으로 디자인은 임팩트가 있는지? 그리고 디자인은 주목성, 식별성, 각인성, 심미성, 구 매의도 등 요소를 충분히 고려하였는지? 등 두 가지에 의해 발생하며, 제품과의 연관성이 높은 요소와 색상 디자인을 이 용한 이미지와 텍스트를 조합한 일러스트 디자인은 패키지 주목성을 높이는데 매우 효과적이라는 것을 알 수 있었다.

Amid the exacerbation of product homogeneity in the 21 st century, people are increasingly turning to spiritual ne eds in making their consumption, which then highlights the importance of conspicuousness in packaging. Yanjing Beer saw its global ranking dropped in 2022 due to unapp ealing packaging. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the design of beer cans globally, and solutions to enhance conspicuousness in packaging. Methodology: firstly, relevant materials were collected; second, cases w ere studied to analyze the factors affecting conspicuousne ss; thirdly, based on a questionnaire survey distributed to 220 consumers, the advantages and disadvantages were analyzed at the packaging were. Conclusions: First, the c onspicuousness of packaging is the first thing that attrac ts consumers. Second, the causes for different conspicuou sness: ① The intensity of design contrast and visual sho ck ② Have the design factors that could influence conspi cuousness, recognition, impression, aesthetics, and purch asing intention been fully taken into? And it can be seen that graphic illustration packaging designed with element s and colors with high product relevance shows significa nt conspicuousness.

Additive manufacturing of novel metals has received much attention as an alternative to traditional manufacturing because of its high material efficiency, shorter lead time and higher design flexibility. However for most additive manufacturing base substrate were not considered in the calculations. Generally, the base substrate is applied in the same material or similar chemical component alloys. This is in addition to the feedstock and the cost of use since it is discarded after the process in the process of removing the base substrate after the process. Therefore, it is very important to minimize the cost of the base substrate and the use of cheaper and different materials should be considered. In this study, substitution of base substrate in the production of arc and wire additives using gas metal arc welding (GMAW) was evaluated. Inconel 718 was deposited on two different substrates (SS275, Inconel 718). In SS275 substrate, we observed that after three layers of deposition, the deposition width is similar to the thickness of the Inconel 718 substrates. It has also been found that dilution from the fourth deposition layer with respect to the SS275 substrate by examining the dilution from the viewpoint of the deposition layer can be solved by cutting the first three layers of the dilution problem.

This research explores the case of the 1903 smallpox outbreak on the SS Korea, a transpacific carrier making runs between Southeast Asia, East Asia, Hawaii, and the United States. These regions were connected to a degree that no one had ever imagined through the SS Korea. Honolulu, Hawaii, was one of the most important territories in US maritime history and served as a waypoint from Asia to San Francisco on the mainland. As increasing numbers of people traveled by sea, various microbes were communicated across the Pacific. International tourists traveling across the ocean to Hawaii and the United States were alerted infectious disease, one of the most significant being smallpox. The story of the SS Korea serves as an important lens through which to explore the early twentieth century transpacific world connected through Honolulu. Focusing on the spread of smallpox via international travelers, this research studies aspects of the public health system that were developed to contain smallpox infection on international ships and the application of smallpox vaccination as a method for infectious disease control. More importantly, in bringing attention to the uncertainty surrounding the diagnosis of smallpox, this research argues for the necessity of historians to build a more comprehensive medical historical context for disease control systems that includes the limits of medical science in making diagnoses of infectious diseases, the uncertainties arising from a lack of this component, and the implementation of health policies and preventative medical technologies.

With the development of advanced processing technology, laser processing systems, which require high-quality precision processing, have attracted considerable attention. Although laser equipment is expensive, it enables quick processing and less deformation of materials. This technology is often applied to secondary batteries, which has thus farinvolved the use of argon tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding. However, the welding characteristics of argon TIG welding are not yet good, and a laser is used for welding to address this problem. In this study, lap-joint welding was conducted, and the desired welding characteristics were obtained when the laser power was 1800W and the laser beam travel speed was 1.8 m/min. Lap-joint welding was conducted on Ni-coated SS41. Two cases were compared. No pores were observed in the Ni-coated SS41 lap-joint welding part, and cracks appeared from the lap-joints. Moreover, the pole rod and tap were welded together in a T-joint form to improve the output of the secondary battery. T-joint laser welding showed better welding characteristics than TIG welding.

