Earticle

소아 손목 골절은 성장판과 미성숙 골 구조의 복잡성으로 인해 임상 현장에서 오진율이 높은 영역이며 미세 골절의 정확한 탐지를 위해서 고해상도 영상의 공간 정보 보존이 필수적이다. 그러나 1024px 이상의 고해상도 학습은 한정된 하드웨어자원에서 배치 크기를 극도로 제한시키기 때문에 배치 단위의 통계량에 의존하는 기존 배치 정규화(BN) 모델의 성능과 학습 중 수렴 안정성을 저하시키게 된다. 본 연구는 이러한 공학적 한계를 해결하고자 그룹 정규화(GN) 기반의 고해상도딥러닝 프레임워크를 제안하였다. GRAZPEDWRI 데이터셋을 활용하여 성능을 검증한 결과, 제안된 GN 모델(1024px)은 BN 모델 대비 mAP에서 약 7.4%의 성능 향상(0.381 vs 0.354)을 달성하였다. 특히 맥니마 검정 결과, BN 모델이 놓친 사례 중 44건을 GN 모델이 성공으로 전환시키며 통계적인 유의미한 우위를 입증하였으며(p < 0.001), 연산 효율성 측면에서 GN 768px 모델이 더 높은 해상도의 BN 1024px 모델보다 위양성을 절반 이하로 줄이면서도 유의미하게 우수한 진단 성능을 보였다(p < 0.001 ). 결론적으로, 본 연구의 GN 기반 프레임워크는 자원 제한적인 임상 환경에서도 고해상도 의료 영상 학습의 안정성을 확보하여, 소아 미세 골절 진단의 정확도와 신뢰도를 획기적으로 개선시킬 수 있는 기술적 토대를 마련하였다.

Accurate diagnosis of pediatric wrist fractures is challenging due to complex growth plate structures, necessitating high-resolution deep learning models to detect subtle fracture lines. However, high-resolution training is often hindered by hardware constraints that limit batch sizes, leading to statistical instability and performance degradation in standard Batch Normalization (BN) layers. This study proposes a high-resolution framework utilizing Group Normalization (GN), which operates independently of batch size, to overcome these technical bottlenecks. Evaluations using the GRAZPEDWRI dataset demonstrated that the proposed GN model (1024px) achieved a superior mAP of 0.381 compared to the BN model (0.354) and significantly reduced false positives (10 vs. 75). Notably, the GN 768px model statistically outperformed the higher-resolution BN 1024px model (p < 0.001), proving its superior diagnostic efficiency. These results suggest that the GN-based framework effectively stabilizes high-resolution medical image training under resource-limited environments, significantly enhancing the accuracy and clinical reliability of AI-assisted pediatric fracture detection.

본 연구는 거부민감성과 이성관계 만족의 관계에서 인지적 측면인 인지적 정서조절과 행동적 측면인 갈등해결전략의 매개효과를 검증하여 거부민감성 모델의 적용에 대해 검토하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 서울소재 대학 대학생 668명(남 232명, 여 436명, 평균연령, 21.59세(SD=2.08))을 대상으로 변인 간 관계에 대한 매개모형을 설정하여 관계를 검증하였다. 그 결과, 거부민감성과 이성관계 만족과의 관계에서 인지적 정서조절 전략 중 적응적 정서조절 전략과 갈등해결전략 중 통합과 타협 전략의 이중 매개효과를 확인하였다. 즉, 거부민감성이 이성관계 만족과 직접적인 부적인 상관을 보여 거부민감성이 높을 경우 이성관계 만족은 낮아질 것으로 예상할 수 있다. 다만, 상황을 긍정적으로 해석하고 초점을 확대한 적응적 인지적 정서조절전략과 서로 적극적으로 문제를 해결하고자 하는 통합과 타협의 갈등해결전략을 통해 이성관계 만족에 긍정적인 변화를 가져올 수 있음을 확인한 것이다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 상담실제에 대한 함의와 개입방향에 대해 논의하였다.

