Earticle

본 연구에서는 12주 동안의 걷기운동과 달리기운동이 CRP, IL-6, CPK와 같은 염증지표에 어떠한 영향을 줄 수 있는지를 살펴보고자 S 대학교에 재학 중이며, 내과·외과적으로 특정 질환이 없고 실험 변인인 CRP, IL-6, CPK가 모두 정상범주에 있는 20대 남자 대학생 12명을 대상으로 하였다. 12명 중 6명은 걷기운동집단, 6명은 달리기운동집단으 로 나누어 운동프로그램을 진행하였으며, 걷기운동집단은 20~30% 운동강도, 달리기운동집단은 60~70% 운동강도를 적용하여 다음과 같은 결론을 도출했다. 12주간의 걷기운동과 달리기운동은 20대 남성의 CRP, IL-6, CPK 모든 항목에 서 운동전보다 통계적으로 유의하게 감소시켰으며, 달리기운동집단에서 보다 큰 유의한 감소가 나타났다. 결론적으로 12주간의 걷기운동과 달리기운동은 염증지표 개선에 긍정적인 효과를 줄 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 추후 연구에서는 다른 연령대를 대상으로 염증지표 개선을 위한 유산소운동 강도와 운동시간 등에 대한 연구와 중년 이상의 대상자들에게 유산 소운동 실천을 높일 수 있는 다양한 형태의 운동프로그램개발이 필요할 것으로 생각한다.

In this study, in order to examine how walking and running exercise for 12 weeks can affect inflammatory Markers such as CRP, IL-6, and CPK, he is currently attending S University. Twelve male college students in their twenties, whose variables CRP, IL-6, and CPK were all in the normal category, were targeted. 6 out of 12 people were divided into walking exercise group and 6 people were divided into running exercise group, and 20-30% exercise intensity was applied to the walking exercise group, and 60-70% exercise intensity was applied to the running exercise group. Derived. The 12-week walking and running exercise were statistically significantly reduced in all items of CRP, IL-6, and CPK in men in their twenties than before exercise, and significantly decreased in the running exercise group. In conclusion, it was found that walking and running exercise for 12 weeks can have a positive effect on improving inflammation index. In future studies, it is necessary to study the intensity of aerobic exercise and exercise time to improve inflammation indicators for other age groups, and to develop various types of exercise programs that can increase the practice of aerobic exercise for middle-aged and older subjects.

Objective To investigate changes of cardiac and muscle damage markers in exercise-induced hypertension (EIH) runners before running (pre-race), immediately after completing a 100-km ultramarathon race, and during the recovery period (24, 72, and 120 hours post-race).Methods In this observational study, volunteers were divided into EIH group (n=11) whose maximum systolic blood pressure was ≥210 mmHg in graded exercise testing and normal exercise blood pressure response (NEBPR) group (n=11). Their blood samples were collected at pre-race, immediately after race, and at 24, 72, and 120 hours post-race.Results Creatine kinase (CK) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels were significantly higher in EIH group than those in the NEBPR group immediately after race and at 24 hours post-race (all p<0.05). However, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase-myocardial band (CKMB), or CKMB/CK levels did not show any significant differences between the two groups in each period. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels were significantly higher in EIH group than those in NEBPR group immediately after race and at 24 and 72 hours post-race (all p<0.05). A high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level was significantly higher in EIH group than that in NEBPR group at 24 hours post-race (p<0.05).Conclusion The phenomenon of higher inflammatory and cardiac marker levels in EIH group may exaggerate cardiac volume pressure and blood flow restrictions which in turn can result in cardiac muscle damage. Further prospective studies are needed to investigate the chronic effect of such phenomenon on the cardiovascular system in EIH runners.