이 글은 최창학(崔昌學, 1941~2020)의 원폭문학 「해변의 묘지」(1981)를 고찰하고자 한다. 최창학이 작품을 구상하던 1970년대 후반은 데탕트가 끝나고 미·소가 신무기를 바탕으로 핵군비 경쟁을 가속화하던 시점이었다. 그는 소련의 SS-20 배치와아프가니스탄 공습, 레이건의 등장 등을 목도하면서 ‘제2차 세계대전의 원자폭탄’으로시선을 향했다. 그 무렵 한국의 원폭 피해자에게도 변화가 시작되고 있었다. 1980년10월 8일 한·일 양 정부는 피폭자의 도일치료를 결정했다. 작가는 1970년대 합천원폭피해자진료소 개원, 손진두 소송의 승소, 도일치료 등을 접하면서 작품을 구상했다. 요컨대 ‘손진두 소송’으로 피폭자건강수첩을 교부받고 도일치료를 할 수 있는 길이 제한적으로 열린 시점에서 최창학은 한국인 원폭 피해자의 어떤 점에 주목하고 무엇을대변하여 독자에게 전달하고자 했을까. 전쟁과 피해자의 역사를 서사의 대상으로 삼은 전달자는 무엇을 어떻게 쓸 것인지 고심하지 않을 수 없다. 「해변의 묘지」는 이런고민의 산물이기에 이 소설이 지닌 문학적 전략과 효과는 구명(究明)되어야 할 과제라고 할 수 있다.

This study discusses Cemetery on the Beach, an atomic bomb novel written in 1981 by Choi Chang-hak (1941-2020). The late 1970s, when Choi envisioned this novel, was a period when the end of the detente opened an accelerating nuclear arms race between the United States (US) and the Soviet Union. Witnessing the the Soviet Union’s SS-20 deployment, the air strikes on Afghanistan, and US President Reagan’s intervension, Choi turned his eyes to the atomic bombs of World War II. At the time, the Korean victims of the Hiroshima atomic bombs were also experiencing changes. On October 8, 1980, the two governments of Korea and Japan decided to take the Korean victims to Japan for medical treatment. Choi put together his ideas for the novel in the 1970s amid the news of the new Hapcheon Atomic Bomb Victims Medical Center, the court’s ruling in favor of Son Jin-doo, a victim of the Hiroshima atomic bombs, and the medical treatment for Korean atomic bomb survivors in Japan. At a time when the Son Jin-doo lawsuit opened a small window for Korean atomic bomb survivors to obtain the Japanese Hibakusha Techo (booklet certifying atomic bomb victims) and go to Japan for medical treatment, what of the Korean atomic bomb victims attracted Choi’s attention and what did Choi seek to deliver to the readers on their behalf? A messenger narrating the history of war and its victims is compelled to worry over what to write and how. Since Cemetery on the Beach is a product of such worries, it is necessary to uncover the novel’s literary strategy and effects.

경안천 유입부(G 1)부터 팔당댐 앞 (P)까지의 2002년도 수질변동을 팔당호 전체 수질분포및 강우시기 등과 연동하여 평가하였다. 연평균 COD, 총인 및 총질소 농도는 경안천 유입부에서 댐 쪽으로 갈수록 농도가 크게 낮아지는 것으로 나타나, 경안천 유입하천의 높은 오염도가 직접 댐 앞 수질에 미치는 영향은 크지 않은 것으로 판단되었다. 조사시기 및 지점별 COD, 총인 및 총질소 농도는 강우기 (8, 9월)가 다른 조사시기에 비해 지점 간 차이가 적고, 초기농도도 상대적으로 낮았다. 클로로필 a 농도는 강우기 이후(10 ${\sim}$ 12월)보다는 이전(3${\sim}$6월)에 각 지점별 농도차이가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 팔당호 전체 수질분포에서, 북한강 유입수역 수온은 다른 수역에 비해 8월은 낮고 11월에는 높게 나타났다. COD와 SS농도는 강우기에는 각 수역별로 비교적 큰 농도차이를 보였으나 11월에는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았고, 농도도 낮았다. 4월 높았던 클로로필 a 농도는 강우기에는 현저하게 낮은 농도를 보였다. 4월에는 비교적 수심이 낮은 경안천 유입수역에서도 8월 및 11월에 비해 표층과 심층간의 수온 차가 크게 나타났다. 댐 앞 지점 SS농도는 4월에 표층에서 높고 8월에는 심층에서 높았다. 또한 COD, 총인, 총질소 농도는 8월이 4월에 비해 상 ${\cdot}$ 하층이 비교적 잘 혼합되고, 현저하게 낮은 농도를 보였으며, 11월에도 낮은 농도를 유지하고 있는 것으로 볼 때, 팔당호에서 수질관리에 집중해야 될 시기는 여름가을보다는 봄여름기간 중인 것으로 판단되었다.