This study examined how the rejection sensitivity model might be applied to the link between rejection sensitivity and dating relationship satisfaction by means of investigating the mediating effect of cognitive emotion regulation strategy and conflict resolution strategy. A total of 668 college students in Seoul (232 males, 436 females, mean age of 21.59 years [SD=2.08]) participated in this study. The results illustrated that the adaptive emotion regulation strategy, among cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and the integration and compromise strategies, among conflict resolution strategies, had the double mediation effect on the association between rejection sensitivity and dating relationship satisfaction. In other words, a direct negative correlation between rejection sensitivity and dating relationship satisfation resulted in high rejection sensitivity, which was expected to generate low satisfaction in dating relationships. However, it was confirmed that the use of these two strategies-the cognitive emotion regulation and the conflict resolution strategy-could bring positive effects in terms of the dating relationship satisfaction; the former helped couples to see situations more broadly and increase positive perceptions, while the latter solve their problems each other. Based on these findings, we discuss their implications for counseling practice and therapeutic interventions

본 연구는 대학생의 성인애착이 대인관계능력의 관계에서 적응적 갈등해결전략의 매개효과를 검증하는데 목적이 있다. 연구대상자는 G․N시 소재의 대학생과 4년제 대학교에 재학중인 전국온라인 카페 대학생 303명이었다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS PROCESS macro(Hayes, 2013)를 통해 매개효과를 검증하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 성인애착과 적응적 갈등해결전략은 유의한 부적상관이 나타났다. 적응적 갈등해결전략과 대인관계능력과의 관계를 살펴보면 유의한 정적상관이 나타났다. 적응적 갈등해결전략의 하위요인인 타협과 통합은 대인관계능력과 유의한 정적상관으로 나타났다. 둘째, 대학생의 성인애착, 대인관계능력의 관계에서의 적응적 갈등해결전략이 부분매개 한다는 간접효과를 밝혔다. 이러한 결과를 통해 대학생의 성인애착이 대인관계능력과 상관이 있으며 적응적 갈등해결전략이 간접적으로 대인관계능력에 영향을 미치는 중요한 변인임을 알 수 있다. 본 연구의 의의는 대학생의 성인애착에서의 적응적 갈등해결전략이 대인관계능력 향상을 위한 기반을 마련해준다는데 있다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 적응적 갈등해결전략을 활용한 대학생의 대인관계능력 향상을 위해 적응적 갈등해결전략의 개입을 증진시키는 것이 필요하다.

The purposes of this study is to verify the mediating effects of on adaptive conflict resolution strategy in the relationship between the adult attachment and the interpersonal relationship ability in undergraduates. The subjects of the study were 303 college students in G and N cities and college students at online cafes nationwide attending four-year universities. The collected data were used for inspecting the mediating effects through SPSS PROCESS macro(Hayes, 2013). Arranging the results of this study, they are as follows. First, the adult attachment and the adaptive conflict strategy were shown a significant negative correlation, Examining a relationship between the adaptive conflict resolution strategy and the interpersonal relationship ability, a significant positive correlation appeared. Compromise and integration,which are sub-factors of the adaptive conflict resolution strategy, were indicated to have a significant positive correlation with the interpersonal relationship ability. Second, the indirect effect was clarified as saying that the adaptive conflict resolution strategy has a partial mediating in the relationship between the adult attachment and the interpersonal relationship ability in university students. This outcome leads to being ablw to know that the undergraduates’ aduly attachment has a correlation with the interpersonal relationship ability and that the adaptive conflictresoiution strategy is an important variable of indirectly affecting the interpersonal relationship ability. Based on these findings, there is a need to promote the intervention of the adaptive conflict resolution strategy in order to improve university student’s interpersonal relationship ability with the application of the adaptive conflict resolution strategy.

