Earticle

본 연구는 정보보안의 연구 중 인간 요소를 다루는 분야의 필요성이 제기되어 융합연구 설계방안을 구성하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 정보보안의 측면이 보안 정책과 연관되는 인지과정에 미치는 효과성을 검정하는 것이다. 연구 방법은 가용성 차원과 문화 차원의 교차설계로 구성되었고, 정보보안 과정은 정보보안 의식, 대처 효능감, 준수의향, 정보보안 행동의 네 가지 변인으로 측정되었다. 연구 결과, 가용성 차원은 대처 효능감에 유의미한 영향을 미치고 있었으며, 사례 중심 조건의 영향력이 통계중심 조건보다 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 문화 차원은 정보보안 의식, 대처 효능감, 준수의향, 정보보안 행동에 유의미한 영향을 미치고 있었으며, 동질성 조건의 영향력이 다양성 조건보다 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 결과적으로 제시한 연구 모형은 측정변인으로 재구성된 다원적 매개모형으로 검증되었다. 아울러, 논의는 개인 요소와 조직 특성을 고려한 정보보안 전략의 필요성에 대하여 기술하고 있다.

This study is composed of a convergence research design plan as the necessity of information security field dealing with human factors are raised. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of the aspect of information security on the cognitive process related to security policy. The research method consisted of the cross-design of the availability dimension and the culture dimension, and the information security process was measured with information security awareness, response efficacy, compliance behavioral intention, and information security behavior. As a result of the study, the dimension of availability had a significant effect on response efficacy, and it was found that the influence of the case-based condition was greater than that of the statistics-based condition. The cultural dimension had a significant effect on information security awareness, response efficacy, compliance behavioral intention, and information security behavior, and the influence of the homogeneity condition was found to be greater than that of the diversity condition. The proposed research model was verified as a multiple mediation model reconstructed with measurement variables. In addition, the discussion describes the necessity of an information security strategy in consideration of individual factors and organizational characteristics.

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Purpose: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) self-efficacy for managing symptoms of the version 1.0 item bank in Korea. Methods: This study consisted of two phases: first, developing the Korean version of the item bank following the translation guidelines; and second, performing a cross-sectional study to evaluate its psychometric properties using the item response theory. This study enrolled 323 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus between July and August 2020. Cronbach's a was used to assess the reliability of this item bank. Confirmatory factor analysis, using diagonally weighted least squares, was used to identify the assumptions of item response theory. Item parameter estimates including discrimination and thresholds were derived using the graded response model of the item response theory to reflect patient-reported outcomes as individualized responses. Results: The Korean version of the item bank demonstrated good reliability (Cronbach's a ¼ .98) and its discrimination ranged from 1.82 to 4.93. The thresholds resulted in the establishment of a category response curve for each item. However, no overlap was observed among the category curves. Moreover, the differential item functioning was not significant for age, gender, and income variables. Conclusion: The graded response model and differential item functioning provided qualitative evidence that demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties of symptom management self-efficacy among patients. This item bank is expected to provide adequate assessments of self-efficacy of symptom management for patients with a chronic disease, which can contribute to nursing research and intervention.

목적: 본 논문에서는 3차원(3D) 지방조직유래 간엽줄기세포 조건화 배지의 효능을 확인하고, 3차원(3D) 지방조직유래 간엽줄기세 포 조건화 배지가 함유된 크림이 피부 자극 개선 및 진정효과에 대한 인체효능에 대해 평가하고자 한다. 방법: 3차원(3D) 지방조직 유래 간엽줄기세포 조건화 배지를 이용하여 세포 성장률, 면역반응억제 효과 등의 효능을 확인 한 후, 3차원(3 D지)방조직유래 간엽 줄기세포 조건화 배지를 함유한 크림 제형의 화장품의 유효성 평가를 진행한다. 결과: 3차원(3D) 지방조직유래 간엽줄기세포 조건 화 배지는 세포의 성장(1일, 3일, 5일)과 자기 복제능이 우수하며, 면역반응 억제력은 LPS 처리군 대비 IL-1α의 발현이 1.4배 감소 함을 확인하였다. 3차원(3D) 지방조직유래 간엽줄기세포 조건화 배지가 함유된 크림의 인체적용시험을 확인하였다. 외부자극(화학 적 자극)에 의한 피부 자극 개선 및 진정효과는 시험물질 사용 전 (SLS 자극 후)과 비교하여 3주 사용 후 도포부위 25.88%, 무도포 부위 22.20%가 감소되는 변화를 나타내었다. 1회 사용 직후의 물리적 자극(마찰)에 의한 피부 자극 진정효과는 도포부위 12.53%, 무도포부위 8.71%가 감소되는 변화를 나타내었다. 외부 자극에 의한 손상된 거친 피부결 개선 평가는 사용 전(SLS 자극 후)과 비 교하여 3주 사용 후 도포부위에서 15.91%, 무도포부위에서 3.16%가 감소되는 변화를 나타내었다. 외부 자극(손상)에 의한 각질 들 뜸 개선 및 진정효과 개선도를 분석한 결과, 피부 각질도가 시험물질 사용 전(SLS 자극 후)과 비교하여 3주 사용 후 도포부위에서 78.28% 감소, 무도포부위에서 12.26% 증가되는 변화를 나타내었다. 결론: 본 연구는 3차원(3D) 지방조직유래 간엽줄기세포 조건 화 배지의 효능 검증과 피부 자극 개선 및 진정효과에 대해 규명하였다. 결과를 종합해볼 때, 3차원(3D) 지방조직유래 간엽 줄기세 포 조건화 배지가 함유된 크림은 피부 자극(외부 자극, 물리적 자극), 거친 피부결, 각질 들뜸 등의 피부 진정 및 개선에 유의적인 효 과가 있는 것으로 판단된다.

