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The Council of Public Officials' Workplaces was introduced on January 1, 1999 in a transitional period before allowing public officials to join the public officials unions according to Article 33 (2) of the Korean Constitution. As the Establishment and Operation of Public Officials' Unions Act was enacted on January 27, 2005 and enforced on January 28, 2006, the basic labor rights of public officials under Article 33 (2) of the Constitution were allowed to the public officials and really exercised by them. Since then, many Workplace Councils were converted into unions or new unions were also established. Since then the Workplace Council experienced a long-term crisis of identity. The situation seems to be changing somewhat positively, after the Workplace Council is allowed to the police and fire officials who cannot join the union. At this moment it is necessary to review the restriction of membership of the Workplace Council and to re-examine the objective of the prohibition of membership of commanders and supervisors. In this article, the ground of restriction of membership of the Workplace Council shall be reviewed and questioned whether the restraint on the commanders and supervisors is necessary.

The Council of Public Officials' Workplaces was introduced on January 1, 1999 in a transitional period before allowing public officials to join the public officials unions according to Article 33 (2) of the Korean Constitution. As the Establishment and Operation of Public Officials' Unions Act was enacted on January 27, 2005 and enforced on January 28, 2006, the basic labor rights of public officials under Article 33 (2) of the Constitution were allowed to the public officials and really exercised by them. Since then, many Workplace Councils were converted into unions or new unions were also established. Since then the Workplace Council experienced a long-term crisis of identity. The situation seems to be changing somewhat positively, after the Workplace Council is allowed to the police and fire officials who cannot join the union. At this moment it is necessary to review the restriction of membership of the Workplace Council and to re-examine the objective of the prohibition of membership of commanders and supervisors. In this article, the ground of restriction of membership of the Workplace Council shall be reviewed and questioned whether the restraint on the commanders and supervisors is necessary.

The National Assembly Member's immunity from responsibility is regulated in Article 45 of Constitution of the Republic of Korea. In the past time, the National Assembly member had exercised this immunity from responsibility to reveal, and to correct the concealment, the inventions and fabrication of unlawful exercise power by power authority, power man and community officials. Recently, the National Assembly member often make use of this immunity from responsibility, disclose false contents in the point of party politics, has the advantage of political situation and public opinion. Particularly, if the National Assembly member pour down political attack for the other party by making use of this immunity from responsibility about election time, this political attack distort public opinion, and bring to reverse of election, and infringe the pair election principle. Therefore, it need to restrict the immunity from responsibility of the National Assembly member. In this paper, I will trying to work the following questions. First, I will trying to find out the meaning of immunity responsibility and the historical record of immunity from responsibility. Second, I will trying to study the necessity of the restriction on immunity from responsibility. To restrict on immunity from responsibility, the Constitution of the Republic of Korea Article 45 prescribed "No member of the National Assembly shall be held responsible outside the National Assembly for opinions officially expressed or votes cast in the Assembly". In this sentence, I focus on "for opinions officially expressed", and re-set up the meaning of it and then I will try to present the method of the restriction on the immunity from responsibility.

빅데이터 시대에 개인정보를 임의로 수집, 사용, 누설하는 것은 시급하고 중 요한 법률 문제로 여긴다. 아직 전문적이고 통일적 정보감독관리기관이 설치 되어 있지 않으며, 개인정보보호법도 제정되어 있지 않다. 중국은 조속히 공민 개인정보보호에 대하여 관련 법률제도체계를 만들어야 한다. 유럽연합은 개인 정보에 대하여 높은 수준으로 보호원칙과 엄격한 감독방식으로 유명하다. 1995년 ｢개인정보처리 및 자유이동 보호지침(Directive/95/46/EC)｣을 통하여 유럽연합 회원국은 국민 개인정보의 최저기준을 입법적으로 보호한다. 인터넷 플러스 시대에서 빅데이터의 대량 사용에 대하여 유럽연합은 정보보호의 법률 구조를 완벽하게 보완하려고 노력하고 있다. 2015년 12월 ｢일반정보보호규정 (General Data Protection Regulation)｣을 통과시켰으며, 유럽연합 법규의 형식 은 정보에 대한 보호원칙과 감독방식을 명확하게 하였다. 본 논문은 신구 유 럽연합 정보보호의 관련 법률인 ｢정보보호지침｣과 ｢일반정보보호규정｣을 통 하여 비교하여 연구 분석하고, 중국 입법체계의 특징과 연결하여 개인정보보 호 법률의 활용범위와 주체 및 개인정보보호의 경로 등의 내용을 탐구하여 통 일적 개인정보보호법의 제정을 위한 약간의 보탬이 되는 대책을 건의하고자 한다.