본 연구의 목적은 갈등해결 집단상담이 아동의 갈등해결전략과 친구관계의 질에 미치는 효과를 검증하고자 하는데 있었다. 연구대상은 초등학교 고학년(4-6학년) 학생 36명으로서, 실험집단과 통제집단에 18명 씩 무선 배치하였다. 실험설계는 사전-사후 검사 통제집단 설계를 사용하였다. 연구처치는 선행연구를 참고로 재구성한 갈등해결 집단상담을 주 2회 50분간 11회에 걸쳐 진행하였다. 측정도구는 하지원(2005)의 갈등해결전략 척도와 이은해와 고윤주(1999)의 친구관계의 질 척도를 사용하였다. 그리고 양적자료가 갖는 제한점을 보완하기 위해 각 회기별 집단참여일지와 집단상담 종료 후 평 가문항의 내용을 질적 분석하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같았다. 첫째, 갈등해결 집단상담은 아동의 갈등해결전략 중 절충 및 협력전략과 양보전략을 향상, 지배전략을 감소시키는데 유의미한 차이가 있었다. 둘째, 갈등해결 집단상담은 아동의 친구관계의 긍정적 기능을 향상과 친구관계의 부정적 측면을 감소 그리고 친구관계에 대한 만족감을 향상시키는데 유의미한 차이가 있었다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 갈등해결 집단상담은 아동의 갈등해결전략의 변화뿐만 아니라 아동의 친구관계의 질 또한 변화시킬 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study was to verify the effects of a conflict resolution program on conflict resolution strategies and friendship quality of children. The subjects of this study were higher-grader students of elementary school. Out of the students, 18 were into the experimental group, while the rest were into the control-group. The experimental design was the pretest-posttest control group design, and the 50-minutes conflict resolution program was treated for the experimental group twice per week (a total of 11 sessions). The scale of conflict resolution strategies presented by Ha Ji Wean (2005) and the scale of friendship quality of children presented by Rhee Un Hai and Koh Yun Joo (1999) were used as the measurement tools in this study. In order to supply the limitations of quantitative data, the journals of group participation of each session and the participation reports after the completion of the program were qualitatively analyzed. The results of hypotheses verification were as follows; First, conflict resolution strategies conflict was significant difference in enhancement of the compromising-integrating strategy and the obliging strategy, and reduction of the dominating strategy. Second, friendship quality was significant difference in enhancement of the friendship positive function, and friendship satisfaction, and in reduction of the friendship negative aspect, The results of the study confirmed that the conflict resolution program affected both conflict resolution strategies and the friendship quality of children.

본 논문은 강릉 관노 탈놀이의 갈등 해소 전략에 대한 의미를 밝히고자 한다. 동제(洞祭) 의 일종인 서낭제를 통해 행해지는 이 탈놀이는 대사가 없는 묵극(默劇)으로 진행되며, 그렇기에 상대적으로 모든 연령의 관람자에게 공연의 내용과 성격을 행위로만 직접 표현 하는 방법을 통해 전달하는 특징을 지닌다. 본 연구의 의의는 다른 탈놀이와 달리 강릉 관노 탈놀이만의 특징과 정체성을 잘 보여주는 대목이라는 생각에서다. 공동체의 의식을 관장하는 동제에서 유흥을 즐기는 놀이문화를 공유하면서도 유래와 역사의 깊이로 유지되 는 까닭은 그 내용이나 성격이 모두의 관점을 나름대로 충족하기 때문일 것이다. 이런 점은 강릉 관노 탈놀이의 고유한 특징이자 한편으로는 강점이 될 수 있다. 따라서 강릉 관노 탈놀이의 공연을 위한 연극적 전략을 중심으로, 무언극의 의도와 복장에 대한 고찰 그리고 구성적인 배열을 탐색하였다. 또한 극적 구성의 전략으로 쌍으 로 등장하는 작중인물들의 관계와 독립적으로 등장하는 인물 간의 대결 구도를 통해 외면적으로 드러나는 힘의 불균형이 초래하는 갈등을 통해 무대에서의 표현으로 다수와 소수의 힘의 관계와 약자를 위한 관객의 감정을 유도하고 있다는 사실을 밝히고자 하였 다. 각시의 죽음으로 인해 결국 어떤 욕망도 죽음 앞에서는 소용이 없다는 인간사의 큰 가르침을 보여주면서도 이 죽음을 극복하는 길이 신목에 대한 간절한 소망이라는 사실에서 서낭제의 기능이 강화되는 측면을 자연스럽게 보여준다는 점에서 흥미롭다는 사실을 밝혔다. 극적 구성과 등장인물의 갈등 구조, 무언극으로서의 호불호가 없는 보편적인 정서의 전달을 기반으로 참여자 누구나 즐길 수 있는 공연을 만들어, 탈놀이가 갖는 포괄적이고 서민 중심적인 주제와 약자를 보호하려는 의도, 모두가 행복해지고자 하는 결말구조 등을 수용하면서도 정서적으로 강한 유대감을 만들려는 시도로 이해되는 동제의 흐름을 강릉 관노 탈놀이는 집약적으로 보여준다는 사실을 확인할 수 있었다.