Water quality fluctuation of Gyeongan water area in Paldang reservoir, which measured from the downstream sampling point of Gyeongan stream (G1) to dam sampling point (P), was examined in the light of seasonal rainfall and regional difference in the year of 2002. Annual COD, T-P and T-N concentration dropped conspicuously at the point P (in front of dam) although concentration of Gl point was high. Concentration variation of COD, T-P and T-N from Gl to P point in Gyeongan area was small in August and September. And at G l point showed relatively low concentration. Chlorophyll-a concentration varies less during the autumn season (October to December) than spring season (March to June). Water temperature of Bughangang (north Han-river) area was relatively lower in August and higher in November compared with that of other areas. COD and SS concentration showed big regional difference except in November when the concentrations of which were relatively low. The high Chlorophyll-a concentration of April fell conspicuously in rainy season. Gyeongan area, where the water depth is relatively shallow, indicated steep temperature gradient in April compared with that in August or November. High 55 concentration in April at P point characterized surface layer while the opposite was recorded in August. Mixing of upper and lower layers had taken place causing dilution of COD, T-N and T-P concentration in August. This condition was maintained throughout November. Therefore, spring-summer seasons needed more attention for water management countermeasure than summer-autumn seasons.

외르께늬 이슈뜨반(Örkény István, 1912-1979)의 <이탈리아(Itália)>는 1967년에 발표한 작품집 파리 끈끈이 위의 신혼부부(Nászutasok a légypapíron)에 처음으로 실린 에지뻬르쩨쉬(egyperces) 작품이다. 단지 여덟 개의 문장으로 구성되어 있는 이 작품은 많은 상징과 은유가 외르케니 특유의 초단편 소설, 에지뻬르쩨쉬라는 구조 속에서 씨줄과 날줄처럼 엮여져 있다. 본고에서는 이 작품의 내용적 의미에 대한 고찰로서, 우선 주된 모티브로 사용된 "이탈리아"가 어떠한 이미지로 작품에 차용 되었는지를 알아보고자 한다. 극히 짧은 작품 내에서 헝가리의 상황을 간결하면서도 재치 있게, 이탈리아와 관련된 여러 상징적인 요소들로 구성된 이 작품에 대해 상징의 근거를 배경으로 해석해 보았다. 또한 작품 전반에서 상반되는 이미지, 이중성(kettősség)의 계속되는 교차를 이 작품의 큰 특징으로 보고, 이를 중심으로 작품을 해석해 보았다. 작품 내에 나타나는 이탈리아에 대한 이미지에 대한 고찰과 이중성의 반복적 교차를 특징으로 한 작품 분석은 "이탈리아의 이미지" 자체가 헝가리인, 혹은 최소한 작가의 창작 당시 상황을 기본적인 배경으로 하고 있기에 별개의 주제가 아닌 하나의 큰 논의의 틀을 상정하여 본고에서 함께 다루어 보았다.

Orkeny Istvan's egyperces(a kind of short short story), <Italia> published in 1967 when the author was free from the formal and informal sanctions for about 17 years from the government. Although this work is composed of only 8 sentences, it is full of symbols and metaphors like his other egyperces. Relating to interpretation of his egyperces, once Orkeny Istvan compared the egyperces with the mathematical equations. This mathematical equation means that one member of the equation consists of the minimum which the writer would like to express, and the other member of the equation makes up the maximum that the readers can imagine. I tried to analyze this extremely short novel(egyperces) with the maximum of imagination. In this paper, I paid attention to the dual images in the antagonistic structure which we can find in the overall work like Italian conductor-Hungarian audience, opera performance-night entertainment, aristocratic figure-prostitute, guest-host, eternity like an art-momentary deal. And not only with the viewpoint of the contents, but also the expression of <Italia> like using italian words in the work, these dual images supply the readers with many frames of analysis. Among many frames of analysis, I tried to analyze the dual images as a political implications, because the Hungarian cultural policies imposed him on the sanction against the writer for 17 years. So I regard the image of <Un Ballo in Maschera> as a symbol of Risorsimento (Italian unification) and I suggested that through the very political movement, Orkeny show the contrasting ideals and Hungarian realities. For this collation of images, I attempted analyzing them with the theories of Plato and Aristotle relating to the Idea and Mimesis.

