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The Un/Making of ‘Creole Nationalism’: C. L. R. James and the Politics of ‘Respectability’ in the British West Indies Youngjun Ha(Hanyang University) This paper is a study on the ambivalent relationship between the early thoughts of C. L. R. James and ‘Creole nationalism’ in the British West Indies. Creole nationalism was the term for Black middle class’s nationalism that advocated for West Indian self-government and ‘respectability’ as its cultural basis in colonial West Indies. The ideal of respectability was equally important for both the British Empire and it’s colonies in West Indies. The English middle class of the Victorian era showed off the superiority of their own culture through respectability and made an attempt to justify their ‘liberal imperialism’ based on it. But for the Black middle class, respectability represented a necessary tool to combat popular racial images of their race as lazy, dirty, unintelligent, morally lax, and sexually rapacious. The Black middle class appropriated English middle class’s respectability to resist against British rule and to hold national hegemony in colonial Trinidad. In particular, through political work, James tried to create a national identity and justify self-government based on local and racial transformation in the ideal of respectability, as in the pamphlet The Case for West Indian Self-Government. It meant to privilege the Black middle class experience as the prime characteristic of national identity and to exclude the heterogeneous experiences of Black lower class and other immigrants in the British West Indies. Creole nationalism had provided a solid foundation for national independence in Jamaica, Trinidad, and Tobago in 1962. At the same time, James also seemed to reveal the problems of the idea of respectability in the pursuit of nation-building, especially in his literary work, Minty Alley. By looking at his political and literary works together, this paper intends to show how James’ early works played an important role in the un/making of Creole nationalism against/for the ideal of respectability in colonial Trinidad.

최근 한국사회가 다문화사회로 전환되면서, 해양국경과 바다인접 지역을 통해서 다국적 이주민들과 외국인들을 대응하는 해양경찰의 업무가 중요해졌다. 따라서 해양경찰관이 되기 전의 다문화교육은 매우 중요하다고 볼 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 해양경찰교육생의 다문화개방성과 다문화수용성 그리고 다문화존중성의 수준을 알아보았다. 또한 각 요인들과 다문화교육 필요성과의 관계에 대해서 살펴보았다. 분석 결과 해양경찰교육생들은 본 연구의 주요 변인들에 있어 총점 6점을 기준으로 모두 4점 이상의 높은 수준의 평균값을 보여주었다. 다문화개방성, 다문화수용성, 다문화존중성, 다문화교육 필요성은 입직경로에 있어서 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 다문화개방성과 다문화수용성, 다문화존중성, 다문화교육필요성의 인과관계가 모두 통계적으로 유의미하게 나타났다. 다문화개방성과 다문화수용성이 다문화존중성에 정(+)적인 관계를 가졌으며, 다문화교육필요성에는 다문화존중성과 다문화개방성이 정(+)적인 관계를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 다문화존중성이 정(+)적인 매개효과를 가져 다문화개방성과 다문화수용성이 다문화존중성을 거쳐 다문화교육필요성의 경로를 가진다면 효과가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

As Korea enters to be a multi-cultural society, the duties of marine police officers, who encounter various migrants and foreigners through the maritime borders and the adjacent seas, have become more important. Therefore, in this study, the researchers studied the degree of Multicultural Openness(MO), Multicultural Acceptability(MC), and Multicultural Respectability(MR) of the trainees before becoming the maritime police officers. Also, the researchers looked at the relationships between each factor and needs for the Multicultural Education(ME). As the result, the maritime police trainees have a high degree of average of 4 points or more based on the total score of 6 points in the major variables of this study. MO, MC, MR and needs for ME showed a variancy depending on the position of employment paths. And, the causal relationships among MO, MA, MR, and the needs for ME were statistically significant. According the results of the analysis, MO and MA showed a positive relationship with MR, and the MR and MO showed a positive relationship with the needs of ME. In addition, the MR showed a positive mediating effect, and if MO and MA had the needs of ME through MR, the effect increased

