Earticle

목적 : 본 연구는 첫째, 건측상지 제한치료(Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy; CIMT)가 상지기능 향상에 미치는 효과를 검증하고자 한다. 둘째, 건측상지 제한치료 효과의 지속을 위해 가정프로그램을 실행하여 효과의 지속성을 검증하고자 한다. 셋째, 상지기능의 향상이 작업수행에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 한다. 마지막으로 이상의 치료가 뇌졸중환자의 삶의 질(Quality of Life)에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 분석하고자 한다. 연구방법 : 치료 과정은 3시기로 구분할 수 있다. 첫째는 병원에서 건측상지 제한치료 시기이다. 둘째는 스스로 건측상지 제한치료 시기이다. 셋째는 가정프로그램으로 건측상지 제한치료 시기이다. 자료 수집은 젭슨 상지기능 검사(Jebsen Hand Function Test)와 뇌졸중환자 삶의 질 평가도구(SS-QOL), 캐나다 작업수행모델(COPM)을 이용하여 기초선을 측정하고 각 시기별 검사를 수행하였다. 결과 : 치료결과 환측 상지의 기능적인 향상을 보였으며 작업수행(occupational performance)의 수행도 및 만족도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 가정프로그램은 환측 상지기능을 지속적으로 향상시켰으며 건측상지 제한치료의 효과를 지속시켜 주었다. 마지막으로 뇌졸중 환자의 삶의 질에 이상의 치료들이 효과적이었다. 결론 : 본 연구 결과를 통해 건측 상지 제한치료가 환측 상지의 기능적인 향상에 도움을 주었으며, 삶의 질과 작업수행의 만족도에 좋은 결과를 주었다. 향후 연구에서는 가정 프로그램 진행시 가족의 적극적인 참여가 중요하게 포함되어야 할 것이다. 또한 CIMT 및 삶의 질을 연구할 때 심리적인 요인을 중요하게 고려해야 하며, 뇌졸중 환자의 삶의 질을 측정하는 도구인 SS-QOL 척도에 대한 국내 상황에 맞는 타당도 연구가 필요하다.

Objective : This case study examined the effectiveness of constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) in relation to quality of life in person with hemiparetic stroke. Methods : Constraint-induced movement therapy consisted of 3～4 hours of daily upper-limb training for 10 months at the hospital and home(from Nobemver 17, 2003 to August 21, 2003). Restrictive splint was worn on the nonparetic limb during waking hours. Outcomes were evaluated Jebsen Hand Function Test, SS-QOL, and COPM. Results : As a result, CIMT led to the functional enhancement of the patients’ upper limbs. It also had positive impacts on their execution and satisfaction of occupational performance. The family program turned out to contribute to the ongoing improvement of the patients’ upper limbs and thus to the continuation of the therapy’s effects. Finally, the treatment was effective in improving the quality of life of the stroke patients. Conclusion : Future treatments and studies need to contain the confirmation process, which will encourage the active participation and performance of the family, who has an important influence on the therapy. In addition, motives and psychological variables should be included in the studies. And verification efforts should be made in future studies of the indexes of stroke patients’ quality of life since those indexes have not been verified in the nation in terms of reliability and validity.

In order to find out the musical features of the Ci Yue works of women writers in the Song Dynasty, this paper confirms all the wo rks of women writers in the Song Dynasty that have survived as c i collections and music scores, and interprets the music features of women writers in the Song Dynasty. This manuscript identifies the features of the Song Dynasty femal e writers’ Ci Yue works, identifies all recorded Song Dynasty femal e Ci Yue(詞樂) writers and their works, and analyzes the musical features of Song Dynasty female Ci Yue. All kinds of word sets and music sets of Ci Yue were statisticall y sorted out, and the development process of Ci Yue was sorted ou t. 〈Song of Bai Shi Dao Ren〉by Jiang Kui in Song Dynasty is t he only Song Dynasty ci score that has been preserved, but it does not include female works. In the collection of Poems in the Grass Hall, there are many female works, and many female works were a dded in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Based on the female ci recor ded in 〈Cao Tang Shi Yu〉 and the study of various ancient music scores, it can be confirmed that there are four kinds of music score s for recording female Ci Yue, which are left over in China and Jap an in the 17th century, 〈Wei’s Music〉, 〈Jiugong Dacheng North-S outh Ci Gong Music〉 and 〈Sui Jin Ci Music〉, 23 female Ci Yue works of the Song Dynasty, 16 writers and 25 scores can be seen. In order to understand the meaning of lyrics and music in the wo rks of female writers, the authors were first divided into upper clas s, common class, and lower class according to their identities, and t he worldview of the lyrics in the works of each class was observe d. Taking advantage of the education and social environment of the ruling class, women of the upper class left a relatively large numbe r of works, as well as many works with themes of love and patriot ism. The works of common women, based on the education they received in their families, generally express the personal emotions of men and women in love and family life. In addition, the lower-class female writers who used to be geisha or maidservants mainly expre ss their resistance to fate and longing for free love in their works d ue to the particularity of their status and occupation. In order to grasp the characteristics of female ci music works, th e composition, rhythm, rhythm and music category are observed. Th e result shows that the female works mainly use the FanZi(凡字)k ey (1=e) and the XiaoGong(小工) key (1=d). The works of the uppe r class women are mainly in seven-tone mode, with the most “Ling” and the second most “Man”. The Meter(節拍) are mainly 2/4 and 4/4. The works of civilian women are mainly in pentatonic mode, a nd the Meter(節拍) are mostly in 2/4 time and Senza Misura(自由節 奏). The number of “Ling” and “Yin or Jin” is more. The works of lower-class women are mainly in pentatonic mode, and the Meter is Senza Misura(自由節奏). There are a large amount of “Ling” and “Y in” in the works. As mentioned above, this manuscript is a translation and musical analysis of ancient music scores from the 17th century, and attempt s to reinterpret the results in the development of Song Ci Yue. The result proves that female Ci Yue in Song Dynasty developed in vari ous forms, and its musical characteristics were developed to the extent that it was clearly distinguished by class. Through this study, we got rid of the previous research on female ci music and proved that it is possible to study music. This paper puts forward the nece ssity of changing the perspective and method of Chinese women’s music research in the future.