This This paper attempts to interpret the meaning of the conflict resolution strategy of Gangneung Talnori. This mask game, performed through Seonangje, a type of village ritual, is a silent play without lines, so it has the characteristic of conveying the content and character of the performance to viewers of all ages through a direct method. The significance of this study is that, unlike other mask games, it shows the characteristics and identity of Gangneung Talnori well. The reason why the play culture of enjoying entertainment is shared in the Dongje, which manages the consciousness of the community, but it is maintained as the depth of origin and history is probably because its content and character satisfy everyone's perspective. This point can be a unique characteristic of Gangneung Talnori and on the other hand, a strength. Therefore, focusing on the theatrical strategy for the performance of Gangneung Talnori, the intention and dress of the unspoken play were considered, and the compositional arrangement was explored. In addition, through the relationship between the characters appearing in pairs and the confrontation structure between the characters appearing independently, it was intended to reveal that the relationship between the majority and the minority and the audience's emotions for the weak are induced by expression on the stage through the conflict caused by the imbalance of power that is revealed externally. While showing the great teachings of human history that no desire is useless in the face of death due to Gaksi's death, he revealed that it is interesting in that it naturally shows the aspect of strengthening the function of Seonangje in the fact that the way to overcome this death is a desperate desire for God. Based on the dramatic composition, the conflict structure of the characters, and the delivery of universal emotions without likes and dislikes as unspoken plays, it was confirmed that Gangneung Talnori intensively shows the flow of performed through Seonangje, which is understood as an attempt to create a strong emotional bond while accepting the comprehensive and common people-centered theme of mask play, the intention to protect the weak, and the ending structure to be happy for everyone.

싱가포르정부는1991년에국제중재센터를설립하고1994년에국제중재법을제정하는등중재제도발전을위한노력을기울여왔다.그결과현재SIAC는유수한중재기관으로성장하였다.이에더하여싱가포르정부는2015. 1. 5.싱가포르국제상사법원을개원하였다. SICC는섭외적요소를지닌국제무역거래에서야기되는사적분쟁을해결하는고등법원내의부로서종래의법원과는명확히다르게설계되었다.이와같이성공적인ADR기관인SIAC에더하여혁신적이고개방적인재판부를신설한것은국제상사분쟁해결의허브를지향하는국가전략에따른것이다. SIAC와SICC의병존은분쟁당사자들에게해결의경로에대한선택지를주는것으로서싱가포르는자국내에서보다많은사건을다룰기회를가질것이다. 국제상사분쟁해결의허브국가를지향하는한국도차별화된전략이있어야한다.