This study assessed changes in blood muscle damage indicators and DNA damage indicators in lymph and urine after 8 weeks of high-inten-sity intermittent running and weight training in male and female college students majoring in skiing. This study aimed to find an effective training method by investigating differences in the effectiveness between men and women. A total of 20 male and female ski major college students conducted short-term high-intensity intermittent running and weight training in the morning and afternoon, respectively, 3 days a week for 8 weeks for 24 times in total. After 8 weeks of high-intensity intermittent running and weight training, changes in DNA damage indicators in the lymph and urine and muscle damage indicators in the blood were ana-lyzed. The creatine kinase level significantly differed at rest pre-graded exercise testing (GXT) and 60 min of recovery post-GXT after training from that before training between the male and female groups. Al-though lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels decreased in both groups over time, no significant differences in LDH were found between the two groups. Second, DNA 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in the lymph was significantly different between the two groups at rest pre-GXT and 60 min of recovery post-GXT. 8-OHdG in the urine was signifi-cantly lower in the female group only at 60 min of recovery post-GXT. Partial sex differences were found in the reduction of muscle damage and DNA damage after 8 weeks of high-intensity intermittent running and weight training.

본 연구는 규칙적인 달리기 운동이 노화 흰쥐 해마의 RAS/ERK 신호체계와 pCREB 단백질 수준에 미치는 영향 을 규명하고자 하였다. 연구의 목적을 위해 Sprague-Dawley(SD) 흰쥐를 (1)젊은 통제집단 (Young Control Group; YCG; 3months aged; n=5), (2) 노화 통제집단 (Old Control Group; OCG; 24months aged; n=5), (3) 노화 운동 집단 (Old Exercise Group; OEG; 24months aged; n=5)으로 구분하였다. 운동은 트레드밀 달리기 운동을 시간과 강도를 점증적으로 증가하여 12주간, 주 5회 실시하였다. 실험결과, 해마의 RAS 단백질 발현이 OCG에 비해 OEG에서 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며(p<.001), pERK-1/2 단백질도 OCG에 비해 OEG에서 증가하는 것으로 나타났다 (p<.001, p<.001). pCREB 단백질 수준 역시 OCG에 비해 OEG에서 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며(p<.001) 그 수준은 YCG와 유사한 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과 규칙적인 달리기 운동은 노화로 인하여 감소할 수 있는 해마의 RAS/ERK 신호체계활성을 향상시키며 pCREB 단백질 수준을 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 규칙적인 달리기 운동을 통하 여 노화로 인한 해마의 RAS/ERK 신호체계 활성 감소를 예방할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of regular running exercise on hippocampal RAS/ERK pathway and pCREB levels in aged rats. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used and divided into three groups; (1) Young Control Group (YCG; 3months aged, n=5); (2) Old Control Group; (OCG; 24months aged, n=5); (3) Old Exercise Group (OEG; 24months aged, n=5). Treadmill exercise was performed for 12 m/min, 40 min per a day, and 5 days per week, over a period of 12 weeks, during the period which time the speed of the treadmill was gradually increased. The results revealed that levels of RAS protein was significantly increased in OEG (p<.001). pERK-1/2 protein level were significantly increased in OEG compared to the OCG(p<.001, p<.001). Also, pCREB protein levels were significantly increased in the OEG(p<.001). and similarly YCG. These result show that regular running exercise improves RAS/ERK pathway activation and increase the pCREB levels, which decreases with aging. Therefore, Regular running exercise prevent the reduction of the activation of RAS/ERK pathway in the aging hippocampus.