In the era of big data, personal data are arbitrarily collected, used, consulted or otherwise processed and to what extent the personal data are or will be processed have become legal issues. China has not yet established a special unified data protection system, while the absence of personal data protection law, a relevant legal system to protect the personal data is needed to be established right away. The EU has always been known for its high level of protection of personal data and its strict regulatory practices. In 1995, the EU adopted the Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data (Directive / 95/46 / EC), setting minimum standards for the protection of personal data by EU member states. A large amount of data used under the development of Internet + society, the EU tried to further improve the legal framework for data protection, in December 2015 the EU adopted the General Data Protection Regulation to identify on principles of data protection and regulation methods. This thesis does a comparative study of EU Directive 95/46 and General Data Protection Regulation, and discusses the scope of application, the data subject, and the methods of protecting personal data while adopting personal data protection law, so as to provide useful information and advice for enactment of unified data protection law in China.

大数据时代，个人数据被任意收集、存储、使用、披露已然成为一个亟需重视的法律问题. 尚未设置专门统一的数据监督管理机构，同时加之个人数据保护法的缺位，我国亟待建立相关的法律制度体系对公民个人数据予以保护. 欧盟向以对个人数据予以高水平的保护原则和严格的监管方式著称. 1995年其通过了《个人数据处理及自由流动保护指令(Directive /95/46/EC)》)，为欧盟成员国立法保护公民个人数据设立了最低标准. 面对互联网+时代下大数据的大量使用，欧盟力图进一步完善数据保护的法律架构，于 2015年 12月通过了《通用数据保护条例》(General Data Protection Regulation)，其以欧盟法规的形式确定了对数据的保护原则和监管方式. 本文希望通过对新旧欧盟数据保护的相关法律《数据保护指令》与《通用数据保护条例》进行对比研究分析，结合我国立法体系的特点，探讨我国个人数据保护法律适用范围、主体以及保护个人信息的途径等内容，以期能为我国统一的个人数据保护法的制定提供些许有益对策建议.