The Singapore government hasmade efforts to improve the environment for the development of the arbitration system by establishing the International Arbitration Center in 1991 and enacting the International Arbitration Act in 1994. Tanks government's support, SIAChas grown into a leading arbitration institution. In January 2015, the Singapore government officially openedSICC to grow the legal services sector and expand the scope for the internationalization and export of Singapore law. The SICCis a division of court in Singapore high court that resolves international commercial disputes with an foreign element, and is drawing attention as a distinct institution from conventional courts. The reason for establishing an innovative and open judicial systemin addition to the SIAC, a generic dispute resolution institution, is in accordancewith the national strategy ofmaking Singapore to be the hub of international commercial dispute resolution and grow its legal services industry. Operating two path, SIAC and SICC, in parallel are an option for parties, and Singaporewill have the opportunity to dealwithmore caseswithin its territory. This paper provides first hand information regarding the dispute resolution mechanism of international commercial disputes in Singapore. If Koreawants to become a leading foruminNortheast Asia for legal services and international commercial dispute resolution, it should have a outstanding differentiated policy.

본 연구는 간호대학생 4학년을 대상으로 자기자비정도와 갈등해결전략이 임상실습 적응에 미치는 영향을 탐색 하여 간호대학생들의 긍정적인 임상실습적응을 위한 교육훈련방안 마련 시 기초자료로 제공하기 위해 시도되었다. 간 호대학생 4학년 243명의 자료를 SPSS/WIN 22.0 프로그램을 이용하여 분석하였다. 임상실습적응에 영향을 미치는 요인을 탐색한 결과, 임상실습만족도가 높을수록, 자기 스스로 고립되지 않으며, 과잉동일시 하지 않고, 갈등해결전략 으로 타협을 사용하고 회피와 지배를 사용하지 않을 때 순으로 영향을 미쳤다. 이들 변인은 간호대학생들의 임상실습 적응도를 설명하는데 43.3%의 영향력을 나타내었다

This study was conducted to explore the effects of self-sufficiency and conflict resolution strategies on clinical practice adaptation for 4th graders in nursing college and provide basic data when preparing education and training measures for positive clinical practice adaptation. The data of 243 4th graders in nursing students were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 22.0 program. As a result of exploring factors that affect clinical practice adaptation, the higher clinical practice satisfaction, the more self-isolated, the less over-identical, and the use of compromise as a conflict resolution strategy and the use of avoidance and domination. These variables were 43.3% influential in explaining the adaptability of nursing students to clinical practice.

Purpose – In recent years, research has been conducted on the conflict resolution strategies of the franchise headquarters and the franchisees, but there is a lack of research on how the power structure and cultural factors play a role in resolving conflicts. From this perspective, this study is to examine the structural relationship between franchisors’ cultural orientation and relationship power, and conflict resolution strategies, relationship trust, and relationship performance using. The findings of this study suggest how franchise headquarters should establish long-term relationship with franchisees and share information. Research design, data, methodology – The data were collected from April 1 to April 15, 2013. Because this study examined franchise industries from the franchisee perspective, we contacted franchisee store owner and managers located in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. Interviewers trained contacted a total of 200 franchisees, and 196 franchisees responded. Out of 196 respondents, 13 respondents were deleted due to missing information. Thus, a total of 183 franchisee were used for this study. he data were analyzed using frequency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and structural equational modeling with SPSS 24.0 and Amos 23.0 statistical program. Results - The results showed that cooperation orientation and relational power of franchisor had significant effects on conflict resolution strategies. Cooperating, obliging, and compromising strategies of conflict resolution strategy had significant effects on relationship trust. Also, relationship trust had significant effect on relationship performance. Conclusions - This study shows that the franchise headquarters and the franchisees share necessary information for common purposes and that continuous two-way communications play an important role in resolving conflicts. In other words, the result of this study suggests that if the franchise headquarters and the franchisee actively consider the position of the other party and strive to achieve the goal, conflict resolution may be more successful. In order to do this, the franchise headquarters will have to consider how to build and maintain continuous communication with the franchisees, and continuous education is also needed so that employees can have a cooperative attitude. However, since the culture of these organizations is not made up of simple staff training and is not formed within a short time, the CEO of the franchisee headquarters should take the lead in establishing a cooperative culture with the merchants over the long term.