Purpose: This thesis aims to confirm the skin-smoothing effects of 3D adiposetissue derived mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium (3D-ADMSC-CM) and study how 3D-ADMSC-CM facilitates skin stimulation recovery. Methods: Since confirming that 3D-ADMSC-CM inhibits cell growth and immune reactions, we have continued to evaluate the effects of cream containing 3D-ADMSC-CM on human skin. Results: 3D-ADMSC-CM showed superior self-replication and cell growth rate (at 1, 3 and 5days), and the presence of interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α) was reduced by 1.4 times, compared to LPS treated. We then applied 3D-ADMSC-CM to human skin. The skin irritation improvement and sedative effects by external stimuli (chemical stimulation) showed a decrease of 25.88% in the applied area and 22.20% in the non-dermal area after 3 weeks of use compared with before the test substance use (after SLS stimulation). Skin improvement due to the external stimulation (chemical) and soothing has been reduced after 3 weeks after use up to 25.88% of applied part and 22.20% of non-applied part compared to test material before use. The skin irritation sedative effect by physical stimulation (friction) immediately after one use showed 12.53% reduction of applied area and 8.71% reduction of non-applied part. Skin roughness was reduced after 3 weeks after use up to 15.91% of applied part and 3.16% of non-applied part compared to test material before use. The final results suggested improved keratin excitation and exfoliation has been reduced after 3 weeks after use up to 78.28% of applied part and 12.26% of non-applied part compared to test material before use. Conclusion: 3D-ADMSC-CM is effective and provides adequate skin stimulation. Cream contained 3D-ADMSC-CM soothed skin irritation improved the overall tone and texture of skin, and recovery of exfoliation by skin stimulation (chemical & physical stimulation).

目的: 本论文旨在确认3D脂肪组织间充质干细胞条件培养基（3D-ADMSC-CM）的功效以及研究含有3D-ADMSCCM 的乳膏的人体功效。方法: 利用3D-ADMSC-CM确认抑制细胞生长率和免疫抑制效果，并评估含有 3D-ADMSC-CM的乳膏对人体皮肤的影响。结果: 与LPS处理相比，3D-ADMSC-CM显示出优异的自我复制和细 胞生长速率（在1，3和5日），并且白细胞介素1α（IL-1α）的表达减少了1.4倍。然后我们将3D-ADMSC-CM应 用于人体皮肤。外用刺激（化学刺激）对皮肤刺激的改善和镇静作用在使用3周后，在施用区域减少25.88％， 在非施用区域减少22.20％。一次使用后立即通过物理刺激（摩擦）引起的皮肤刺激镇静作用显示施用面积减少 12.53％，未施用部分减少8.71％。使用后3周后皮肤粗糙度降低至施用部分的15.91％和未施用部分的3.16％， 与使用前的试验材料相比。最终结果表明，与使用前的测试材料相比，使用后3周后，角蛋白激发和剥离的改善 已降低至应用部分的78.28％和未施用部分的12.26％。结论: 3D-ADMSC-CM有效并提供足够的皮肤刺激。含有 3D-ADMSC-CM的乳霜舒缓皮肤刺激，改善皮肤的整体色调和质地，并通过皮肤刺激（化学和物理刺激）恢复去 角质。