This study was done to figure out how long-term athletics training done by adolescent with mental retardation affects physical fitness, neurotransmitter and stress hormone. 7 male adolescent were chosen for the subjects, who are with mental retardation and haven't taken part in special exercise program, attending specialized high school in G-gun, Jeollanam-do. The athletics program was done consistently for 30 weeks as follows; 5 times a week(from Monday to Friday), which was 60 minutes exercise program at an intensity of 45-75%HRmax for the first four weeks in the playground, 90 minutes exercise program at an intensity of 55-85%HRmax for the following 5 to 15 weeks in the playground and 120 minutes exercise program at an intensity of 55-85%HRmax for the following 16 to 30 weeks in the local track-and-field stadium. Blood collection and measuring physical fitness was done before exercise, 15 weeks afterwards, and 30 weeks after exercise when the subjects were in a steady state. Results are as follows. Physical fitness in doing sit-up, push-up, trunk forward flexion(p<.01) and grip strength(p<.05) was improved meaningfully due to long-term athletics training, which was effective in increasing muscle endurance, developing flexibility and strengthening muscles. Additionally, serotonin, which is neurotransmitter, decreased meaningfully(p<.01) after 30 weeks exercise program and cortisol, which is stress hormone, increased meaningfully(p<.05) after 30 weeks exercise program.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect on Serotonin and Cortisol of Elderly Women in running exercise training program for 12 Weeks. In order to prove this, we conduct the running exercise program for two groups, who are living in S city and going to health center, which consists running exercise program group(7people) and control group(7people) and they ran 40 mins per day and 3 times a week for 12 weeks. Then we gained a conclusion below. In the regular running exercise program that showed there was an interaction effect on everyone participated in this program and serotonin and cortisol showed statistically significant changes compare to before. Also there was a significant difference between group at the serotonin. In conclusion, A 12 weeks of regular running exercise program showed positive effect on serotonin of mid-aged women.

Scoliosis is a pathology in which three-dimensional spinal deformation occurs, and patients with scoliosis exhibit a reduced ability to balance. Therapeutic exercise is consistently used to improve these balance problems in patients with scoliosis. Thus, the aim of this study is to identify the effects of therapeutic exercise on balance parameteres in patients with scoliosis. SCHOLAR, KOREASCHOLAR, RISS, KISS, KCI, DPpia, and eArticle were searched using the terms scoliosis, exercise, and balance. Twenty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. Our findings suggest that there were still controversial results about the effects of several exercises. Nevertheless, it will be effective to apply therapeutic exercises according to the purpose required for patients’ characteristics in applying the results of the current study. Further studies are needed to provide stronger evidence.

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine whether place running exercise that combines thoracic mobility exercise program increases pulmonary function of the 20s subjects. Method: Thirty subjects in their 20s were randomly assigned to on experimental group (n=15) or control group (n=15). Over the course of four weeks, the experimental group participated in place running exercise that combines thoracic mobility exercise program for 30 minutes three times per week and the control group participated in place running exercise and thoracoabdominal stretching exercise for 30 minutes three times per week. Subjects were assessed pre-test and post-test by measurement of pulmonary function Results: Our findings show that the experimental group had significant difference in expiratory reserve volume and vital capacity and maximal voluntary capacity (p<.05). In the comparison of the two groups, the experimental group had higher vital capacity and maximal voluntary capacity than the control group. Conclusion: In this study, the experimental group showed greater improvement in pulmonary function than the control group, which indicates that the place running exercise that combines thoracic mobility exercise program exercise is effective at increasing the pulmonary function.