한·중 수교 이후 양국 간의 관계는 경제, 무역, 투자, 문화 등, 多방면에서 급속도로 발전하여 왔으며 2015년 12월 20일 한·중 FTA 가 공식 발효되어 향후, 양국의 경제관계는 더욱 밀접해질 것으로 예상된다. 이에 한·중 FTA 의 효과적인 활용방안에 관한 연구는 선택적 대상이 아닌 필수불가결한 요소로서 더욱 많은 이들의 관심과 이해를 필요로 하고 있다. 지금 한국의 문화산업은 ‘新한류시대’라 불릴 정도로 전 세계에 파급력을 끼치고 있으며 특히 중국에서의 한류영향은 문화콘텐츠서비스산업 전반으로 확산되어 한국문화의 인기는 식을 줄을 모르고 있다. 또한 한·중 양국은 21세기 문화의 시대에 문화산업의 중요성을 파악하고 공동으로 이를 보호, 육성, 진흥시켜 문화의 상업화와 국제화를 선도하기 위하여 2015년 9월, 2천 억 원 규모의 문화콘텐츠 개발 벤처펀드 조성에 합의하였다. 이 밖에도 양국은 한·중 FTA 협정문 제17장에서 문화협력에 관한 내용을 포함하여 양국의 문화 발전과 보호에 의견을 같이 하였다. 그러나 최근, 여러 가지 정치적인 영향 등으로 인하여 중국 정부는 한류산업에 일련의 제동을 걸고 있으며 외국의 문화콘텐츠서비스에 대하여 법적·정책적인 다양한 규제조치를 취하고 있다. 이 밖에도 한류확산 이면의 난제인 한국 문화콘텐츠의 지식재산권 침해와 엔터테인먼트산업계의 퍼블리시티권의 침해는 심각한 수준이며 위성방송 등의 새로운 매체의 발달과 인터넷의 보급으로 문화상품의 불법적인 복제와 도용이 빈발하게 발생되고 있다. 새로운 한·중 FTA 시대를 맞이하여 이러한 문제들을 결코 소홀히 할 수 없게 되었으며 한·중 FTA를 통해 한류문화콘텐츠산업의 세계적인 도약 기회로 만들기 위한 향후 전략에 대한 연구가 시행되어야 할 때이다. 따라서 한·중 FTA 의 효율성 제고 및 문화콘텐츠서비스산업의 발전을 위해 중국의 방송·오락, 엔터테인먼트, 등의 문화콘텐츠서비스산업 관련 정책 및 법제, 그리고 외자에 대한 분야별 규제들을 살펴보고 한·중 FTA 문화콘텐츠서비스의 쟁점을 파악하여, 향후 한·중 FTA 서비스분야 후속협상에 적절한 시사점을 제공하는데 의의를 두고자 한다.

Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between Korea and China, their bilateral relations have developed rapidly in many fields such as the economy, trade, investment and culture. As the Korea-China FTA has taken effect since December 20, 2015, it is expected that the economic relations between the two countries will be more intensified in the future. Therefore, research on the effective utilization of Korea-China FTA is not an optional but an indispensable element, which requires more interest and understanding of many. The current Korean cultural industry has a far-reaching influence over the whole world so much so that it is being called as ‘the New Korean Wave era’. Especially, the influence of Korean Wave in China has spread throughout its cultural contents service industry, and the popularity of Korean culture shows no sign of slowing down. Also, in order to recognize the importance of the cultural industry in the 21st century of culture and to jointly protect, nurture, and promote it to lead the commercialization and internationalization of the culture, the two countries agreed to create a cultural contents development venture fund worth of 200 billion won in September, 2015. In addition, they shared the view on the cultural development and protection of the two countries, including the contents on cultural cooperation in Chapter 17 of Korea-China FTA. However, due to various political influences in recent years, the Chinese government is putting a series of brakes on the Korean Wave industry and taking various legal and policy measures against foreign cultural contents services. In addition, infringement of intellectual property rights of Korean cultural contents and of publicity rights of the entertainment industry have reached a serious level, which is a dilemma behind the spread of Korean Wave. Also, with the development of new media such as satellite broadcasting and the spread of the Internet, illegal copying and theft of cultural products are occurring frequently. In the new era of the Korea-China FTA, it is impossible to neglect these issues and it is the time to study the future strategies to make the Korean Wave culture contents business as a chance to take a leap in the global stage through Korea-China FTA. Therefore, in order to improve the efficiency of Korea-China FTA and the development of cultural contents service industry, we will examine policies and legislations related to cultural contents service industry of China such as broadcasting and entertainment, sectoral regulations on foreign investment, and identify the issues of Korea-China FTA cultural contents service so that we can provide meaningful implications for the follow-up negotiations on the service sector of Korea-China FTA.