Background: Rare digestive system cancers, including cholangiocarcinoma and other low-incidence malignancies, have limited treatment options and often harbor alterations in the RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK pathway. MEK inhibitors have shown preclinical activity, but clinical efficacy remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the therapeutic impact of MEK inhibitors in rare digestive cancers. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials. gov were searched for randomized phase II or III trials investigating MEK inhibitors in rare cancers. Data extraction and riskof- bias assessment were performed independently by two reviewers. Pooled odds ratios (OR) were calculated using randomor fixed-effects models depending on heterogeneity. Results: Total of 522 records screened, four phase II trials (n=210) met inclusion criteria, evaluating selumetinib, trametinib, and cobimetinib. MEK inhibitor therapy did not improve ORR compared with control (OR 0.93; 95% CI 0.35-2.48; I2=0%). No complete responses were reported. Most studies demonstrated high performance and detection bias due to open-label design, and overall certainty of evidence was rated low. Conclusions: MEK inhibitors showed limited clinical activity in rare digestive system cancers and the current evidence remains insufficient to confirm their efficacy as either monotherapy or in combination therapy. Future trials should incorporate biomarker-selected populations and rational combination strategies to overcome pathway resistance.

본 연구는 경상북도 소재 응급의료기관 5개, 소방서 2개의 응급의료인력 총 250명을 편의추출하여, 2021년 10월부터 11월 사이에 응급의료인력의 폭력반응과 자기효능감이 업무만족도에 미치는 영향 을 파악하기 위하여 수행된 서술적 상관관계 연구이다. 연구 도구는 폭력반응, 업무만족도, 자기효능 감 측정도구를 사용하였으며, 연구결과, 폭력반응은 5점 만점에 평균 2.58±0.897점이었다. 일반적 특성에 따른 차이에서 여성이 남성보다, 근무경력이 많은 경우가 적은 경우보다 폭력반응이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 폭력반응은 직무만족도와 부적 상관관계를 나타냈으며, 자기효능감은 직무만족도 와 정적 상관관계를 나타냈다. 대상자의 폭력반응과 자기효능감은 업무만족도에 영향을 미치는 것 으로 나타났으며, 회귀모형의 설명력은 33%이었다. 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 응급의료인력이 폭력 경험을 극복하고 직무만족도를 높이기 위하여 자기효능감을 증진할 수 있는 폭력 예방 및 관리 프로 그램의 개발과 그 효과를 확인하는 연구를 제언하는 바이다.

This study examined the correlation between the violence response, self-efficacy, and job satisfaction of emergency medical personnel in Gyeongsangbuk-do. A total of 250 personnel were selected between September and November 2021 from emergency medical institutions and fire stations. The results showed that the violence response scores reported by the participants were 2.58±0.897 points out of 5. The violence response was negatively correlated with job satisfaction. There was a positive correlation between self-efficacy and job satisfaction. Factors influencing job satisfaction were evaluated using multiple regression analysis. The results showed that violence response and self-efficacy affected the job satisfaction of emergency medical personnel, and the explanatory power was 33%. According to the research results, it is suggested to develop a violence prevention and management program that can enhance self-efficacy to overcome the violence experience and increase job satisfaction of emergency medical personnel.

본 연구는 모자화 반응특성에 나타난 청소년의 자기효능감을 분석해 봄으로써 성별에 따른 청소년의 모자화반응특성과 자기효능감과의 관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 수도권 지역 중․고등학생 425명을 대상으로 2016년 7월 11일부터 15일까지 자료를 수집하였으며, 수집된 자료의 분석은 SPSS 19.0을 이용하여 t검정과일원변량분석 후 사후검정으로 Scheffé-test를 실시하였다. 연구결과는 첫째, 성별에 따른 청소년의 자기효능감반응특성은 자기효능감 전체와 하위요인인 자신감과 과제난이도 선호에서 유의미한 차이가 있었다. 둘째, 청소년의 모자화 반응특성에 따른 자기효능감은 어머니상 생각과 어머니상 위치에서는 남녀학생 모두에서, 아이상의 위치, 어머니상 크기, 어머니상 표정, 모자상 눈 맞춤, 친밀감의 대상에서는 남학생에서, 아이상 생각, 아이상크기, 모자상 생각에서는 여학생에서 유의미한 차이가 있었다. 이러한 연구결과를 고려해 볼 때, 모자화 반응특성은 청소년의 자기효능감과 심리적 특성을 파악하는 그림검사로 부분적으로 활용 가능하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between adolescents’ characteristics of responses tomother-and-child drawings and their self-efficacy based on gender. For this purpose, data were collected from 425middle and high school students in the metropolitan area from July 11 to July 15, 2016, and t-test and one-wayANOVA were performed on the collected data by t- using SPSS 19.0. The Scheffe-test was conducted as apost-test. The results of this study are as follows. First, there was a significant difference in the self-efficacyresponse characteristics of adolescents according to gender in total self-efficacy and sub-scale self-confidence, andin task difficulty preference. Second, as for self-efficacy based on adolescents’ characteristics of responses tomother-and-child drawings, there were significant differences -for both male and female students regardingthoughts of mother’s image and position on mother’s image. Significant differences also were found for malestudents regarding position of child image, size of mother’s image, facial expressions of mother’s image, eyecontact of mother and in objects of intimacy. In addition, there were significant differences for female studentregarding thoughts on the image of the child, size of child image, and thoughts on the image of mother andchild. Given these results, this study shows that characteristics of responses to mother-and-child drawings can bepartially used as a painting test to examine adolescents’ self-efficacy and their psychological characteristics.