Glycerol was identified and isolated from endogenous interferences during analysis of human urine using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for doping control. Urinary sample preparation was simple; the samples were diluted with an organic solvent and then analyzed using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry ("dilute and shoot" method). Although the interfering ion peaks were observed at the similar retention time of glycerol, the inference could be identified by isolation with HRMS and further investigation. Thus, creatinine was identified as the endogenous interference for glycerol analysis and it also caused ion suppression resulting in the decrease of glycerol signal. This study reports the first identification and efficient isolation of endogenous interferences in human urine for "dilute and shoot" method. The information about ion suppression could be novel to prevent overestimation or a false result for antidoping analysis.

We propose a novel multi-photodiode array (MPDA) based retinal implant IC with on/off stimulation strategy for a visual prosthesis with improved spatial resolution. An active pixel sensor combined with a comparator enables generation of biphasic current pulses when light intensity meets a threshold condition. The threshold is tuned by changing the discharging time of the active pixel sensor for various light intensity environments. A prototype of the 30-channel retinal implant IC was fabricated with a unit pixel area of $0.021mm^2$, and the stimulus level up to $354{\mu}A$ was measured with the threshold ranging from 400 lx to 13120 lx.

Objective : Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) is common condition in neurosurgical field. It is difficult to select the treatment modality between the surgical method and the conservative method when patients have no or mild symptoms. The purpose of this study is to provide a suggestion that the patients could be cured with conservative treatment modality. Methods : We enrolled 16 patients who had received conservative treatment for cSDH without special medications which could affect hematoma resolution such as mannitol, steroids, tranexamic acid and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. The patients were classified according to the Markwalder's Grading Scale. Results : Among these 16 patients, 13 (81.3%) patients showed spontaneously resolved cSDH and 3 (18.7%) patients received surgery due to symptom aggravation and growing hematoma. They were categorized into two groups based on whether they were cured with conservative treatment or not. The first group was the spontaneous resolution group. The second group was the progression-surgery group. The mean hematoma volume in the spontaneous resolution group was 43.1 mL. The mean degree of midline shift in the spontaneous resolution group was 5.3 mm. The mean hematoma volume in the progression-surgery group was 62.0 mL. The mean degree of midline shift in the second group was 6 mm. Conclusion : We suggest that the treatment modality should be determined according to the patient's symptoms and clinical condition and close observation could be performed in patients who do not have any symptoms or in patients who have mild to moderate headache without neurological deterioration.

Since South Korea has uneven rainfall and deteriorating water quality, it is imperative to create a comprehensive water resources policy and management. This paper is to adopt a win-win policy for upstream-downstream local governments that have been in water rights-related disputer or conflicts in the process of allocating water and maintaining water quality. The Win-Win Policy can be an integrated river-basin approach. We define the win-win policy, introduce the win-win case of Delaware River and Colorado River in the United States, and suggest the win-win policy for Nakdong River in South Korea. Nakdong River is chosen for this paper because it has more serious problems in preserving water quantity and maintaining water quality.

The equality relation is very important in mechanical theorem proving procedures. A proposed inference rule called RHU-resolution is intended to extend the hyperparamodulation[23, 9] by introducing a bidirectional proof search that simultaneously employs a forward reasoning and a backward reasoning, and generalize it by incorporating beneflts of extended hyper steps with a preprocessing process, that includes a subsumption check in an equality graph and a high level planning. The forward reasoning in RHU-resolution may replace the role of the function substitution link.[9] That is, RHU-deduction without the function substitution link gets a proof. In order to control explosive generation of positive equalities by the forward reasoning, we haue put some restrictions on input clauses and k-pd links, and also have included a control strategy for a positive-positive linkage, like the set-of-support concept, A linking path between two end terms can be found by simple checking of linked unifiability using the concept of a linked unification. We tried to prevent redundant resolvents from generating by preprocessing using a subsumption check in the subsumption based eauality graph(SPD-Graph)so that the search space for possible RHU-resolution may be reduced.