유해물질 제한지침(Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive, RoHS)으로 알려진 특정 유해물질 사용에 관한 규제는 2003년 2월 유럽 연합에서 시행되었다. RoHS는 2006년 7월 1일부터 효력을 발휘하며 이를 위해서는 유럽연합 소속국가에서 법령을 제정하여야 한다. 이 지침은 다양한 전기전자기기의 제조에 있어서 6가지 유해물질의 사용을 제한한다. 이것은 대량 발생하고 있는 유해한 전자기기 폐기물 문제를 해결하기 위해 발의된 법안의 일부이며, 전자제품 재활용에 관한 폐전자기기처리지침(Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment directive, WEEE)과 밀접한 관계가 있다.

The Directive on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment commonly referred to as the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive or RoHS was adopted in February 2003 by the European Union. The RoHS directive took effect on 1 July 2006, and is required to be enforced and become law in each member state. This directive restricts the use of six hazardous materials in the manufacture of various types of electronic and electrical equipment. It is closely linked with the waste electrical and electronic equipment directive (WEEE) 2002/96/EC which sets collection, recycling and recovery targets for electrical goods and is part of a legislative initiative to solve the problem of huge amounts of toxic e-waste.

Objective: In the present study, the effects of visual restriction and unstable base dual-task training (VUDT), stable base dual-task training (SDT), and on stroke patients' balance and concentration abilities were examined. Design: Two-group pretest-posttest design. Methods: Dual-task training was conducted for thirty persons with chronic stroke who were hospitalized or receiving physical therapy and were randomly assigned to either the VUDT group (n=15) or the SDT group (n=15). The subjects were divided into two groups of 15 participants each, the VUDT group and the SDT group. Dual-task training was administered for 30 minutes per session, three times a week for 8 weeks. The participants' balance was measured via the center of pressure migration distances, functional reach test (FRT), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and attention was measured using the trail-making test and the Stroop test. Results: In comparisons within each group, the two groups showed significant differences before and after the training (p<0.05). In the comparisons between the groups, the VUDT group showed significant improvements in center of pressure (COP), FRT, and BBS, and TMT compared to the SDT group (p<0.05). Conclusions: It would be more effective to conduct dual-task training as a rehabilitation training program under vision restriction and unstable supporting surface conditions than to conduct the test under unstable supporting plane conditions to improve balance and attention in chronic stroke patients.

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of blood flow restriction and different support surfaces for bridge exercises on the thickness of the transverse abdominis and multifidus, which are trunk-stabilizing muscles. Methods: The study's subjects were 45 adults who were divided into three groups that performed bridge exercises over a six-week period on their respective support surfaces after blood flow restriction. Changes in the thickness of the subjects' transverse abdominis and multifidus muscles were measured using ultrasonography before the experiment, then three and six weeks after the experiment. The changes in each variable over time were analyzed using a repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The transverse abdominis showed significant differences in muscle thickness with regard to time and the interaction between time and each group (p<0.05), but no significant differences with regard to changes among groups (p>0.05). The multifidus showed significant differences in muscle thickness with regard to time, the interaction between time and each group, and changes between groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: Blood flow restriction and different support surfaces for bridge exercises led to significant differences in the thickness of the transverse abdominis and multifidus. This study's results may be used as the basis for future studies and for rehabilitation in clinical practice.