The urban modernity that became an irresistible model for elites in Asia in the decades before and after 1900 was far from being gender-neutral. It represented an exceptional peak of patriarchy in its exclusion of respectable middle class women from the work force, from ownership and control of property and from politics. Marriage was indissoluble and the wife's role in the male-headed nuclear family was to care for and educate the abundant children she produced. Puritan religious values underlined the perils for women of falling outside this pattern of dependence on the male. Though upheld as modern and civilized, this ideal was in particularly striking contrast with the pre-colonial Southeast Asian pattern of economic autonomy and balance between women and men, and the relative ease of female-initiated divorce. Although attractive to many western-educated Southeast Asian men, including religious reformers determined to 'save' and domesticate women, urban respectability of this type was a poor fit for women accustomed to dominant roles in commerce and marketing, and at least equal ones in production. Southeast Asian relative failure in the high colonial era to adapt to the modern market economy may also have a gendered explanation. We should not be surprised that patriarchy and puritanism became more important in Southeast Asia as it urbanized in the late 20th Century, since this was echoing the European experience a century earlier. The question remains how far Southeast Asia could retain its relatively balanced gender pattern in face of its eventual rapid urbanization and commercial development.

This article explores changing gendered identities of young, unmarried, Indian, middle class women who work in transnational call centres (TNCs) in Bangalore, within the broader context of cultural globalization. While the entry of these organizations has enhanced employment opportunities for the younger population in India, the workplace presents a contested cultural terrain to its female workers, who uphold their traditional class values as an integral part of their modern identities. I portray the richness and depth of the changing aspirations towards individualization, careers and marriage of such women, who migrate from semi-urban areas and become part of a global cultural space. Based on ethnographic research, I suggest that, while these young women frequently frame themselves as dutiful daughters, their attitudes and actions point towards reconfigurations of their identities as modern, professional Indian women, skilled in navigating the altered cultural and economic contexts of their lives in Bangalore.

Kenyan runners of both genders migrate to Japan to pursue projects of social and economic mobility for themselves and their families. There is a commonly held perception in Kenya that migrants, and more specifically migrant athletes, earn vast sums of money that they should distribute generously. Many Kenyans expect that their relationship with an athlete will guarantee miraculous socioeconomic transformations amidst the uncertainties of rural life. This reality serves as a daily reminder for Kenyans who secured a ticket to Japan, pushing them to find ways to satisfy the many people back in Kenya who are dependent on them. Meanwhile, they must carefully avoid compromising their own short-term way of life, nest egg, and social reputation. The challenges female runners undergo to cement their respectability differ greatly from their male counterparts. Gendered expectations in Kenya ensure that female athletes conform by prioritising that the fragility of masculinity is nurtured by appeasing surrounding male figures. The ability for the Kenyan female runners to delicately meet the expectations bound by cultural norms is crucial for safeguarding their own standing and well-being. Their future in Kenya depends on it.

Horatio Alger’s Ragged Dick (1868) betrays the economic and social system of nineteenth-century America through a self-reformative bootblack’s quest for respectability. Being considered a space of constant danger, nineteenth-century New York City serves as a game board, and both visitors and residents of the city are supposed to avoid dangers while moving across its space. Dick Hunter, the juvenile protagonist of the novel, illustrates a street-child who starts his game of life from the backline of the game board. Continuing his quest for respectability, not only must he abandon the bad habits that he acquired as a street-child, but he also must avoid thieves and swindlers just like a tourist or like a player of nineteenth-century American board games. As Dick’s social rise goes parallel with his movement in the city space, his entrance to a bank brings him the access to other respectable places, and a series of entrance turns him into a legitimate subject in the official system of the American society. While he continues his game of life successfully with the help of gentlemen patrons, in reality it is almost impossible for a disadvantaged player to escape the backline of the society. Thus, Dick’s success story presents Alger’s fantasy about the ideal economic system in which materials and persons are endlessly circulated.