In this research, the welding experiment was carried out with both the steel materials (SS400+SS400, SUS304+SUS304) and the different steel materials (SS400+ SUS304), where SS400 is a general structural rolled steel material and SUS304 is a cold strip stainless steel sheet. The average of yield point of a SS400 experimental piece was the most highest point with 2015.54 N/m2. Although welding defects were not found with the naked eye, it was sure that there were some wilding defects because there were no stress against load through experiments. The rate of yield point of experimental piece A, experimental piece B and experimental piece C was respectively 1.7mm, 1.3mm and 2.6mm. The rate of breakdown was respectively 39.77mm, 17.97mm and 2.6mm. So considering price and efficiency with use condition is very important. SS400 and SUS304 will be profited from considering price and mechanical property with use condition.

황산염환원균(SRB)을 이용하여 심부 토양 내 용존 중금속을 안정화시키는 연구를 수행하였다. 폐광산 주변 농경지 3 곳에서 토양을 채취하여 ① 비멸균 토양에 SO42-를 공급한 경우(SO4), ② 멸균토양에 SRB를 접종한 경우(SRBo), ③ 비멸균 토양에 SRB와 SO42-를 공급한 경우(SS)로 나누어 9 주에 걸친 배치 실험을 수행하였다. 1, 4, 7, 9주에 0.1 N HCl 및 Mehlich 단일용출법으로 토양을 용출한 후 비교시료에 대한 안정화 효율을 평가하였다. Mehlich 용출을 통해서는 Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd(4~55%), 0.1 N HCl 용출 결과, Pb(2~41%)가 비교시료에 비하여 높은 안정화 효율을 보였다. 또한 SS 시료(17~55%)에서 높은 안정화 효율을 보인 반면, SRBo 시료(2~37%)에서는 낮은 효율을 보였다. 토양 상등액을 채취하여 분석한 결과, As로 심각하게 오염된 토양의 SO4와 SS 시료에서 As 용출량이 감소하였다. 이는 중금속 오염 심부 토양에 SRB 및 적절한 SO42-를 공급하면 As 및 중금속의 이동도를 효과적으로 감소시킬 수 있음을 나타낸다.

Heavy metal stabilization in soil was investigated using sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). Samples were collected from three agricultural soils near abandoned mines, and a nine-week batch experiment was performed following the classification of soils as ① non-sterile soil with SO42- (SO4), ② sterile soil with SRB (SRBo), and ③ non-sterile soil with SRB and SO42- (SS). Heavy metals were extracted using 0.1 N HCl or Mehlich, and the stabilization efficiency was evaluated by comparing the results to the control. Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd (4?55%) had higher stabilization efficiency than the control in Mehlich extraction, while Pb (2?41%) had higher stabilization efficiency than the control in 0.1 N HCl extraction. The SS samples demonstrated a high stabilization efficiency (17?55%), whereas the SRBo samples (2?37%) showed a low efficiency. Dissolved As decreased in the supernatant of the SO4 and SS samples, especially in the high-As soil. These results indicate that incorporating SRB and SO42- into soil contaminated with heavy metals can effectively decrease the mobility of As and heavy metals.

대통령경호업무의 분야는 크게 예방과 현장진압 및 수사 등으로 나누어진다. 그러나 현재 대통령경호실의 수사기능은 관련법에 규정이 되어 있음에도 불구 하고 그 존재 여부가 매우 미미하다고 할 수 있다. 향후 우리나라 경호조직 체 계의 방향이 세분화되고 전문화된 방향으로 선진화 되어갈 때 대통령 위해사범 에 대한 수사권한의 실제화는 매우 필요한 시점이 되었다. 본 연구는 미국 백악관 경호실(Secret Service)의 경호업무 외에 위조지폐 수사 등 단순히 피상적으로 알려진 수사기능에 대한 심도 있는 고찰을 통하여, 미래 우리나라 대통령경호실 수사 분야에 대한 발전적인 시사점을 제시하였다. 관련 자료는 Secret Service(이하 ‘SS’라 한다) 홈페이지 및 미국의회도서관 자료, 그동안 학회에 발표된 관련 자료를 인용하였으며, 다음과 같이 세 가지로 요약된다. 첫째, SS의 주요 임무는 크게 두 가지로, 주요인사에 대한 경호업무와 돈 세 탁, 위조지폐 단속 등 금융범죄에 대한 수사업무로 나눈다. 둘째. 1865년 SS 기관 태동 시 최초 임무는 위조지폐 단속 등 수사업무를 위 해 설립되었으며, 이후 경호업무는 추가적으로 부여받았다. 셋째. SS의 수사업무는 현재도 그 업무영역이 지속적으로 확장되고 있으며, 전문화되며 발전하고 있다. 다시 말하여, 세계 대다수 경호기관의 롤 모델(roll model)이 되는 SS의 수 사업무는 다른 나라 경호기관의 분장업무에도 파급효과가 클 것이다. 우리나라 대통령 경호실에도 관련법인「대통령 등의 경호에 관한 법률」제17조(경호공 무원의 사법경찰권)에 근거하여 수사업무가 소관임무로 주어져 있다. 앞으로 시대적 소명에 의한, 현재의 소극적 운영에서 탈피하여 점차 그 기능이 발전적 으로 확대될 것으로 본다. 이에 앞서 학계에서의 활발한 이론적 토론과 선행연 구가 요구된다고 볼 수 있다.