Background and purpose: For much of the history of studying the effects of intermittent fasting on the health of people who engage in fasting for religious reasons, there has been no conclusive evidence-based consensus on the health outcomes of this form of intervallic fasting. The purpose of the present study is to examine the healthrelated outcomes of intermittent faith-based fasting. Whereas there are several forms of faith-based and non-faith based fasting, the present study will be primarily dedicated to examining the health effects associated with one of the most ubiquitous forms of religious fasting practiced globally by the preponderance of the eligible adults among 1.8 billion Muslims, which is fasting during the annual Islamic month of Ramadan. Therefore, Ramadan fasting provides a significant research paradigm to investigate the health effects of intervallic fasting in humans. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis methodology was employed to search major databases, printed books, and official web-based electronic publications to identify and select a multitude of relevant peer-reviewed studies on the health effects of faith-based intermittent fasting. The data garnered from the selected studies were systematically reviewed, analyzed, and combined. The findings were compared and examined to evaluate whether there were patterns of significant or no significant results of specific health-related effects associated with intermittent faith-based fasting. Results: The systematic review and data analysis suggest that Ramadan intermittent fasting is associated with both health risks and health benefits. The most vulnerable group of people who are most at risk for exposure to adverse health effects of fasting are those individuals who fast Ramadan with underlying pre-existing health conditions such as diabetes, asthma, kidney, and cardiovascular diseases, which can be exacerbated by the daily fasting for long hours. Conclusions: The health outcomes of intermittent fasting and voluntary caloric restriction are prefatory and inconclusive The findings of the present study suggest that there is scientific evidence to support the hypothesis that intermittent fasting and forms of meal timing schedules may be associated with both favorable and unfavorable health outcomes. Fasting individuals with adverse pre-exciting health conditions would benefit significantly from seeking a pre-Ramadan medical evaluation, personalized dietary counseling, and Ramadan fasting-tailored health and wellness education as imperative interventions to avert potential medical crises and reduce any further health complications.

Objective: Active joint mobilization (AJM) is an effective strategy for treating chronic ankle instability. Recent studies have shown that incorporating blood-flow restriction (BFR) training into joint exercise programs can enhance physical function. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of BFR during active joint mobilization in individuals with chronic ankle instability. Design: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Methods: Thirty participants with chronic ankle instability were randomly assigned to either the BFR plus AJM group (n=15) or the AJM group (n=15). The BFR plus AJM group had BFR applied during the AJM, while the AJM group did not. AJM was performed 10 times with voluntary movement, and BFR was performed only during AJM. Static and dynamic balance abilities were assessed using standardized measurements before and after the study. Data were compared using appropriate statistical analysis. Results: The results showed statistically significant improvements in static and dynamic balance abilities after the AJM intervention program in both the BFR and non-BFR groups (p<0.05). However, the BFR group demonstrated greater improvements in dynamic balance abilities compared to the non-BFR group(p<0.05). Applying BFR during AJM in individuals with CAI was found to be an effective strategy for improving static and dynamic balance abilities. Conclusions: These findings suggest that BFR may be beneficial for the treatment of CAI. Further research is needed to evaluate the long-term effects and safety of BFR training in this population.

Background: Ankle sprains occur frequently across all ages and sexes, and some individuals progress to chronic ankle instability (CAI), which is characterized by muscle weakness, impaired proprioception, and decreased postural control. Recently, blood flow restriction exercise (BFR) has gained increasing attention in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. However, research on the effects of low-load blood flow restriction exercise (LL-BFR) combined with proprioceptive training in individuals with CAI remains limited. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of LL-BFR combined with proprioceptive training on ankle muscle strength and balance in adults with CAI. Study design: A randomized comparative study with two groups using a pre-post design. Methods: This study involved 26 adults with CAI, who were randomly assigned to two groups of 13 participants each. The experimental group performed LL-BFR combined with proprioceptive training, while the control group performed traditional high-load resistance training (HLRT) combined with proprioceptive training. The time x group interaction effects were analyzed using a two-way mixed measures ANOVA, with the statistical significance level (alpha) set at 0.05. Results: Both groups showed significant pre- to post-intervention improvements in ankle dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, and eversion strength (p < 0.05), whereas no significant change was observed in inversion strength (p > 0.05). For dynamic balance, significant improvements were found in both the limit of stability and the Y-Balance Test (YBT) in both groups (p < 0.05). A significant time x group interaction was observed for the YBT; however, post hoc analyses indicated that although the control group demonstrated a greater magnitude of improvement than the experimental group, the between-group difference did not remain statistically significant after Bonferroni correction (p = 0.044). Conclusions: LL-BFR significantly improved ankle muscle strength and dynamic balance in individuals with CAI; however, it did not demonstrate superiority over traditional HLRT across most outcomes. Therefore, LL-BFR may be considered as an adjunctive or alternative intervention for individuals unable to perform high-load resistance exercise.