[서론] 본 연구의 목적은 운동부하검사에서 일반적으로 많이 사용하는 Bruce protocol을 이용한 최대하 운동의 대사반응과 달리기 기록을 이용하여 최대산소섭취량을 추정하는 모형을 개발하고 모형간 추정의 타당도를 비교․분석하는 데 있다. [방법] 연구대상은 20대 남자 214명이며 Bruce protocol을 이용하여 최대운동부하검사를 실시하였고, 3분인 1단계와 6분인 2단계 종료 시점의 대사반응을 측정하였다. 측정항목은 O2(ml/kg/min), CO2(ml/kg/min), E(L/min) 및 HR(bpm), HR가 150bpm과 170bpm에 도달하는 시간, Bruce protocol 6분과 3분 심박수 차이, 1,200m 달리기 기록 등이었다. 신체자료와 최대하 운동 중 대사반응을 이용하여 최대산소섭취량을 산출하는 모형을 개발하기 위하여 다중회귀분석(multiple regression analysis)을 실시하였다. [결과] 모든 변수를 동시투입법으로 분석한 전체모형의 R은 0.671이고(p<.01) 추정의 표준오차(SEE)는 6.60 ml/kg/min, 변동계수(CV)는 15.6%이었으나(p<.01), 다중공선성이 나타났다. 단계별분석법으로 분석한 3분모형1과 모형2의 R은 0.437과 0.472이고, SEE는 6.94와 6.82ml/kg/min, CV는 16.4와 16.1%로 나타났고(p<.01), 다중공선성이 나타나지 않았다. 6분모형1과 모형2의 R은 0.571과 0.585이었고(p<.01), SEE는 6.35와 6.29ml/kg/min, 변동계수(CV)는 15.0과 14.8%로 나타났으며(p<.01), 다중공선성이 나타나지 않았다. 6분HR-3분HR 모형의 R은 0.179로 가장 낮게 나타났으며, HR150모형은 0.268, HR170모형은 0.274로 나소 낮게 나타났고, SEE는 7.58~8.10ml/kg/min으로 유사하게 나타났고, CV도 17.9~19.1%로 유사하게 나타났다. 1,200m 달리기 모형의 R은 0.270이고, SEE는 7.11ml/kg/min, CV는 16.8%로 나타났다. 측정 O2max와 모형을 이용한 8개의 추정 O2max 사이의 R은 0.155~0.585로 나타났다(p<.05). 모형 간 상관계수는 3분 모형 1과 2, 6분 모형 1과 2는 0.927~0.976의 매우 높게 나타났고, HR150모형과 HR170모형간에도 0.987의 높은 상관이 나타났다. [결론] 타당도 비교를 통해 유용성과 간편성을 고려하면 최대산소섭취량 추정에는 대사반응을 이용한 6분모형과 3분모형, 1,200m 달리기 모형, HR170과 HR150 모형 그리고 6분HR-3분HR모형 순으로 권장되었다.

[INTRODUCTION] The purpose of this study was to develop the prediction model of O2max using submaximal metabolic responses from the Bruce protocol, and distance running record, and to compare and analyse the validity of these prediction models. [METHOD] The subjects were consisted of 214 male 20s years old males. They were participated maximal exercise testing with Bruce protocol, and the metabolic responses were measured in the end of the first(3 minute), second stage(6 minute), and 1,200m running record. Measurement items were O2(ml/kg/min), CO2(ml/kg/min), E(L/min), HR(bpm) of 3 and 6 minute, time to HR 150bpm and 170bpm, HR difference between Bruce protocol 6 and 3 minute, 1,200m running record. To determine the predicted model of O2max, multiple regression analysis were applied with enter and stepwise methods. [RESULT] Analyzing with all variables using enter method, the multiple R of total variable model was 0.671(p<.01), SEE was 6.60 ml/kg/min, CV was 15.6 %, but multicolinearity appeared. The multiple R of 3 minutes model 1 and model 2 were 0.437 and 0.472, SEE was 6.94 and 6.82 ml/kg/min, CV was 16.4 and 16.1%, and multicolinearity did not appeared. The multiple R of 6 minutes model 1 and model 2 were 0.571 and 0.585, SEE was 6.35 and 6.29 ml/kg/min, CV was 15.0 and 14.8%, and multicolinearity did not appeared. The R of HR150 and HR170 model were 0.268 and 0.274, SEE were 7.58~8.10 ml/kg/min, CV were 17.9~19.1%. The R of 1,200m running model was 0.270, SEE was 7.11 ml/kg/min, CV were 16.8%. [CONCLUSION] With considering usefulness and convenience through the validity of these prediction models, the prediction model of O2max recommended 6 and 3 minute model, HR170 model, 1,200m running model, HR150 model, and 6 minute HR-3 minute HR model by tunes.