Presidential Guard field work in the field of prevention and suppression and investigation is largely divided into such. In Korea, however, the investigation of the relevant institutions to function despite the provisions of law whether there is very little that can be said. Guard our country's future direction is detailed and specialized organizational structure in the direction of advancement of the offenders to go to the president is very necessary for the investigation of authority at the time was actualized. In this study, the White House Security Service(Secret Service) in addition to the escort business, such as counterfeiting investigation known as simply superficial features in-depth investigation to study the future development direction of Korea Presidential Security Service was presented in the field of investigation. Data Secret Service('SS') shall Library of Congress website and materials, and related material published in the Society was quoted, as summarized in the following three. First, SS is divided into a main mission, escort services for key personnel and money laundering, counterfeiting and other financial crimes enforcement investigations and divide tasks. Second. 1865 SS during gestation as the first task is to work counterfeiting enforcement for investigation established, since the guard was given additional duties. Third. SS is the area of the investigation work is currently being expanded continuously, and being specialized. In other words, the world's role model for the majority of the Secret Service investigation of the SS escort agency business in other countries, even the make-up work will be greater ramifications. Laws of our country, even the President secret service guard the president, such as Article 17 of the Act(the jurisdiction in the investigation of special protective judicial police), based on the make-up work is given in investigation work. Era by calling the gradual move away from the current passive operation may be deemed to expand its capabilities. In a lively debate in the academic community and the previous studies is required.

본 연구의 목적은 직렬연결 수직 및 수평 흐름 갈대 제올라이트 인공습지에 생활하수를 간헐적으로 주입하였을 때 처리효율을 조사하는 것이다. 각 항목별 유입수에 대한 평균 처리효율은 수직 흐름 인공습지 유출수에서 BOD 92.42%, CODCr79.02%, CODMn 80.62%, SS 98.33%, T-N 37.06%, NH4+-N 99.45%, T-P 57.96%이었으며 수평 흐름 인공습지 유출수에서BOD 95.56%, CODCr 91.02%, CODMn 87.78%, SS 99.22%, T-N 45.87%, NH4+-N 99.88%, T-P 71.17%이었다. 최종 유출수 중T-N은 대부분이 NO3--N이었으며 NO2--N은 평균 0.04mg/L 이하이었다. 특히, 갈대 제올라이트 인공습지는 SS와 NH4+-N의처리에 탁월하였다

A sewage was treated using serially combined vertical and horizontal flow zeolite-filled reed bed. The sewage from thestudent dormitory of Changwon National University was fed into the reed bed for 10 minutes every 6 hours at thehydraulic load of 314 L/㎡․day. The reed bed depth was 100㎝ and the zeolite mixture was filled in the reed bed. Themixture consisted of the same volume of two types of zeolite ; 0.5∼1㎜ and 1∼3㎜ in diameter. pH value decreased invertical bed, while it increased in horizontal bed. But DO concentration in the effluent of both beds was higher than that inthe influent. Average removal efficiencies of the entire treatment system were 99.22% SS, 95.56% BOD, 91.02% CODCr,87.78% CODMn, 45.87% T-N, 99.88% NH4+-N and 71.17% T-P. Most of T-N in the effluent was NO3--N. However, theconcentration of NO2--N in the effluent was lower than 0.04 mg/L. All removal efficiencies did not show a remarkableseasonal change

고도 산업화로 인해 고농도 하폐수 및 다양한 성상의 폐수가 유입되고 있는 실정이다. 특히, 수산물 가공 공정에서 나오는 유입수의 농도부하 및 염분유입에 따른 하폐수 처리 시설 본 공정의 충격부하로 인해 고도의 기술과 운영자의 전문성을 요하 고 있다. 이런 환경에 적합하다고 알려진 4stage-BNR공법과 Media process의 처리효율을 비교하였으며, 안정적인 처리수를 얻기 위해서 공정인자의 최적화 연구를 진행하였다. 수산물 가공공정에서 발생하는 세척수의 원수를 측정 시, 평균 BOD 717 mg/L, COD 261 mg/L, SS 470 mg/L, T-N 102.4 mg/L, T-P 17.478 mg/L로 측정되었다. 염분유입에 대한 처리수질은 4stage-BNR은 BOD 97.7%, SS 96.5%, T-N 53.5%, 85.0%와 Media process는 BOD 97.8%, SS 98.2%, T-N 62.7%, 89.4% 로 나타났다. 개선된 고도처리 공법인 Media process의 처리 효율이 더 우수한 것으로 나타났으며, 공정인자 변화에 따른 처 리효율을 추가적으로 분석하였다. HRT 변화에 따른 제거 효율은 T-N은 9 hr, T-P는 8 hr에서 가장 높았다. MLSS 변화에 따 른 제거효율은 MLSS 4,000~6,000 mg/L 구간에서 T-N 69.7%, T-P 94.0%로 가장 높았다. F/M비에 따른 처리효율은 0.075~0.08에서 가장 높았다. SRT에 따른 처리효율은 T-N 9day, T-P 8day에서 가장 높은 처리 효율을 보였다.

According to the high concentration of wastewater and various wastewater characteristics due to advanced industrialization, the operation of a sewage treatment plant is also increasingly requiring technology. In particular, the characteristics of wastewater are increasing according to the inflow of salt and the concentration load and salt inflow occurring during the processing of fishery products. Accordingly, the activated sludge method and the Media method were compared for comparison of treatment efficiency and comparative evaluation of stable treated water. Also, it was studied for the optimization value among the process factors. In the case of fishery products washing water, when measuring raw water, BOD 717 mg/L, COD 261 mg/L, SS 470 mg/L, T-N 102.4 mg/L, and T-P 17.478 mg/L were measured. In the case of 4stage-BNR, the treated water quality for salt inflow was BOD 97.7%, SS 96.5%, T-N 53.5%, 85.0% and Media method BOD 97.8%, SS 98.2%, T-N 62.7%, and 89.4%. The improved treatment efficiency of the advanced treatment method Media was found to be more excellent, and the treatment efficiency according to the process factor change was additionally analyzed. The removal efficiency according to HRT change was highest at 9hr for T-N and 8hr for T-P. The removal efficiency according to the change in MLSS was highest at 69.7% of T-N and 94.0% of T-P in the MLSS 4,000~6,000mg/L section. The treatment efficiency according to the F/M ratio was highest at 0.075~0.08. Treatment efficiency according to SRT showed the highest treatment efficiency at T-N 9 days and T-P 8 days.