Purpose: This study used an animal model to examine the effects of environmental enrichment (EE)and caloric restriction (CR) on hippocampal changes in early adulthood in a rat model. Methods: MaleSprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to control, EE, and CR groups. After 8 weeks of EE andCR, behavioral, biochemical, and molecular biological assessments were performed. Behavioral testsincluded the open field test for anxiety-like behavior, the eight-arm radial maze test for spatial learning,and the passive avoidance test for short-term memory. Glucose tolerance was assessed with anintraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, and the molecular markers associated with neuroinflammationwere evaluated. Results: Both EE and CR reduced anxiety-like behaviors, as evidenced by increasedtime in the central region of the open field test and decreased rearing. However, neither EE nor CR significantlyimproved short-term memory or spatial learning. Nonetheless, the CR group showed a decreasein eight-arm radial maze completion time, indicating potential for enhanced learning. Both interventionsimproved glucose tolerance, with lower fasting blood glucose levels in the CR and EEgroups. Molecular biological analyses showed that neuroinflammatory markers interleukin-6 and induciblenitric oxide synthase were reduced in the EE and CR groups and that Iba-1 had anti-inflammatoryeffects due to its neuroprotective action. Conclusion: EE and CR were beneficial for emotionaland metabolic health in early adult rats due to reductions in anxiety-like behaviors and neuroinflammationwith a concomitant improvement in glucose metabolism. However, the effects of these modalitieson improving cognitive function were limited, illustrating the need for further research.

Objective To determine the factors affecting the amount of weight-bearing during gait training in the elderly patients who underwent internal fixation after femur or pelvic fractures and how well they performed the weight-bearing restriction as directed by the physiatrist. Methods In this retrospective chart review study, we measured the amount of weight-bearing on the affected side in 50 patients undergoing internal fixation surgery and rehabilitation after femur or pelvic fracture using a force plate. Patients receiving non-weight-bearing or partial weight-bearing education were considered to perform weight-bearing restriction well when the amount of weight-bearing was <50 lb. Furthermore, regression analysis was performed to determine the effects of postoperative complications, age, cognitive function, and pain on weightbearing restriction. Results Variables affecting the amount of weight-bearing were age (r=0.581, p<0.001), weight-bearing education type (r=0.671, p<0.001), manual muscle strength of hip flexion on the non-affected side (r=-0.296, p=0.037), hip abduction (r=-0.326, p=0.021), knee extension (r=-0.374, p=0.007), ankle plantar flexion (r=-0.374, p=0.008), right hand grip strength (r=-0.535, p<0.001), Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination (r=-0.496, p<0.001), Clinical Dementia Rating (r=0.308, p=0.03), and pain visual analog scale scores (r=0.318, p=0.024). The significant predictor of the amount of weight-bearing among these variables was age (β=0.448, p=0.001). The weight-bearing restriction adherence rate was significantly lower, at 22%, for patients aged ≥65 years as compared to 73% for those <65 years. Conclusion Age was a major variable affecting the amount of weight-bearing. Compliance with weight-bearing restriction was significantly lower in patients aged ≥65 years than in patients <65 years.