본 연구의 목적은 대학생을 대상으로 실시된 안전교육이 안전의식지수와 응급상황대처에 대한 자기효능감에 미치는 효과를 확인하는 데 있으며, 연구설계는 단일군 사전사후 유사 실험연구이다. 연구대상자는 대학 전체학과에서 자발적으로 참여한 63명이었으며, 실험처치로 심폐소생술을 포함하여 25시간의 안전교육이 제공되었다. 자료수집을 위해 국민안전의식지수(Public Safety Consciousness Index, PSCI) 측정도구와 연구자가 수정 보완한 응급상황대처에 대한 자기효능감 측정도구를 사용하였다. 자료 분석은 SPSS 21.0 프로그램을 이용한 t-test, 분산분석, 그리고 R version 3.02를 이용한 모비율검정을 실시하였다. 분석결과, 국민안전의식지수는 평균점수 59.20에서 67.20점으로 매우 유의하게 향상되었으며, 등급의 평균은 보통등급에 속하나, 우수등급 해당자가 3배 이상 증가하는 등 유의한 차이를 보였다. 응급상황대처에 대한 자기효능감의 평균값은 51.16점에서 80.95점으로 유의하게 증가하였다. 응급상황 시 가족(100%)과 타인(76.2%)에게 심폐소생술을 제공할 의향에서도 유의하게 증가하였다. 연구결과, 대학생의 안전의식과 응급상황대처에 대한 자기효능감을 증진시키는 데 있어 안전교육이 효과가 있다는 결론을 얻었다. 연구결과를 토대로 대학은 안전관련 교과목을 개설하여 안전의식 수준을 우수등급을 달성하도록 권장할 것과, 정부는 PSCI 측정도구의 개선과 생애주기별 안전교육맵을 개발하고, 안전교육의 성과관리를 체계화 할 것을 제언한다.

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of safety education on the safety consciousness and self-efficacy of the emergency response in university students. The study design was single group, pre- and post-test quasi-experimental study. The participants were 63 students who were given 25 hours of safety education including cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR). The instruments were the Public Safety Consciousness Index(PSCI) and self-efficacy index. The data were analyzed by the t-test and ANOVA using SPSS 21.0 program, and 1-sample proportions test using the R version 3.02. The results showed that the average percentile score of PSCI was increased significantly from 59.20 to 67.20 which is moderate level. After receiving safety education, one third of the participants were promoted from moderate to excellent level. The average percentile score of the self-efficacy of emergency response was increased significantly from 51.16 to 80.95. The willingness to provide CPR to family(100%) and others(76.2%) were significantly increased. In conclusion, safety education raises the safety consciousness and increase the self-efficacy of the emergency response. Universities are recommended to provide safety-related subjects to encourage students to attain the excellent level of the PSCI. These results suggest that the government renew the PSCI tool, develop a life-cycle specific map for safety education, and provide a monitoring system.

헬스커뮤니케이션에서 위험인식 및 효능감은 예방행동을 결정짓는 주요 개념들이다. 본 연구에서는 위험인식의 두 가지 수준을 분류하여 각 위험인식이 효능감 변인들의 수 준에 따라 예방행위 의도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 살펴보았다. 기존의 연구들은 위험 인식을 둘러싼 미디어·커뮤니케이션의 내용, 유형, 프로그램 등에 초점을 두었다. 그러 나 본 연구는 결핵에 대한 개인적·사회적 수준의 위험인식이 예방행동 의도에 끼치는 영향력이 개인적·집단적 수준의 효능감에 의해 조절되는지를 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 편의표집된 대학생들을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 분석 결과를 통해 사회적 수준의 결핵 위험인식이 개인적 수준의 결핵 위험인식보다 예방행위 의도에 더 큰 영향 력을 확인하였으며, 자기·반응집단 효능감 모두 예방행위 의도에 유의미한 영향력을 입 증하였다. 위계적 다중조절회귀분석을 실시하여 예방행위 의도에 대하여 개인적 수준의 위험인식이 미치는 영향력은 자기·반응 효능감에 조절되지 못함을 검증하였다. 그러나 예방행위 의도에 사회적 수준의 위험인식이 미치는 영향은 집단 효능감에 의해 조절되는 경향을 밝혔다. 즉, 집단 효능감이 높은 집단은 그렇지 못한 집단보다 사회적 수준의 위 험인식이 예방행위 의도에 더욱 영향을 끼칠 수 있다. 본 연구의 이론적·실무적 시사점 은 헬스커뮤니케이션 학자들과 실무가들이 감염병 예방 캠페인 전략 개발에 위험인식 및 효능감을 보다 효과적으로 사용해야 한다는 사실이다. 특히, 위험인식의 개인적·사회적 수준을 이해함으로써 각 수준에 맞는 캠페인 타겟층의 효능감을 파악해야 할 것이다.