본 연구는 강우 시 하수처리장에서 단순 침전하여 방류되는 2Q를 기존의 응집조, 응결조를 대체할 수 있는 시설로 hydrocyclone 를 이용하여 고속 응집·응결하여 침전하는 하이브리드형 경사판 침전지(HIS, hybrid-type inclined settler) 시스템의 적용 가능성 을 분석함에 있다. 응집제로는 3곳의 제조회사에서 제조한 chitosan을 주입하여 응집교반실험(응집 1분, 응결 3분, 침전 10분)하여 잔류탁도를 분석한 결과 D사에서 제조한 chitosan이 잔류농도가 가장 낮게 나타났고, chitosan 최적 주입농도는 11 mg/L으로 분 석되었다. 하천 및 도로변에 퇴적된 미세 토양입자를 채취하여 200 μm 이하 입자들을 수돗물로 희석하여 강우 유출수 모의 시료 로 사용하였다. HIS 시스템의 경사판 침전지의 체류시간 1.17-4.17 min, 수면적 부하율 170.7-609.5 m3/m2/day 범위의 운전조건에 서 200 μm 이하 도로변 퇴적물질 미세입자를 대상으로 처리효과를 분석한 결과, 탁도 처리효율 범위는 71.2-89.1%(평균 82.8%), SS는 83.2-99.2%(평균 93.5%)로 분석되었다. Hydrocyclone 하부배출수의 평균입경은 유입수 입경보다 증가하는데 이는 chitosan 에 의한 응집이 hydrocyclone에서 플럭을 형성하는 것으로 분석되었다. 강우 시 하수처리장으로 유입되어 미처리되는 2Q를 화학 적으로 처리 시 hydrocyclone은 응집조, 응결조를 대체할 수 있는 방안으로 판단된다.

The objective of this study is development of HIS (hybrid-type inclined settler) system for treatment of untreated 2Q wastewater during storm event. Instead of coagulation and flocculation reactor, HIS system was used hydrocyclone for coagulation. HIS system is consisted of hydrocyclone with chitosan coagulant and inclined storage tank. Three type chitosan (manufacture P, K, D) were used to determine the optimum type coagulant for treatment of storm runoff. As the results of Jar test (rapid mixing 1 min, slow mixing 3 min, settling 10 min), the best type chitosan was D chitosan and the optimum dosage of 11 mg/L for road side sediments was analysed. Because of the effectiveness of chitosan in removing turbidity was independent on pH, the operation of HIS system would be simple. The synthesized storm runoff was made with water and addition of under 200 μm stream sediments. The operated range of inclined settler retention time was 1.17-4.17 min and surface loading rate was 170.7-609.5 m3/m2/day. Results indicate that the range of removal efficiency of turbidity and SS were 71.2-89.1% (mean 82.8%) and 83.2-99.2% (mean 93.5%), respectively. As a results of micro particle size treatment, average particle size in foul flow was greater than that in inflow, which means that coagulation by chitosan makes floc well in hydrocyclone. HIS system would have possibility for replace coagulation and flocculation reactor to treat untreated 2Q of sewer overflows.

본 연구는 2단(수직 및 수평 흐름) 복층여재(모래와 제올라이트 그리고 모래와 굴 껍질) 갈대 인공습지에 생활하수를 간헐적으로 주입하였을 때 각 수질항목별 처리효율 평가이다. 하수는 수리학적 부하량 314 L/m2․day(수직 흐름 인공습지 기준)를 하루 4(10분 동안 주입 후 5시간 50분 동안 중단)회 균등하게 간헐적으로 주입하였다. 그 결과 유출수의 pH는 수평흐름 인공습지 굴 껍질 층의 높이에 크게 영향을 받았으며 굴 껍질 층의 높이가 200 ㎜일 때 pH 6.24를 보였다. DO(oxygen demand)는 유입수(0.19 ㎎/L)보다 수직 흐름 인공습지 유출수(7.65 ㎎/L)에서 높았다가 수평 흐름 인공습지 유출수(6.49 ㎎/L)에서는 다시 낮아졌다. 그리고 여름보다 겨울에 높았다. 또한 OTR(oxygen transfer rate)은 수직 흐름 인공습지 57.15 g O2/㎡ㆍday 그리고 수평 흐름 인공습지 5.65 g O2/㎡ㆍday로 나타났다. NH4+-N의 처리효율은 80.17% (유출수농도 6.01 ㎎/L)로 전부를 제올라이트로 충진하였을 경우(타 연구)와 비교하여 낮았지만 수직 흐름 인공습지 제올라이트300 mm 충진 층으로도 하수처리에서 요구되는 방류수질의 T-N 농도(20 ㎎/L)까지 안전성 있게 처리할 수 있을 것으로예측된다. 각 항목별 평균 처리효율은 유출수에서 SS 88.09%, BOD 88.12%, CODCr 83.11%, CODMn 85.58%, T-N 57.21%,NH4+-N 80.17%, T-P 86.73%를 보였다. NO3--N의 농도는 수직 흐름 인공습지 유출수에서 보다 수평 흐름 인공습지 유출수에서 감소하였다. 유출수 중 T-N의 반 이상이 NO3--N(7.92 ㎎/L)으로 잔존하였으며 NO2--N은 평균 0.90mg/L이었다. T-P의처리효율은 굴 껍질의 충진 층 높이가 800 ㎜에서 93.24%, 500 ㎜에서 86.30% 그리고 200 ㎜에서 55.44%로 굴 껍질 충진층의 높이에 비례하였다.