연구배경 본 연구의 목적은 컴프레션웨어 착용이 런닝시 유산소수행능력에 미치는 영향을 밝혀 보다 우수한 런닝용 컴프레션웨어를 개발하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하는 것이다. 연구방법 시중에서 판매중인 남성용 런닝 컴프레션웨어 2종의 설계 특성을 분석한 후 운동부하검사를 통해 이들의 착용이 유산소수행능력에 미치는 영항을 검증하였다. 연구결과 컴프레션웨어 A는 하의쪽에서 수평방향의 압박이 강하고 상대적으로 컴프레션웨어 B는 이와는 반대로 상의쪽의 압박이 강한 특성을 보였다. 컴프레션웨어 B의 하의에는 수축력을 보완하기 위한 밴드가 부착되어 있어 Stretch Shortening Cycle 작용을 강화하도록 설계가 이루어졌다. 운동부하검사에서는 대부분의 항목이 처치 간 통계적 유의차를 보이지 않았으나 운동지속시간과 최대산소섭취량의 평균에서 컴프레션웨어를 착용하는 것이 그렇지 않은 경우보다 우수한 결과를 나타났다. 운동 시 최대심박수를 증가시키기 위해서는 상반신에 강한 압박이 가해지는 컴프레션웨어 B를 착용하는 것이 더 유리하였다. 결론 본 연구는 런닝 중 운동능력을 향상시킬 수 있는 컴프레션웨어를 개발하기 위한 기초연구로 컴프레션웨어 착용이 일부 운동기능에 긍정적인 영향이 미칠 수 있음을 밝혔다.

Background The purpose of this study is to provide base data needed for the development of improved men’s running compression wear by verifying positive effects on the aero capacity of the wears. Methods Design features of two compression wears were analyzed and the influences to the aero capacity were verified using incremental treadmill exercise testing. Result The compression wear A had more compression on the pants than B in a horizontal direction and the compression wear B had more compression on the shirt than A. The compression bands were attached only on the pants of the compression wear B, which is effective to assist the contractile force of muscles by 'Stretch Shortening Cycle' effect. In the incremental treadmill exercise testing, there were no significant differences by the clothing treatments. But concerning the increments of means in the ‘exercise duration’ and the ‘maximal oxygen uptake’, wearing the compression wear may has the positive effects to enhance the aero capacities. The compression wear B which has stronger compression on the upper body showed an advantageous result to increase the maximal heart rate. Conclusion The positive effects of compression wear to enhance some of exercise abilities were verified by the result of incremental treadmill exercise testing. This study can be used to provide baseline data for the development of new running compression wears with improved performances.