디그나가와 다르마끼르띠에 의해 확립된 불교인식론 텍스트전통은 궁극의 실재로서 마음의 현현(prakāśa)을 서술하는 문제에 관하여 두 가지 대별되는 철학적 입장을 낳게 된다. 그 문제는 마음에 드러나는 대상의 형상 혹은 모습(ākāra)이 궁극적으로 실재하는지(Sākāravāda-yogācāra, 유형상유가행파), 혹은 허구인지(Nirākāravāda-yogācāra, 무형상유가행파)에 대한 것이다. 11세기 인도 벵갈지역 비끄라마쉴라(Vikramaśīla) 승원대학에서 활동하였던 라뜨나까라샨띠(Ratnākaraśānti, 11세기)와 즈냐나슈리미뜨라(Jñānaśrīmitra, 11세기)에게도 이 문제는 중요한 화두였다. 본고는 선배인 라뜨나까라샨띠의 무형상론을 집중적으로 비판한 즈냐나슈리미뜨라의 대작 Sākārasiddhiśāstra(󰡔사까라싯디샤스뜨라󰡕, 이하 SSŚ)의 제1장 Nirākāranirākaraṇapariccheda(｢무형상론비판｣)을 논의의 시작점으로 삼아 후기 인도유식의 중요쟁점 가운데 하나인 마음의 현현과 대상의 형상(ākāra) 사이의 관계에 관한 논의들을 고찰한다. 후기 인도 유가행파의 위대한 학자였던 이 둘은 각자의 철학적 입장을 포괄적인 관점으로 견지하면서 매우 다양한 불교교학의 쟁점들을 설명한다. 그들 모두는 마음의 현현(prakāśa)을 승의제(paramārtha)에 위치시킨다. 그러나 이 학자들의 대별되는 입장을 지시하는 산스크리트 용어가 무엇이며, 각각의 용어가 지니는 철학적 함의가 무엇인가는 명확히 밝혀지지 않았다. 본고의 목적은 다음과 같다. (1) 후기 유가행파들이 의식의 현현을 어떻게 다르게 설명하는가를 살펴본다. 나아가 궁극의 실재에 대한 다른 입장이 어떻게 이를 깨닫기 위한 불일불이논증을 다르게 설명하는가를 살펴본다. (2) 유형상유가행파인 즈냐나슈리미뜨라가 ‘svaprakāśa’(마음 자체의 현현)라는 단어를 사용하는 한편, 무형상유가행파인 라뜨나까라샨띠는 ‘pra-kāśamātra’(마음의 현현 자체)라는 단어를 사용하여 마음의 현현을 지시한다는 점을 살펴본다.

The Buddhist logico-epistemological text-tradition established by Dign?ga (5-6th) and Dharmak?rti (7th) brought about the two contrasting philosophical positions that commit to describing the manifestation of consciousness (prak??a) as ultimate existence. The issue that provoked the long-lasted debate between the two parties is about whether the appearance of the object of consciousness is existent on the ultimate truth, or it is simply false. This debate drew huge attention from many Indian and Tibetan scholars till the last phase of Indian Buddhism, including Ratn?kara??nti (11th) and Jn?na?r?mitra (11th), who are respectively a Nir?k?ra-yog?c?ra and a S?k?ra-yog?c?ra. This paper explores divergent discussions, with which the two great pa??itas at Vikrama??la in Eastern India vigorously engaged, regarding the question of what relationship the manifestation of consciousness and the appearance of the object of consciousness have with each other. Insofar as both scholars maintain that the manifestation of awareness is the ultimate truth, they all maintain that the manifestation of consciousness is the ultimate existence of all phenomena. It, nonetheless, should be reminded that their divergent philosophical positions caused different ways of describing the nature of awareness and the way one directly experiences reality by applying the neither-one-nor-many argument. Unlike Ratn?kara??nti’s version of designating the ultimate nature of consciousness, which is prak??am?tra (bare-manifestation), is well known by modern scholars, what word Jn?na?r?mitra uses for explaining his philosophical position has been understudied. This paper argues that the term svaprak??a (awareness’s own manifestation) is the term Jn?na?r?mitra mainly uses throughout the entirety of his S?k?rasiddhi??stra (a treatise that proves that consciousness has true appearances). The discussion of this paper takes the point of departure in the first chapter (nir?k?ranir?kara?apariccheda, i.e., ‘The chapter for refuting that consciousness has no appearance on the ultimate level’) of the S?k?rasiddhi??stra. This paper consists of two articles, which respectively deal with the two central topics as follow, (1) How various Buddhist schools show divergent descriptions of what ultimately exists, and how do those differences cause differences in Buddhist path description focused on the application of the neither-one-nor-many argument. (2) Given what is examined in (1), I argue that the svaprak?a (awareness’s own manifestation) is the term that Jn?na?r?mitra mainly uses for referring to his philosophical position in countervailing Ratn?kara??nti’s prak??am?tra (the bare-manifestation of awareness).