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the influence of supplemental urea withdrawal on characteristics of digestion(Trial 1) and growth performance (Trial 2) of feedlot cattle during the last 40 days on feed. Treatments consisted of asteam-flaked corn-based finishing diet supplemented with urea to provide urea fermentation potential (UFP) of 0, 0.6,and 1.2%. In Trial 1, six Holstein steers (160 ± 10 kg) with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used ina replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment. Decreasing supplemental urea decreased (linear effect, P ≤ 0.05) ruminalOM digestion. This effect was mediated by decreases (linear effect, P ≤ 0.05) in ruminal digestibility of NDF andN. Passage of non-ammonia and microbial N (MN) to the small intestine decreased (linear effect, P = 0.04) withdecreasing dietary urea level. Total tract digestion of OM (linear effect, P = 0.06), NDF (linear effect, P = 0.07),N (linear effect, P = 0.04) and dietary DE (linear effect, P = 0.05) decreased with decreasing urea level. Treatmenteffects on total tract starch digestion, although numerically small, likewise tended (linear effect, P = 0.11) to decreasewith decreasing urea level. Decreased fiber digestion accounted for 51% of the variation in OM digestion. Ruminal pHwas not affected by treatments averaging 5.82. Decreasing urea level decreased (linear effect, P ≤ 0.05) ruminal N-NHand blood urea nitrogen. In Trial 2, 90 crossbred steers (468 kg ± 8), were used in a 40 d feeding trial (5 steers/pen, 6pens/ treatment) to evaluate treatment effects on final-phase growth performance. Decreasing urea level did not affectDMI, but decreased (linear effect, P ≤ 0.03) ADG, gain efficiency, and dietary NE. It is concluded that in addition toeffects on metabolizable amino acid flow to the small intestine, depriving cattle of otherwise ruminally degradableN (RDP) during the late finishing phase may negatively impact site and extent of digestion of OM, depressing ADG,gain efficiency, and dietary NE.

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the effects of different sizes of blood flow restriction areas on the thickness of the external oblique and biceps brachii. Methods: The study subjects were 52 adults who were divided into four groups that performed plank exercises over a six-week period after blood flow restriction. Changes in the thickness of the external oblique and biceps brachii were measured using ultrasonography before the experiment, then three and six weeks after the experiment. The changes in each variable over time were evaluated by repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The external oblique and biceps brachii showed significant differences in muscle thickness with regard to time and the interaction between time and each group (p<0.01), but no significant differences with regards to changes between groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: A larger blood flow restriction area resulted in a statistically significant increase in muscle thickness. The results of this study may be used as the basis for future studies and for rehabilitation in clinical practice.

Purpose: This study examined the effects of knee extension exercise using blood flow restriction on the changes in the thickness and static balance ability of the tendon of the rectus femoris muscle and achilles tendon. Methods: A total of 30 subjects was were divided into two groups of 15 subjects each. The changes in the thickness and balance of their tendons were measured by ultrasonography and balance equipment. The measurements were taken three times: before the experiment, 4 weeks after, and 8 weeks after. The results were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA, one-way ANOVA was conducted in cases where there were time-to-group interactions in the intra-individual effects test. Results: Significant differences in the thickness of the tendon of the rectus femoris muscle and Achilles tendon were found between the groups, over time, and in the time-to-group interactions (p<0.05). The changes in balance in both feet when the supporting positions between eye-open and eye-closed states were significantly different in the time-to-group interactions (p<0.05), but were not different between the groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Knee extension exercise using blood flow restriction leads to significant differences in the increase in tendon thickness and changes in balance, indicating that the results of this study can be utilized as basic data for future studies and for rehabilitation treatment at clinics.

Purpose: In this study experiments were performed during 6 weeks with 40 adults, 20 subjects in the waist stabilization exercise with blood flow restriction group and 20 subjects in the waist stabilization exercise without blood flow restriction group, in order to determine the impact of waist stabilization exercise on White Area Index (WAI) followed by blood flow restriction. Methods: Thickness of external oblique abdominal muscle, internal oblique abdominal muscle, and transversus abdominis muscle, as well as density and WAI of external oblique abdominal muscle were measured, followed by performance of repeated ANOVA. Results: Significant difference in thickness of external oblique abdominal muscle according to periodical difference was observed between groups (p<0.05). Significant difference in thickness of internal oblique abdominal muscle and transversus abdominis muscle according to periodical difference was observed between groups (p<0.05). Significant difference in density and WAI of external oblique abdominal muscle according to periodical difference was observed between groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, significant difference was observed after waist stabilization exercise with blood flow restriction. These results can be used as basic data for future research on waist stabilization exercise and blood flow restriction exercise.