A sewage was treated using a serially combined vertical(VFCW) and horizontal flow double media (sand and zeolite for VFCWand sand and waste oyster-shell for HFCW) reed constructed wetland(HFCW) with intermittent feeding (see Fig. 1). The sewagewas fed into the reed constructed wetland for 10 minutes every 6 hours at the hydraulic load of 314 L/㎡․day. The summarizedresults were as follows: pH values in the effluent depended very heavily on oyster-shell height filled in the HFCW. They weremaintained at less than pH 6.24 when the height of the oyster-shell layer was 200 mm. Influent DO(oxygen demand)values(average 0.19 ㎎/L) were increased in the VFCW(average 7.65 ㎎/L) and decreased again in the HFCW(average 6.49 ㎎/L). They were higher in the winter than in the summer. The OTR(oxygen transfer rate) was 57.15 g O2/㎡ㆍday in theVFCW and 5.65 g O2/㎡ㆍday in the HFCW. The removal efficiency of NH4+-N was 80.17%(6.01 NH4+-N ㎎/L in theeffluent). It was lower than that in the case where only zeolite was filled in the reed constructed wetland. But it was expectedthat treated sewage effluent using a double media reed constructed wetland with 300 mm zeolite layer could stably meet theKorean treated sewage effluent standard(20 mg T-N/L). Average removal efficiencies were SS 88.09%, BOD 88.12%, CODCr83.11%, CODMn 85.58%, T-N 57.21%, NH4+-N 80.17%, T-P 86.73%. Nearly, The concentration of NO3--N in the effluent of theVFCW was decreased in that of the HFCW. More than half of T-N in the effluent was NO3--N(7.92 ㎎/L) but theconcentration of NO2--N in the effluent was average 0.90 mg/L. The removal efficiencies of T-P were 93.24%, 86.30% and55.44% at the height of the oyster-shell-filled constructed wetland of 800 mm, 500 mm and 200 mm, respectively andtherefore, they were proportional to oyster-shell height filled in the HFCW.

하이드로싸이클론은 높은 수면적부하율로 운전이 가능하고 구동부분이 없으며, 운전비용 및 유지관리비가 적게 소요되어미세입자물질 제거에 효과적인 장치로 다양한 산업 분야에서 활용되고 있다. 본 연구의 목표는 이중하이드로싸이클론 경사판침전조 시스템(HISS)의 개발이다. HISS 시스템은 연속회분식반응조(SBR) 방류수내 TP농도를 0.2 mg/L 이하로 처리하기 위해 폴리염화알루미늄 실리카(PACS-2)응집제를 이용하였다. PACS-2 최적주입농도를 분석한 결과 3.0~5.0 mg/L를 주입하였을때 탁도 제거효율이 가장 높게 나타났다. 평균 처리유량 10.7 m3/day, 내부 하이드로싸이클론 체류시간 1.5~1.8 sec(평균1.6 sec), 외부 하이드로싸이클론 체류시간 29.2~36.3 sec(평균 32.2 sec)에서 운전하였다. 경사판침전조의 체류시간은14.6~18.1 min(평균 16.1 min), 월유율은 23.8~29.8 m3/m2·day(평균 26.8 m3/m2·day)로 분석되었다. HISS 시스템을 적용하여 처리한 결과 평균 유출수 농도는 탁도 0.3 NTU, SS 0.4 mg/L, BOD5 3.6 mg/L, CODcr 7.0 mg/L, TN 3.6 mg/L, TP 0.1 mg/L로분석되었다. 수질항목별 평균 처리효율은 탁도 65.0~95.7%(평균 82.1%), SS 50.0~100.0%(평균 84.2%), BOD5 35.2~65.0% (평균 50.8%), CODcr 42.9~71.4%(평균 55.2%), TN 9.3~17.6%(평균 12.2%), TP 56.5~89.7%(평균 77.8%)로 분석되었다. 하이드로싸이클론과 경사판 침전조를 조합한 HISS 시스템은 TP고도처리에 적용 가능성 있으며, 기존 방식의 응집에 비교하여구동부분이 감소되어 단순하고 컴팩트한 공정으로 비용절감 및 유지관리 측면에서도 장점이 있는 것으로 판단된다.

Hydrocyclone is widely used in industry, for its simple design, high capacity, low maintenance and low operational cost. The objective of this study is to develop the hybrid inclined settler system (HISS). The HISS is consisted of inner and outer hydrocyclone ballasted coagulation with polyaluminium chloride silicate 2 (PACS-2) to meet the reinforced discharge standard (TP ≤ 0.2 mg/L). The results of Jar test showed that PACS-2 optimum dosage was 3.0~5.0 mg/L. As the results of HISS field test, on condition of a average flowrate was 10.7 m3/day the inner and outer hydrocyclone hydraulic retention time was 1.5~1.8 sec (mean 1.6 sec), 29.2~36.3 sec (mean 32.3 sec), respectively. And the range of retention time for inclined settler was 14.6~18.1 min (mean 16.1 min). The average water quality of the HISS effluent were Turbidity 0.3 NTU, SS 0.4 mg/L, BOD5 3.6 mg/L, CODcr 7.0 mg/L, TN 3.6 mg/L, TP 0.1 mg/L, respectively. The range of removal efficiency of turbidity, SS, BOD5, CODcr, TN, TP were 65.0~95.7% (mean 82.1%), 50.0~100.0% (mean 84.2%), 35.2~65.0% (mean 50.8%), 42.9~ 71.4% (mean 55.2%), 9.3~17.6% (mean 12.2%), 56.5~89.7% (mean 77.8%), respectively. Therefore the HISS proved higher efficiency for treatment of TP. HISS system is simple and no moving parts compare with conventional coagulation system, therefore the HISS system would have possibility for replace coagulation and flocculation reactor to TP advanced treatment.

터널 굴착 및 건설현장에서 먼지 억제를 위한 세륜시설은 폐수배출시설에 해당되지 않으므로 수질 및 수생태계 보전 에 관한 법규에 방류수에 대한 별도의 규정이 없기에 현장에서 발생한 폐수는 건설현장 근처 하류에 오염된 상태로 방류 되어 수 생태계를 파괴하는 환경오염의 원인이 되어 끊임없이 분쟁이 발생한다. 건설현장 및 터널굴착현장에서 별도의 처리 시설이 없는 경우가 대부분으로 이러한 폐수환경오염문제에 대한 분쟁이 계속해서 발생하는 실정이다. 이에 따라 수조 및 살수 방식의 습식 세륜을 통해 발생한 폐수를 처리하여 공공수역 오염을 최소화하기 위한 효과적인 폐수 처리방 법에 대해 많은 연구가 추진되고 있다. 이 연구에서는 부유 고형물 및 강 알카리성이 높은 건설 폐수를 처리하기 위해 연 구하여 이동식 다단응집침전장치(3단)를 개발하였다. 연구, 개발하여 만들어낸 본 장치는 자동차에 트레일러식으로 연결 하여 이동이 가능하며 다단응집반응조에서 혼합, 응집, 침전, 및 농축과정을 거처 처리된 물이 방출된다. 이 기술은 별도 의 하수도 시설을 필요로 하지 않고 건설 폐수 처리를 위한 경제적이고 효율적인 기술이다. 장비의 성능을 검증하기 위 해 실제 건설 폐수를 수집하고 분석하였다. 그 결과, SS 88.31%, 탁도 81.14% 및 CODcr 54.17 %가 제거되었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 이 기술을 사용하게 되면 수 처리 비용이 절감될 뿐만 아니라 처리 효율이 향상될 것으로 기대된다.