In health communication research perceived risk and efficacy beliefs are thought to be significant concepts. This study aimed to explore whether risk perceptions could affect preventive behavioral intent according to the levels of efficacy beliefs variables by categorizing risk perceptions into the personal vs societal level. Past research focused on the contents, types, and programs of media and communication regarding risk perception. However, the study examined whether the personal- and societal-level risk perceptions of TB on preventive behavioral intent could be moderated by the personal and collective level of efficacy beliefs. To this end the study used a survey method with a convenience sample of undergraduate students in Korea. Results found that the effect of societal-level risk perception on the TB preventive behavioral intent would be more likely to occur than the personal-level risk perception, while both self and response efficacy beliefs significantly affected the behavioral intent. Moreover, hierarchical moderated multiple regression analyses revealed that the impact of personal-level risk perception on the behavioral intent was not moderated by self and response efficacy, whereas the impact of societal-level risk perception was significantly moderated by collective efficacy. That is, for those with high perceived collective efficacy, the societal-level risk perception is more likely to affect the preventive behavioral intent, compared to those with low perceived collective efficacy. The study suggests theoretical and practical implications that health communication scholars and practitioners should more effectively utilize risk perceptions and efficacy beliefs to develop infectious diseases prevention campaign strategies. In particular, they need to figure out the proper level of efficacy beliefs of campaign target audiences by identifying the personal- and societal-level risk perception.

본 연구는 초기성인의 ‘사과 따는 사람 그림검사(PPAT)’ 반응이 우울과 자기효능감 정도에 따라 반응 차이가 있는지를 알아보는데 연구의 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 만 20~40세 성인 196명을 대상으로 실시하였다. 연구도구는 성인용 우울척도와 자기효능감 척도, PPAT를 사용하였으며 PPAT는 형식척도인 FEATS와 내용척도를 통해 그림을 분석하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 초기성인들 중 우울한 집단과 우울하지 않은 집단 간의 ‘사과 따는 사람 그림검사(PPAT)’의 반응차이를 살펴본 결과 형식적 요소 중 ‘색의 적절성’에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 둘째, 초기성인들 중 자기효능감이 높은 집단과 자기효능감이 낮은 집단 간의 ‘사과 따는 사람 그림검사(PPAT)’의 반응차이를 살펴본 결과 형식적 요소 중 ‘공간’에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 셋째, 초기성인들 중 우울하며 자기효능감이 낮은 집단과 우울하지 않으며 자기효능감이 높은 집단 간의 ‘사과 따는 사람 그림검사(PPAT)’의 반응차이를 살펴본 결과 PPAT의 형식적 반응 특성 중 ‘공간’에서 초기 성인기의 우울 유무와 자기효능감 정도에 따라 유의한 차이를 보였다. 이상과 같은 결과를 종합해보면 PPAT 그림검사는 초기성인의 우울과 자기효능감 정도에 따라 부분적 차이를 나타내고 있다.

This thesis is to inquire into whether the PPAT(Person Picking an Apple from a Tree) response of early adult shows a difference by the levels of depression and self-efficacy. The subject was 196 early adults aged 20 to 40. The measurement tools were BDI(Beck Depression Inventory), the General Self-Efficacy Scale, PPAT. In case of PPAT, its FEATS(The Formal Elements Art Therapy Scale) and content scale were used to analyze the pictures. The results are as follows. Firstly, the difference in PPAT responses between the depressed group and the non-depressed group was examined out in color Fit among the formal elements. Secondly, the difference in PPAT responses between the group of high self-efficacy level and the group of low self-efficacy level was examined out in color Fit among the formal elements. Thirdly, the difference in the PPAT responses between the non-depressed, high self-efficacy group and the depressed, low self-efficacy group was examined out in color Fit among the formal elements. In conclusion, PPAT shows a partial difference by the levels of early adults depression and self-efficacy.