We aimed to investigate candidate proteins related to long-term caloric restriction and feed efficiency in bovine longissimus dorsi muscle (LM). A total of 31 Korean native steers were randomly distributed to ad libitum (n = 16) or caloric restriction group (n = 15) to conduct two feeding trials for 13 mon. In the first trial (10?18 mon of age), steers were fed with 100% ad libitum (NEg = 0.63 Mcal/kg) or caloric restriction (80% of the previous day’s feed intake of ad libitum group). In the second trial (18?23 mon of age), the energy value of 100% ad libitum diet was 1.13 Mcal/kg NEg and those in caloric restriction group diet was 0.72 Mcal/kg NEg. At the endpoint of this experiment, in each group, 6 animals were selected with high (n = 3) or low feed efficiency (n = 3) to collect muscle tissue samples (6 animals/group). From muscle tissues of 23 mo of age, we excavated 9 and 12 differentially expressed (two-fold or more) proteins in a nutritional group and feed efficiency group using two-dimensional electrophoresis, respectively. Of these proteins, heat shock protein beta-6 was up-regulated in both the caloric restriction and the low feed efficiency group. In bovine embryonic fibroblasts, the mRNA expression of heat shock protein beta-6 increased after adipogenic differentiation, however, decreased after myogenic differentiation. Our data provide that heat shock protein beta-6 may be an adipogenic protein involved in the mechanism of caloric restriction and feed efficiency in the LM of the steer.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to provide basic evidence on the need to approach osteoarthritis patients through a psychological factors-considering rehabilitation program by understanding how activity restrictions in osteoarthritis affect health-related quality of life and depression. Methods: This study assessed 3,761 osteoarthritis patients from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The subjects were divided into two categories: with and without activity restriction. Results: The prevalence of osteoarthritis in women was higher than that of men (men: 19.7%; women: 80.3%), and high BMI increased the prevalence of osteoarthritis. The EQ-5D index of subjects with activity restriction was 0.84±0.18 (points), while in those without activity restriction was 0.93±0.12, and the diagnosis of depression was 15.8%, 8.2%. There was a statistically significant difference in the odds ratio for each item in the EQ-5D. Moreover, the odds ratio for depression with activity restriction was 2.098 compared with no activity restriction. Conclusion: Activity restriction of osteoarthritis patients significantly decreases the health-related quality of life and increase the probability of depression. Therefore, early diagnosis of depression symptoms to prevent deterioration of symptoms in patients with osteoarthritis and to increase compliance with rehabilitation treatment, and to provide arbitration, including treatment that can alleviate depression.

This paper examines the humanness restriction on specificational Pseudo-clefts where the pseudo-cleft clause in subject position is followed by the post-copular, clefted constituent denoting a person. We will first note that the verbs within the pseudo-cleft clause at issue are restricted to what Moltmann (2013) calls ‘verbs describing (visual, tactile, or auditory) perception’ or what Akmajian (1970) calls ‘verbs which take as subjects (or objects) either abstract nouns or human nouns.’ Since like the subject of specificational copular sentences it is substituted for by it or that, but not by he nor by she, the pseudo- cleft clause is essentially construed not as a person but as a thing. The copula is required to be present in this construction and has the role of equating/identifying the open variable provided by the pseudo- cleft clause-internal gap with the referent of the post-copular, clefted constituent. However, the pseudo-cleft clause connected to the post- copular, clefted AP/VP constituent is not entity-but property-denoting, thus being resistant to its substitution by entity-denoting pronominals such as it and that.