Wastewater generated from tunnel excavation and construction site is constantly generating complaints and disputes due to environmental pollution problem caused by turbid water in a river near a construction site. Therefore, there is a lot of research on the processing method. In this study, a continuous multistage (3-stage) flocculation and precipitation reactor was developed to treat the construction wastewater with high concentration of suspended solids and strong alkalinity. This R & D technology can carry out mixing, coagulation, sedimentation and concentration in one reaction tank. And has a high response to the deterioration of the wastewater which is continuously changing. This technology is an economical and efficient technology for treating construction wastewater without the need for a separate sewer facility. In order to verify the performance of the equipment, we collected and analyzed the actual construction waste water. As a result, SS 88.31%, Turbidity 81.14% and CODcr 54.17% were removed. Therefore, it is expected that the use of this technology will reduce water treatment costs and increase treatment efficiency. This technology can reduce the facility cost and the required site area compared to the existing coagulation sedimentation technology. It is also possible to remove suspended matters with high efficiency without using coagulant and coagulant.

국내에서는 비점오염 저감 및 LID 시설에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 수로형 인공습지에 의한 강우 유출수 처리에 대한 연구를 시행하였다. 비점오염저감시설 주변 비닐하우스 지역의 면적은 22.7ha이며 강우 시 비닐하우스지 대를 관통하면서 유출되는 비점오염 오염물질을 처리한다. 2006년부터 2008년까지 총 17번의 모니터링을 시행하였으며 다양한 강우를 대상으로 모니터링이 수행되었다. 17회의 모니터링을 통해 얻어진 TSS의 저감효율 범위는 78.3~92.0%로 나타났으며, BOD의 경우 49.5~63.4%, COD의 경우 56.4~66.1%, TN의 경우 28.2~45.5%, TP의 경우 35.6~45.3%로 나타났다. 총 17회의 모니터링 저감효율 범위에 대한 평균값을 산정한 결과, TSS의 경우 86.0%로 나타났으며, BOD의 경우 51.6%, COD의 경우 60.1%, TN의 경우 30.1% 그리고 TP의 경우 53.5%로 나타났다. 연구대상 식생수로에서 제거되는 오염물질은 다른 저류형 습지와 달리 주로 입자상 오염물질이었는데 그 이유는 기하학적 형태 및 구조적으로 체류시간이 짧고 유기물질과 질소 등 용존성 유기물질의 제거에 기여하는 생물화학적 처리환경의 조성에 한계가 있기 때문이다.

Researches about NPS(Non-point Pollution Source) reduction have been widely carried out in recent years. A pilot channel-type constructed wetland (wet swale) was constructed in Rongyin area to treat stormwater generated from a green house agro-land of 22.7 ha. From 2006 to 2008, monitoring was conducted to evaluate its performance on the removal effect for organic pollutants as well as nutrients. Totally, sampling trips of 17 rainfall events were made and they covered most types of storm events in Korea. The channel-type constructed wetland have average removal efficiencies of 78.3~92.0%, 56.4~66.1%, 28.2~45.5% and 50.6~66.4% for SS, COD, TN and TP, respectively. According to four methods for estimating the removal efficiency, the average efficiencies of TSS, COD, TN and TP are 86.0%, 60.1%, 30.1% and 53.5%, respectively. From 2006 to 2008, annual efficiency improved due to infiltration potential increase. It was found that most of the pollutants removed in this channel type of wetland was particulate solids bound pollutants, which is assumed fact that it lacks of physico-chemical treatment conditions which are commonly observed in the retention type of constructed wetlands.

Background Endocrine disruptors are exogenous substance, interfere with the endocrine system, and disrupt hormonal functions. However, the effect of endocrine disruptors in different species has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the possible effects of 17ss-estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), genistein (GEN) and 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), on capacitation and the acrosome reaction in bovine, mouse, and porcine spermatozoa. In this in vitro trial, spermatozoa were incubated with 0.001-100 muM of each chemical either 15 or 30 min and then assessed capacitation status using chlortetracycline staining. Results E2 significantly increased capacitation and the acrosome reaction after 30 min, while the acrosome reaction after 15 min incubation in mouse spermatozoa. Simultaneously, capacitation and the acrosome reaction were induced after 15 and 30 min incubation in porcine spermatozoa, respectively. Capacitation was increased in porcine spermatozoa after 15 min incubation at the lowest concentration, while the acrosome reaction was increased in mouse spermatozoa after 30 min (P <0.05). E2 significantly increased the acrosome reaction in porcine spermatozoa, but only at the highest concentration examined (P <0.05). P4 significantly increased the acrosome reaction in bovine and mouse spermatozoa treated for 15 min (P <0.05). The same treatment significantly increased capacitation in porcine spermatozoa (P <0.05). P4 significantly increased capacitation in mouse spermatozoa treated for 30 min (P <0.05). GEN significantly increased the acrosome reaction in porcine spermatozoa treated for 15 and 30 min and in mouse spermatozoa treated for 30 min (P <0.05). OP significantly increased the acrosome reaction in mouse spermatozoa after 15 min (P <0.05). Besides, when spermatozoa were incubated for 30 min, capacitation and the acrosome reaction were higher than 15 min incubation in E2 or GEN. Furthermore, the responsiveness of bovine, mouse and porcine spermatozoa to each chemical differed. Conclusions In conclusion, all chemicals studied effectively increased capacitation and the acrosome reaction in bovine, mouse, and porcine spermatozoa. Also we found that both E2 and P4 were more potent than environmental estrogens in altering sperm function. Porcine and mouse spermatozoa were more responsive than bovine spermatozoa.