본 연구는 청소년의 자기효능감 수준에 따른 사과 따는 사람 그림검사의 반응 특성을 분석함으로써 청소년의 자기효능감과 사과 따는 사람 그림검사와의 관계를 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구대상은 G도에 위치한 B중학교 학생으로 총 300명에게 자기효능감 척도와 사과 따는 사람 그림검사를 실시하였고 이중 부실기재 11명을 제외한 289명의 자료를 수집하였다. 289명의 자료를 바탕으로 자기효능감 상위 27%(80명)집단 하위 27%(79명)집단으로 나누어 분석하였으며 사과 따는 사람 그림검사의 형식척도(FEATS)와 내용척도(Contents Scale)를 사용하여 살펴보았다. 본 연구자를 포함하여 미술치료사 총 3명의 평정자가 채점을 하여 채점자간 신뢰도를 평가하였고, 자기효능감 수준에 따른 사과 따는 사람 그림검사의 반응 특성을 알아보기 위하여 형식척도에서는 독립표본 t검증을, 내용척도에서는 교차분석(x²)을 실시하였다. 연구결과를 살펴보면, 형식척도의 14개 항목 중 총 9개 항목에서 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보였으며 내용척도에서는 총 5개 항목에서 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 결과적으로 사과 따는 사람 그림검사가 객관적 도구로 언어적 심리검사를 보완해 줄 수 있는 도구로써 유용하다는 것을 확인하였고, 나아가 청소년의 자기효능감 수준을 알아 볼 수 있는 보조적 진단도구로 활용되기를 기대해본다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between self-efficacy in adolescents and PPAT (Person Picking an Apple From a Tree) assessment by analyzing the characteristics of responses. Three hundred students studying at B middle school in G-Prvince participated in the self-efficacy and PPAT assessment. We divided the 289 results into the top 27% (80 students) and bottom 27% (79 students) and analyzed them using the FEATS and Contents Scale of the PPAT assessment. All three evaluators, including myself, are art therapists. To improve reliability in the scoring, we evaluated one another’s scoring of the students’ results. To get the result I used an independent sample t test for FEATS and cross-scale analysis (x²) for the contents scale. Five criteria on the contests scale showed significant differences. Based on these results, I determined that the PPAT is useful as an objective method to support verbal psychological testing; moreover, I expect it to be useful as a supplemental diagnostic method to assess the self-efficacy levels of adolescents.

문화와 경제수준의 향상으로 삶의 질에 대한 관심이 증대하면서 현대 여성들은 자신의 외적 아름다움을 보완해주는 메이크업 서비스에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 하지만 이에 대한 활성화 방안과 실증연구는 매우 부 족한 실정이다. 본 연구는 소비자가 느끼는 감정을 강조한 감정반응(PAD : Pleasure, Arousal, Dominance) 이론 의 주요 변수들을 통해 자기효능감, 회복탄력성이 고객만족에 영향을 미치는 요인들에 대한 인과관계를 실증 연구 하고자 한다. 이를 검증하기 위해 메이크업 서비스 이용자를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 즐 거움은 자기효능감과 회복탄력성에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 각성은 자기효능감과 회복탄력성에 유의한 영향 을 미쳤다. 셋째, 지배는 자기효능감과 회복탄력성에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 넷째, 자기효능감은 회복탄력성과 고 객만족에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 다섯째, 회복탄력성은 고객만족에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다.

As interest in quality of life increases with the improvement of cultural and economic standards, modern women are increasingly interested in makeup services that complement their external beauty. However, few revitalization methods and empirical studies have been conducted. This study aims to empirically reveal the causal relationship between self-efficacy and resilience factors and customer satisfaction through the main variables of the emotional response (PAD: Pleasure, Arousal, Dominance) theory emphasizing the emotions consumers feel. For this purpose, a survey was conducted on makeup service users. The result is as follows: Firstly, pleasure had a significant effect on self-efficacy and resilience. Secondly, arousal had a significant effect on self-efficacy and resilience. Thirdly, domination had a significant effect on self-efficacy and resilience. Fourthly, self-efficacy had a significant effect on resilience and customer satisfaction. Fifthly, resilience had a significant effect on customer satisfaction.