Yi Yooksa’s poem “Gyomok(Lofty Tree)” gained attention after being featured in the 2007 College Entrance Exam and remains popular on YouTube. However, the common interpretations on the exam and YouTube focus on Yooksa’s life. This study analyzes Yooksa’s poem “Hosu(Lake),” sharing themes of “lake” and “shadow” from “Gyomok.” The argument is that these poems center not on Yooksa but a third person and discuss “death” more than “life.” Investigating the third person’s identity emphasizes Wanjaejeong’s significance at Wiyang Lake, Miryang. “Wajae(宛在)” originates from a verse in the poem “Gyeomga(蒹葭)” of the Classic of Poetry(詩經), translated by Yooksa. Wanjaejeong honors Gwon Sambyeon(권삼변), captured in the Imjin War, returning after 12 years in Japan. Plaques at Wanjaejeong by Yi Mando(이만도) and Song Byeongsun(송병순), who took their lives after Japanese annexation, stand together. Yi Mando’s profound impact on Yooksa’s poetic world is evident. Based on patriotic martyrs’ traces at Wanjaejeong and shadows over Wiyang Lake, “Hosu” and “Gyomok” express the ‘Unforgettable Person’ being “clearly visible in the water.” “To SS” in “Gyomok” likely refers to Seokjeong, Seju Yoon, Yooksa’s revolutionary comrade. Seokjeong appears often in Yooksa’s poems. Yooksa and Seokjeong possibly visited Wajejeong, honoring the ‘Unforgettable Person’ and making a secret pledge.

이 연구는 제 2차 세계대전기 할리치나의 우크라이나인 친(親)나치 부역자들로 구성된 무장친위대 사단, “제 14 무장친위대 척탄병 사단 ‘할리치나’”의 문제적 역사를 탐색하고자 하는 연구이다. 독일 무장친위대는 다수의 비(非)독일계 외국인 전투사단을 운용하였지만 할리치나 사단은 그 중에서도 가장 특별한 사례 중 하나로 꼽히는데, 이는 이 사단이 나치 인종주의 이론에 따르면 수탈과 착취, 말상의 대상에 다름 아닌 “열등인종”인 우크라이나인으로 이루어졌으며, 할리치나 지역 우크라이나 민족주의 운동과의 적극적 협력을 통해 만들어진 공동작품이었기 때문이었다. 주로 치안유지와 반(反)파르티잔 활동으로 그 용도가 국한되었던 다른 동슬라브계 사단과 달리 소련군과의 전투에 적극 활용되었다는 점에서도 무장친위대 외인부대의 역사 속에서 할리치나 사단은 다른 외국인 부대와 구별되는 특별한 위상을 가진 전투부대였다. 압도적인 전력 열세 속에서 벌어진 1944년 7월 브로디 전투에서 할리치나 사단은 전멸에 가까운 피해를 입었으나 이후 생존자를 중심으로 신속하게 재건되어 1945년 독일 패망 직전까지 슬로바키아와 오스트리아에서 나치 독일을 위해 여러 전투 임무를 수행하였다. 독일 패망 직전까지도 독일에 대한 충성을 유지했던 할리치나 사단은 피해자가 가해자에게 적극적으로 협력하고 부역하며 또 다른 가해자가 되는 기이한 관계로 점철된 제 2차 세계대전기 독일-우크라이나 관계의 문제적 국면을 상징하는 전형적 사례였다.