The purpose of this study was investigated to runoff characteristics and unit pollutant load of nonpoint source of first runoff from road during storm event. Road runoff generally contains significant loads of micro-particles, heavy metals and organic constituents. There were two major objectives of this study. The first objective was to characterize pattern of road runoff. The second objective was to estimate of the unit pollutants load from the road first runoff. First flush runoff for four storm events was monitored on three sites of road areas in Daejeon along with traffic volume. The quantity of road runoff and quality constituents, including chemical oxygen demand(CODcr), sus-pended solids(SS), biological oxygen demand(BOD5), total nitrogen(T-N), total phosphorus (T-P), heavy metals were analyzed. The results showed that the event mean concentration(EMC) of BOD5, CODcr, SS, T-N, T-P, Fe, Cu, Cr, Zn, Pb average rages were 66 mg/L, 272 mg/L, 263 mg/L, 13.77 mg/L, 0.52 mg/L, 8.937 mg/L, 0.130 mg/L, 0.113 mg/L, 0.616 mg/L, 0.171 mg/L, respectively. The average unit pollutants load for first runoff from road BOD5, CODcr, SS, T-N, T-P, Fe, Cu, Cr, Zn, Pb were 102, 298, 552, 23.4, 0.77, 17.24, 0.47, 0.09, 1.18, 0.58 g/a/day, and 1.243, 3.685, 3.282, 0.180, 0.009, 0.115, 0.002, 0.002, 0.010, 0.0035 g/a/mm, respectively.

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). The Editor-in-Chief and ANR editorial board have decided to retract this article because the scientific integrity of the content cannot be guaranteed. The article shows evidence of redundant publication and falsification of instruments. This article was a duplicate of a paper that had already been published in Journal of the Korean Data & Information Science Society Vol 29, No. 3, May 2017 (doi 10.7465/jkdi.2017.28.3.585). The identical data collection period, study sample, variables, and instruments between these two papers show strong evidence of plagiarism. One of the conditions of submission of a paper for publication is that authors declare explicitly that their work is original and has not appeared in a publication elsewhere. Re-use of any data should be appropriately cited. This article is published based on a master's thesis (Kim YE. The effects of the transformational leadership of managers perceived by public health nurses and their social capital on empowerment [master's thesis]. Dague (Korea): Kyungpook National University, 2016. p. 1-57.) and the author of this dissertation is deleted. Inappropriate use of master's thesis without appropriate disclosure and/or citation was made. The instruments [Multifactor leadership questionnaire (Kim DW. The relationship between transformational leadership and quality of nurses' care Service with nurses' organization citizenship behavior as a moderator. Health Soc Welf Rev. 2011; 31(2):206e36. Korean), social capital (Han JW, Woo HY, Ju ES, Lim SH, Han SS. Effects of nurses' social capital on turnover intention: focused on the mediating effects organizational commitment and organizational cynicism. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2013; 43(4):517e25. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2013.43.4.517. Korean), and Organizational empowerment (Oh EH, Chung BY. The effect of empowerment on nursing performance, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention in hospital nurses. J Korean Acad Nurs Admin. 2011; 17(4):391-401. https://doi.org/10.11111/jkana.2011.17.4.391. Korean.)] used in this article were manipulated. The author admitted scientific misconduct and breach of publication ethics. As such this article represents a severe abuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process.

현재까지 국내의 수질관리 정책은 점오염원 관리를 우선시 하고 있다. 그러나 계속되는 점오염원의 관리에도 불구하고 호소수의 수질은 악화되고 있다. 비점오염원은 강우 시 발생하는 오염원으로 토지이용에 따라 발생하는 오염물질의 종류와 양이 달라 불확실성이 큰 오염원이므로 점오염원과 함께 비점오염원의 관리가 필요한 실정이다. 다양한 토지이용 중에서 인공초지(공원·묘지) 지점이 차지하는 비율이 낮기 때문에 원단위를 산정하는데 필요한 기초 데이터에 대한 연구가 전무한 상태이다. 따라서 본 연구는 인공초지(공원·묘지) 지점으로부터 강우 시 유출수와 함께 발생하는 비점오염물질의 유출특성 및 상관성을 파악하였다. 그 결과 강우 초기에 오염물질의 농도는 비교적 높게 유출되는 현상을 나타냈으며, 강우가 지속될수록 오염물질의 농도는 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 첨두유량이 발생하면서 유출농도는 증가하였다. 또한 통계분석을 실시한 결과 오염물질별 상관성이 거의 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 향후 부하량과 원단위 산정에 필요한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Recently the water quality management policy has been changed from managing the point source to controlling the nonpoint sources (NPSs) because of TMDL program. Most NPSs are accumulated on the surface during dry periods. These accumulated pollutants are washed-off during a storm event and highly impairing the water quality of the receiving water bodies. Usually NPS has high uncertainty and is hard to control because of the variability of the rainfall and watershed characteristics. Also, NPS is derived from various land uses. The Ministry of Environment (MOE) is studying and monitoring the pollutant loads from each land use since 2007 to determine the unit pollutant loads. This research was a part of long-term monitoring program conducted to characterize the washoff and provide the mean EMC of artificial grassland. The average EMCs result of BOD, COD, DOC, SS, TN, NH4-N, NO3-N, TP, and PO4-P of the artificial grassland were deterined to 8.2, 17.5, 11.3, 110.1, 3.07, 0.20, 0.75, 0.86 and 0.08 mg/L, respectively. The results of statistical analysis conducted showed a low correlation to the contaminants.