Purpose: This study aimed to develop the following scales on women's environmental health and to examine their validity and reliability: severity, susceptibility, response efficacy, self-efficacy, benefit, barrier, personal health behavior, and community health behavior scales. Methods: The item pool was generated based on related scales, a wide literature review, and indepth interviews on women's environmental health according to the revised Rogers' protection motivation theory model. Content validity was verified by three nursing professionals. Exploratory factor analysis, convergent validity, and internal consistency reliability were examined. Results: The scales included 10 items on severity, 11 on susceptibility, 10 on response efficacy, 14 on self-efficacy, 8 on benefits, 10 on barriers, 17 on personal health behavior, and 16 on community health behavior. Convergent validity with the environmental behavior scale for female adolescents was supported. The Cronbach's α values for internal consistency were good for all scales: severity, . 84; susceptibility, .92; response efficacy, .88; self-efficacy, .90; benefits, .91; barriers, .85; personal health behavior, .90; and community health behavior, .91. Conclusion: The evaluation of the psychometric properties shows that these scales are valid and reliable measures of women's environmental health awareness and behaviors. These scales may be helpful for assessing women's environmental health behaviors, thereby contributing to efforts to promote environmental health.

The humoral immune response of chicken vaccinated with fowl and pigeon pox virus vaccines was determined with the protective potentiality of the two vaccines in field condition of Bangladesh. Different aged Fayoumi chicks were subjected for the study. To assess the relationship with better immune response among experimental groups, the average percentage of 'take reaction' was examined and recorded to 97.77% in group A, 93.33% in group B and 100.0% in group C. The level of immune status induced by different vaccinated group was measured by passive hemagglutination (PHA) microplate test method. The mean PHA titer levels after primary vaccination were $33.06{\pm}14.13$ in group A, $32.0{\pm}14.81$ in group B, and $33.0{\pm}13.66$ in group C. Following booster vaccination, the mean PHA titer levels in prior of challenge were increased to $55.46{\pm}14.64$ in groups A and C, and $46.93{\pm}16.52$ in group B. The recorded PHA titer levels of each group at two weeks after challenge were significantly increased to $106.66{\pm}31.22$, $93.86{\pm}33.04$ and $110.93{\pm}29.29$, respectively. The PHA titer levels after vaccination and challenge were significantly increased compared to pre-vaccination titer levels (P<0.01). Although the PHA titer levels among three groups administrated different vaccine combinations in prior of challenge were significantly varied (P<0.01), it was observed that all of the vaccinated chicks were highly protected against challenge infection.

Background/Aims: Portal-vein thrombosis (PVT) develops in 10?25% of cirrhotic patients and may aggravate portal hypertension. There are few data regarding the effects of anticoagulation on nonmalignant PVT in liver cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the safety, efficacy, and predictors of response to anticoagulation therapy in cirrhotic patients. Methods: Patients with liver cirrhosis and nonmalignant PVT were identified by a hospital electronic medical record system (called BESTCARE). Patients with malignant PVT, Budd-Chiari syndrome, underlying primary hematologic disorders, or preexisting extrahepatic thrombosis were excluded from the analysis. Patients were divided into two groups (treatment and nontreatment), and propensity score matching analysis was performed to identify control patients. The sizes of the thrombus and spleen were evaluated using multidetector computed tomography . Results: Twenty-eight patients were enrolled in this study between 2003 and 2014: 14 patients who received warfarin for nonmalignant PVT and 14 patients who received no anticoagulation. After 112 days of treatment, 11 patients exhibited significantly higher response rates (complete in 6 and partial in 5) compared to the control patients, with decreases in thrombus size of >30%. Compared to nonresponders, the 11 responders were older, and had a thinner spleen and fewer episodes of previous endoscopic variceal ligations, whereas pretreatment liver function and changes in prothrombin time after anticoagulation did not differ significantly between the two groups. Two patients died after warfarin therapy, but the causes of death were not related to anticoagulation. Conclusions: Warfarin can be safely administered to cirrhotic patients with nonmalignant PVT. The presence of preexisting portal hypertension is a predictor of nonresponse to anticoagulation.

Background/Aims: We evaluated the efficacy and safety of tacrolimus as maintenance therapy in Korean patients with lupus nephritis (LN). Methods: A total of 179 patients with biopsy-proven LN were included, of whom 92 received tacrolimus and 87 did not. Clinical parameters were assessed at six months and at one, two, three, and five years. Complete renal response (CR) and partial response (PR) were defined based on established criteria. Adverse events, renal flares, and poor outcomes have been reported. Results: Baseline characteristics were similar, except for a higher prevalence of class V LN in the tacrolimus group. At six months, the CR rate was 49.5% in the tacrolimus group and 56.6% in the non-tacrolimus group (p = 0.308), with PR rates of 33.0% and 24.1% (p = 0.213). At one year, the non-tacrolimus group had a significantly higher CR rate (73.1% vs. 52.3%, p = 0.006), whereas the overall response rates were similar (p = 0.15). By two years, the CR rates were 71.8% in the non-tacrolimus group and 58.2% in the tacrolimus group (p = 0.031). At three years, the overall response was found 75.4% with tacrolimus and 83.1% without (p = 0.252); and at five years, these rates were 72.9% and 87.3% (p = 0.1). No significant differences in renal flares, poor outcomes, or adverse events were observed. Conclusions: This study has demonstrated that tacrolimus is an effective and safe maintenance therapy for achieving renal response and slowing disease progression in patients with LN who have not achieved remission.