This paper is a case study that purports to investigate the problematic history of the “14 Waffen Grenadier Division der SS, ‘Galizien’” during the Second World War, with particular attention to its origins, background and its collaboration with Nazi Germany. In the history of the Waffen SS during the Second World War, the Galizien Division appeared one of the most controversial cases in that it was made of the pro-Nazi Ukrainians in Galicia, one of the allegedly “untermensch” peoples in the East according to the Nazi racial ideology. While the Waffen SS have a bunch of “untermensch” foreign divisions available, the Galizien Division was indeed sui generis, because it was created with active cooperation from OUN-M, who saw the division as a future linchpin for the building of an independent Ukrainian Army. Unlike other East-Slav divisions that were used only for anti-Partisan activities, the Division was deployed in the main front to fight the Soviet Army, especially in July 1944 at Brody, the Ukraine, a battle that forced the division to suffer from huge loss. After the battle of Brody, the division was rebuilt and deployed in Slovakia and Austria before its capitulation to the British Army in May 1945. The history of the Galizien Division was a microcosm showing the problematic nexus between the Nazi Germany and the Ukrainian nationalist movement, which had many commonalities with the Nazi.

Over the past decades, silk sericin (SS) received increasing attention in the academic and industrial fields. In nature, SS acts as a glue that holds the two strands of silk fibrils together. However, recent works suggest that SS might have a more diverse role during the silk spinning process, such as stabilizing the SF in the silk gland. On the other hand, the sericulture industry has been trying to find novel applications for SS discarded from the silk fabric manufacturing process. Recovery and refining of SS would be the first step of the recycling of SS. Using a proper solvent SS could be shaped into various forms, such as spherical beads, microparticles, fibers, and films. Moreover, the applicability of these SS materials has been investigated in various fields such as cosmetics, templates for nanomaterials, drug delivery, heavy metal adsorption, and enzyme immobilization.

Much attention has been given to the role of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed in preventing and treating osteroporosis recently. Although numerous studies were done on effects of safflower oil, no attention was given to the role of dietary fiber of safflower seeds. This study was aimed at investigating physiological significance of defatted safflower seed as a source of dietary fiber. Sprague Dawley female rats were assigned one of 5 groups: ovariectomized control (Ovx-control) group and ovariectomized rats 15% (Ovx-ss15) and 30% defatted safflower seed (Ovx-SS30), sham-operated (Sham) group and a normal group. Cholesterol was supplemented to all diets at 0.5% except the normal diet. Ovariectomized rats were pair-fed isocalorically to the Sham group. Ovariectomy caused heavier body weight, but feeding 30% safflower seed brought back to the level of Sham group. Activities of disaccharidases of jejunal mucosa were significantly lowered in Ovx-control group compared to those of Sham, and supplementation of safflower seed tended to increase the activities. Fecal weight of Ovx-SS15 and Ovx-SS30 were almost twice as those of Ovx-control Sham. Propionic acid and butyric acid concentrations per g of feces of Ovx-SS15 and daily excretion of these fatty acids were significantly increased as compared to those of Sham and Ovx-control. In concentration defatted safflower seed supplementation significantly increased fecal bulk and short chain fatty acid production in large intestine of rats.

Sungkyunkwan Scandal (SS) portrays the friendship of Sungkyunkwan students who dream of a new Chosun. In this paper, I closely read SS from a feminist/ queer perspective, focusing on representations of cross-dressing, masculinity, and men’s homosociality. I explore how SS imagines Chosun society and enacts a contemporary social critique through experiences and voices of a cross-dressing female who masquerades as a man. I also discuss how SS counters dominant notions of masculinity and intimacy between men. Kim Yoonshik challenges progressive men’s politics by questioning patriarchal ideology and advocating for gender equity. However, by frequently exposing her female body and femininity, SS neutralizes Yoonshik’s feminist subjectivity and visually spotlights her femaleness for her heterosexual romance. Diverse acts of cross-dressing in SS destabilize the binary gender category and disturb the dichotomy of heterosexuality and homosexuality by means of “mistaken” gender and sexuality. In particular, Yoonshik’s cross-dressing and passing foreground the constructedness of masculinity and reveal the uncertainty of masculinity in nature. The friendship of the Zalgeum 4 (Yoonshik, Sunjun, Guloh, and Yoelym) uncovers the potential continuum between homosociality and homosexuality in that they exchange critical pleasures, deep trust, and emotional care in the learning community. SS explicitly displays affectionate touching between men and draws attention to sensuality in friendship. For example, an episode about the gay-rumors revisits homosexuality and homophobia through the lens of Confucian logics. In SS, life and knowledge, self-reflection and social change, and friendship and love are connected and integrated. The friendship among the Zalgeum 4 forges an alternative way of life and creates a humane world in which justice and warmth coexist. SS invites the viewer to glance a utopian future in a fictional past.