본 연구는 케냐 힙합에서 여성 아티스트가 수행하는 정치적·문화적 실천을 페미니즘과 ‘존경성 정치(respectability politics)’의 관점에서 분석하였다. 아프리카 힙합은 오랫동안 남성 중심의 서사와 규범에 의해 규정되어 왔지만, 여성 아티스트들은 여성에 대한 사회적 억압에 대항하며 새로운 주체성을 구성해 왔다. 특히 본 연구는 이들이 성적 규범, 도덕성, 공적 이미지 관리 등으로 구성된 존경성 정치의 잣대에 어떻게 대응하고 전유하는지를 중점적으로 검토하였다. 이들은 때로는 ‘바람직한’ 여성성을 강조하며 기존의 관습을 재해석하고, 때로는 과감한 자기표현과 언어를 통해 규범을 직접적으로 전복하였다. 이러한 양가적 전략은 아프리카 사회 내부의 젠더 규범, 청년 문화, 종교적·도덕적 이데올로기와 긴밀하게 얽혀 있으며, 힙합이라는 장르의 특성과도 맞닿아 있다. 이러한 분석을 위해 본 연구는 케냐의 ‘나지지 히르지(Nazizi Hirji)’와 ‘무토니 드러머 퀸(Muthoni Drummer Queen)’의 가사를 비교 분석하였다. 두 아티스트는 모두 여성의 주체성, 섹슈얼리티, 사회적 존중을 둘러싼 규범적 압력 속에서 자신만의 전략을 펼쳐 왔지만, 각자의 문화적 맥락과 음악적 실천 방식에 따라 존경성 정치에 대한 대응은 상이한 양상을 보였다. 이러한 대비는 단순한 세대 차이를 넘어, 존경성 정치에 대한 케냐 여성의 인식이 변화하고 있음을 보여준다.

This study examines the political and cultural practices of women artists in Kenyan hip-hop through the lenses of feminism and respectability politics. Although African hip-hop has long been shaped by male-centered narratives, women artists increasingly challenge gendered oppression and articulate new forms of subjectivity. The analysis focuses on how they negotiate the standards of respectability?sexual norms, morality, and public image?sometimes accommodating and reinterpreting “proper” femininity, and at other times disrupting dominant norms through assertive self-expression. These ambivalent strategies intersect with broader gender norms, youth culture, and moral ideologies in African societies, as well as with the expressive politics of hip-hop. The study compares two Kenyan artists, Nazizi Hirji and Muthoni Drummer Queen, showing how each navigates pressures around women’s sexuality, agency, and social respect. Their contrasting approaches not only reflect generational and stylistic differences but also point to shifting perceptions of respectability among Kenyan women.

최근 한국사회가 다문화사회로 전환되면서, 해양국경과 바다인접 지역을 통해서 다국적 이주민들과 외국인들을 대응하는 해양경찰의 업무가 중요해졌다. 따라서 해양경찰관이 되기 전의 다문화교육은 매우 중요하다고 볼 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 해양경찰교육생의 다문화개방성과 다문화수용성 그리고 다문화존중성의 수준을 알아보았다. 또한 각 요인들과 다문화교육 필요성과의 관계에 대해서 살펴보았다. 분석 결과 해양경찰교육생들은 본 연구의 주요 변인들에 있어 총점 6점을 기준으로 모두 4점 이상의 높은 수준의 평균값을 보여주었다. 다문화개방성, 다문화수용성, 다문화존중성, 다문화교육 필요성은 입직경로에 있어서 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 다문화개방성과 다문화수용성, 다문화존중성, 다문화교육필요성의 인과관계가 모두 통계적으로 유의미하게 나타났다. 다문화개방성과 다문화수용성이 다문화존중성에 정(+)적인 관계를 가졌으며, 다문화교육필요성에는 다문화존중성과 다문화개방성이 정(+)적인 관계를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 다문화존중성이 정(+)적인 매개효과를 가져 다문화개방성과 다문화수용성이 다문화존중성을 거쳐 다문화교육필요성의 경로를 가진다면 효과가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

As Korea enters to be a multi-cultural society, the duties of marine police officers, who encounter various migrants and foreigners through the maritime borders and the adjacent seas, have become more important. Therefore, in this study, the researchers studied the degree of Multicultural Openness(MO), Multicultural Acceptability(MC), and Multicultural Respectability(MR) of the trainees before becoming the maritime police officers. Also, the researchers looked at the relationships between each factor and needs for the Multicultural Education(ME). As the result, the maritime police trainees have a high degree of average of 4 points or more based on the total score of 6 points in the major variables of this study. MO, MC, MR and needs for ME showed a variancy depending on the position of employment paths. And, the causal relationships among MO, MA, MR, and the needs for ME were statistically significant. According the results of the analysis, MO and MA showed a positive relationship with MR, and the MR and MO showed a positive relationship with the needs of ME. In addition, the MR showed a positive mediating effect, and if MO and MA had the needs of ME through MR, the effect increased