Purpose: In this study, the protective effect of voluntary wheel running exercise on muscle loss and muscle weakness in gastrocnemius of old rats was investigated. The association of voluntary wheel exercise with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α)/fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5)/adenosine monophosphate- activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression was also evaluated. Methods: Six-month-old and 22-month-old male rats were used for this experiment. The rats in voluntary wheel running exercise groups were performed wheel running for 2 months. Weight bearing test for walking strength, rotarod test for motor coordination and balance, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining for histological changes in the muscle tissues, Western blot analysis for PGC-1α, FNDC5, AMPK, immunofluorescence for VEGF were conducted. Results: Decreased muscle mass, strength, and coordination due to aging were associated with a decrease in the PGC-1α/ FNDC5/AMPK signaling pathway in the gastrocnemius. Voluntary wheel running exercise enhanced VEGF expression by activating the PGC-1α/FNDC5/AMPK signaling pathway, then increased muscle mass, strength, and coordination. Conclusions: It has been suggested that voluntary wheel running exercise alleviates symptoms of urological diseases that are difficult to treat. Wheel running exercise is a good therapeutic strategy to prevent or treat aging-related sarcopenia.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine pretreatment effects of moderate-term endurance training before the various dosages (10 and $20{_{mg.kg}}^{-1}$) of DOX on a heat shock protein ($HSP_{70kda}$) and cardiotoxicity in heart tissue. Methods: Forty-eight male rats were randomly assigned to nontraining (NT) and training (T) groups and three subgroups; $DOX{_{10mg.kg}}^{-1}$ and $DOX{_{20mg.kg}}^{-1}$ and saline treatment. The training program included treadmill running between 25-39 min/day and 15-17 m/min, 5 days/wk for 3 wk. Result: DOX administration, in particularly with $20{_{mg.kg}}^{-1}$, caused up-regulation of oxidants and cardiac damage (MDA, CK, CPK-MB and CK/CPK-MB) and down-regulation of cardioprotection ($HSP_{70}$, SOD) markers, as compared to NT+saline group. Pretreatment effect of treadmill running endurance exercise in the presence of DOX with $10{_{mg.kg}}^{-1}$ caused a significant increase in $HSP_{70}$, SOD and a significant decrease in MDA and insignificant decrease in CK, CPK-MB and CK/CPK-MB, in comparison $T+DOX_{10}$ with $NT+DOX_{10}$ group. However, there was no significant difference between $T+DOX{_{10mg.kg}}^{-1}$ and $T+DOX{_{20mg.kg}}^{-1}$ in the aforesaid markers. Conclusion: Dox-induced cardiotoxicity is related to oxidative stress. Our study suggests that pretreatment with endurance exercise may be considered as a potentially useful strategy to improve myocardial tolerance against single dose DOX-induced oxidative damage.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the alteration of plasma anti-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble TNF receptor (sTNFr), IL-10, and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), during different types of running exercise(level and downhill running). Seven healthy male college students completed two different exercise trials on separate occasions: (1) level treadmill running at 75% VO2max for 30 min; (2) downhill treadmill running (-12% gradient) at 75% VO2max for 30 min. Blood was sampled before, immediately after, and 1 h, 4 h, 24 h after exercise. Visual analog scale (VAS) score was obtained at the same time point. Plasma was analyzed for cytokines and creatine kinase (CK) activity. The plasma concentrations of IL-6 increased significantly (P<0.05) after exercise in both trials but there was a difference in pattern of change between trials. CK activity and VAS score increased significantly after the downhill running but not in level running trial. IL-10, as like IL-6, increased significantly (P<0.05 or P<0.01) after downhill running but not in level running. There was no significant alteration of sTNFr and IL-1ra in both running trials. In conclusion, there was a different pattern in response of exercise-induced anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-10 between running types (level and downhill).

Objective: Through comparative analysis of muscle activity for whole-body vibration, walking and running movements, it is to verify the training effect of whole-body vibration exercise in terms of amount of exercise and muscle activity characteristics. Method: Flat ground walking and slope walking (10 degrees) at a speed of 5 km/h, flat ground running and slope running (10 degrees) at a speed of 11 km/h for running were performed on treadmill, and squats were maintained at 12 Hz, 20 Hz, and 29 Hz conditions on Whole body vibration exercise equipment (Galileo). Muscle activity was analyzed through EMG analysis device for one minute for each condition. Results: The Anterior Tibialis and Erector Spinae show greater exercise effect in whole-body vibration than walking and running. The Rectus Femoris, Biceps Femoris, and Gluteus Maximus have the best effect of exercise in flat running. Whole-body vibration exercise showed greater muscle activation effect as the frequency increased, and exercise effect similar to walking during the same exercise time. Conclusion: The amount of exercise through Whole-body vibration exercise was similar to that of walking exercise, and the Anterior Tibialis and Erector Spinae shows better exercise effect than walking and running.

Body composition, aerobic exercise capacity, and blood constituents in overweighted women after dietary caloric restriction at 1,300 kcal/day for 10 weeks with either walking (6WD) or running (6RD) exercises at identical speed of 6 km/h have been compared. From both 6WD and 6RD, a positive effect of physical characteristic has been observed. For reduction of body fat and elevation of HDL-C, the caloric restriction with running was effective while decrease of hip circumference and subscapular fat thickness as well as increase of exercise duration were obvious in the caloric restriction with walking exercise. The results suggest that, although exercise modes on the identical speed while either walking and running did not show differential effects, selection of exercise modes should be performed based on the purpose of exercise program.