Pham Tuan Linh2 and Gi Youn Kim This study was carried out on 4 batch reactors to determine the specific ammonium oxidizing rate (SAOR), specific nitrate forming rate (SNFR) and inhibitory degree of nitrifying activities with saline concentrations. Under salt free condition ammonia was consumed during the reaction period within 200 min. When the salt level increased to 10, 20 and 30 g NaClL-1 in reactor, ammonia depletion took 250, 300 and above 350 min, respectively. During concentration above 10 g NaClL-1, there was nitrite accumulation. Also, at 30 g NaClL-1 ammonia did not depleted and NO2 --N accumulated until the final reaction. Nitrate formation rates decreased with increasing salt concentration. SAOR and SNFR showed a decreasing trend as salinity concentrations were increased. The SAOR was reduced from 0.2 to 0.08 mg NH4+-N g-1VSS day-1 as the salt concentration increased from 0 to 30 g NaCLL-1. Similarly, the SNFR decreased from 0.26 kg NO3--N kg-1VSS day-1 at saline free to 0.1 kg NO3--N kg-1VSS day-1 at saline 30 g L-1. A severe inhibition of nitrifiers activity was observed at increased salt concentrations. The inhibition ratio of specific ammonium oxidation rates were 17, 47 and 60% on the reactor of 10, 20 and 30 g NaClL-1 added, respectively. The inhibition ratio of specific nitrate forming rates also were inhibited 30, 53 and 62% on the reactor of 10, 20 and 30 g NaClL-1 added, respectively. As the salinity concentrations increased from 0 to 30 mg NaClL-1, the average MLSS concentration increased from 1,245 to 1,735 mgL-1. The SS concentration of supernatant in reactor which settled about 30 minutes was not severely difference between concentration of salt free reactor and one of those high salt contained reactors.

Data Grid environment is a geographically distributed that deal with date-intensive application in scientific and enterprise computing. In data-intensive applications data transfer is a primary cause of job execution delay. Data access time depends on bandwidth, especially when hierarchy of bandwidth appears in network. Effective job scheduling can reduce data transfer time by considering hierarchy of bandwidth and also dispatching a job to where the needed data are present. Additionally, replication of data from primary repositories to other locations can be an important optimization step to reduce the frequency of remote data access. Objective of dynamic replica strategies is reducing file access time which leads to reducing job runtime. In this paper we develop a job scheduling policy, called SS (Scheduling strategy), and a dynamic data replication strategy, called DRS (Distributed Replication Strategy), to improve the data access efficiencies in a cluster grid. We study our approach and evaluate it through simulation. The results show that combination of SS and DRS has improved 17% over other combinations.

In this study, the effect of B-sitosterol (SS) in the liposome bilayer on the stability of incorporated retinol was evaluated. Retinol was incorporated into liposomes consisting of various ratios of soybean phoaphatidylcholine (PC) to SS, while liposomes were prepared as multilamellar vesicles by the dehydration/rehydration method. Retinol was readily incorporated into liposomes with various SS contents, with incorporation efficiencies higher than 98% for all conditions. The incorporation efficiency of retinol increased slightly as the SS content in liposomes increased. Its average particle size also increased as the SS content increased. Mean particle size at PC to SS ratios of 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50 were 12.16, 17.57, 35.00, 40.62, 83.45, and 88.94 um, respectively. Liposomal retinol degradation in aqueous solution was measured with respect to SS content at various periods of time at four different temperatures of 4, 25, 37, and 50℃, and the stability of the incorporated retinol enhanced as the SS content increased. At 4℃, for example, retinol in the liposomes of 50:50 (PC:SS) remained at 84.42% after storage for 10 days, while in 100:0 (PC/SS) it remained at 42.62%. These results indicate that SS content in liposomes played an important role in the incorporation efficiency of retinol and its stability.

보험계약의 최대선의의 원칙에서 유래하는 고지의무는 전통적으로 보험계약이 성립할 때까지 요구되는 것으로 해석된다. 그런데 영국 해상보험사건인 The Litsion Pride 사건에서 고지의무는 보험계약이 성립한 이후의 단계에서도 적극적으로 부과되는 것이라고 판시하였다. 그 근거로서 M.I.A. 1906 제17조가 최대선의 의무를 계약 성립 이전에 한정되는 것으로 제한하지 않고 있기 때문이라고 한다. 또 다른 근거로 영국 해상보험에 있어서 협회약관의 ‘계속담보조항’을 들고 있다. 최대선의 의무가 보험계약의 양 당사자에게 상호적으로 보험계약이 성립한 이후에도 계속된다는 점은 널리 인식되고 있다. 그리고 특수한 상황에서 보험계약자의 고지의무가 계약 성립 이후에도 요구되기도 한다. 그러나 계약 성립 이후에 적용되는 최대선의 의무는 그 본질이 기망에 의한 행위를 하지 않아야 할 의무로 변하게 되며 따라서 계속적인 최대선의 의무가 존재하더라도 이로부터 야기되는 계속적인 고지의무의 실제적 적용은 보험계약 성립 이후에까지 일반적으로 확장 적용되는 것은 아니라고 하여야 한다. The Litsion Pride 사건에서 재판부가 계속적인 고지의무를 인정한 것도 그 본질이 보통법상의 원리로서의 계속적인 고지의무를 인정한 것이라기보다는 특정 사실을 통지해야 하는 계약상의 의무로서의 성격에 기인한 것이라 해석된다. 따라서 The Litsion Pride 사건의 판결이 계속적인 고지의무를 보통법상의 원리로서 인정한 판례로 여겨져서는 안된다.

The duty of disclosure which stems from the principle of the utmost good faith in insurance contract continues throughout the negotiations, at least until the contract has been completed. However, it was held, in The Litsion Pride case, that the duty of disclosure generally and positively continues even after the contract is concluded. It has been said that the first basis of this decision is the s. 17 of the M.I.A. 1906 where there is no specific restriction of the duty to pre-contractual stage in the wordings. The second reason is ‘held covered clauses’ of the Institute Clauses in marine policy where the conduct based on the continuing duty of disclosure is a prerequisite for this clauses. It is now recognized that the continuing duty of utmost good faith can be applied to the post-contractual stage in insurance contract. It is also possible, in some instances, that the continuing duty of disclosure can be applied to the post-contractual stage. However, the duty of utmost good faith at the post-contractual stage is simply not to act fraudulently and it does not necessarily included the duty of disclosure. The Litsion Pride does not seem to be the authority to show whether or not the continuing duty of disclosure as a common law rule is actually applied in practice. The reason is that it is more concerned with a contractual duty which stems from the particular terms in the policy. In conclusion, the continuing duty of disclosure should not be recognized as a common law rule in insurance contract.