Background/Aims: The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of add-on therapy with certolizumab pegol (CZP) in active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients of a single ethnicity. Methods: In this 24-week, phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, eligible patients (n = 127) were randomized 2:1 to subcutaneous CZP + methotrexate (MTX; 400 mg at week 0, 2, and 4 followed by 200 mg every 2 weeks) or placebo + MTX. Results: At week 24, the American College of Rheumatology criteria for 20% (ACR20) response rate was significantly greater with CZP + MTX than with placebo (66.7% vs. 27.5%, p < 0.001). Differences in ACR20 response rates for CZP vs. placebo were significant from week 1 (p < 0.05) and remained significant through week 24. The CZP group reported significant improvement in physical function and disability compared to the placebo group (p < 0.001) at week 24, as assessed by Korean Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (KHAQ-DI). Post hoc analysis indicated that the proportion of patients who had ACR70 responses, Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28) low disease activity, and DAS28 remission at week 24 was greater in CZP + MTX-treated patients who achieved a decrease in DAS28 ≥ 1.2 (43.8%) at week 4 than in nonresponders. Among 18 (22.2%) and 14 patients (35.0%) in CZP and placebo groups who had latent tuberculosis (TB), none developed active TB. Most adverse events were mild or moderate. Conclusions: CZP treatment combined with MTX in active RA patients with moderate to severe disease activity and an inadequate response to MTX resulted in rapid onset of efficacy, which is associated with better clinical outcome at week 24 and has an acceptable safety profile, especially in an intermediate TB-burden population.

Background/Aims: Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are a treatment of choice for eosinophilic airway diseases, but their efficacy for other causes of chronic cough is controversial. Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study to determine the ICS efficacy and clinical predictors of response to ICS in patients with upper airway cough syndrome (UACS) or unexplained chronic cough (UCC). Sixty-eight patients with UACS and 33 patients with UCC (duration of cough ≥ 8 weeks) were treated with ICS: 250 μg of fluticasone propionate or 400 μg of budesonide twice a day at physician’s discretion. They were followed after 2 weeks to assess persistent cough which was measured as 0% to 100% compared with baseline cough frequency. Results: The median grade of persistent cough after 2-week ICS treatment was 40% (interquartile range [IQR], 10 to 70) in UACS and was 50% (IQR, 20 to 70) in UCC. The only adverse event was infrequent, mild hoarse voice (five UACS and one UCC). Long duration of cough (≥ 52 weeks) and cough not aggravated by cold air exposure were predictors of a poorer response to short course ICS treatment (logistic regression analysis, p = 0.018 and p = 0.031, respectively). However, prolonged treatment with ICS more than 2 weeks was more effective in patients with long cough duration (≥ 52 weeks). Conclusions: Short course ICS treatment has modest efficacy on UACS and UCC without significant adverse events. Duration of cough and cough triggered by cold air exposure were the clinical factors associated with ICS response. Extended treatment with ICS may be beneficial in patients with long duration of cough.

We investigated the combinatorial effects of different doses of dietary soy isoflavones (SI) and fructooligosaccharide (FOS) in a rat model of colon cancer. We hypothesized that increased bioavailability of SI metabolites due to dietary FOS may increase production of bioactive equol and affect colon carcinogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. Sprague-Dawley male rats were injected with 12-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and were providec experimental diets that contained 0, 10, 50, 150, or 500 mg SI per kg of diet and 6% FOS for 12 weeks. The number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in colonic tissues were significantly decreased in the 6% FOS-fed groups compared to the control group. Gut transit time and fecal pH were significantly lower, and fecal concentrations of bifidobacteria were increased with 6% FOS. However, dietary SI supplementation in combination with 6% dietary FOS did not affect ACF formation or COX-2 expression. Plasma equol concentrations were dose-dependently increased by supplementation of SI up to 500 mg/kg of diet. In conclusion, SI supplementation up to 500 mg/kg of diet appeared to have no additive beneficial effects in rats with chemically-induced colon cancer that were fed 6% FOS, although plasma equol was dose-dependently increased.