The recent security landscape of Northeast Asia surrounding the North Korean issues has been swerving to a great degree. The continuing North Korean nuclear and missile tests are heightening the security crisis on the Korean Peninsula, and the conflict has been amplified among the three nations, South Korea, the U.S., and Japan, which need to cooperate with one another in solving the North Korean problem. Launched in May, the Moon Jae-in government faces a crucial task of overcoming the THAAD issue, the center of the current conflict among the three countries, and making up the aggravated South Korea-China relations to become a constructive cooperative one. This paper reviews the public policy pursued by the Moon Jae-in government since its inauguration, in particular, the limitations of the THAAD diplomacy to propose a complementary plan for them. The paper proceeds with the aim of suggesting the managing direction of South Korea-China relations in the mid- to long-term aspects. In order to overcome the THAAD issue early, this paper focuses on three categories: 1. selecting prudent diplomatic strategy cards; 2. resolving strategic ambiguities and establishing a three-way dialogue channel among South Korea, the U.S., and China; and 3. establishing a sophisticated foreign strategy to raise situational responsiveness. In an attempt to improve the Seoul- Beijing relations, it is necessary to concert the THAAD issue in a stable manner, and then multilateral efforts to build constructive and sustainable relations with China should be made through the medium of: 1. diplomacy of saving the face of China; 2. diplomacy by dispatching special envoys; and 3. diplomacy of cultural and social human exchange.

본 연구는 그림책을 활용한 갈등해결 프로그램을 개발하여 지적장애 초등학생의 갈등인식과 갈등해결전략 및 자기조절능력에 미치는 영향을 파악하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 광주광역시에 소재한 초등학교 특수학급에 재학 중인 4-6학년 지적장애 학생 20명을 대상으로 통제집단 사전-사후 검사설계를 적용하였다. 그림책을 활용한 갈등해결 프로그램은 총 12회기로 개발되었으며 실험집단 지적장애 초등학생 대상으로 제공되었다. 본 프로그램이 갈등인식과 갈등해결전략 및 자기조절능력에 미치는 영향을 알아본 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 그림책을 활용한 갈등해결 프로그램은 지적장애 초등학생의 갈등인식 및 갈등해결전략에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 그림책을 활용한 갈등해결 프로그램은 지적장애 초등학생의 자기조절능력을 향상시키는데 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 결론을 내릴 수 있다. 본 연구는 지적장애 초등학생이 또래관계에서 발생할 수 있는 갈등상황을 그림책을 통해 간접적으로 체험함으로써 갈등해결전략 및 자기조절능력을 함양할 수 있었다는 데 의의가 있다.

This research was conducted to examine the effects of a conflict resolution program using picture books on conflict recognition, conflict resolution strategies, and self-regulation skills in elementary school students with intellectual disabilities. To this end, a pre-post test design with a control group was applied to 20 elementary school students with intellectual disabilities who were enrolled in 4th to 6th grades attending special classes in Gwangju Metropolitan City. The conflict resolution program using picture books consisted of a total of 12 sessions and was provided to the experimental group. The results of this study regarding the efficacy of the program on conflict recognition, conflict resolution strategies, and self-regulation skills are as follows: First, the conflict resolution program using picture books had a positive effect on the conflict recognition and conflict resolution strategies of elementary students with intellectual disabilities. Second, the conflict resolution program using picture books positively influenced self-regulation skills of elementary students with intellectual disabilities. The implication for this study is that elementary school students with intellectual disabilities were able to develop conflict resolution strategies and self-regulation skills by indirectly experiencing conflict situations that can occur in peer relationships through picture books.

본 연구는 공공분쟁 해결전략을 결정짓는 요인들 간의 인과구조를 탐색한다. 구체적 으로 본 연구는 공공분쟁의 상황적 요인들이 분쟁해결의 과정적 요인들과의 어떠한 인 과관계를 형성하면서 분쟁당사자들이 분쟁해결에 이르는 전략을 선택하게 되는지를 분 석하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 상황적합모델(Contingency Model)을 토대로 공공분쟁 해결전략의 결정요인에 관한 분석모형을 도출하고, 이를 단국대학교 분쟁해결연구센터 (DCDR) 공공분쟁DB를 이용하여 검증한다. 분석결과 설명변수들은 분쟁해결전략의 결정에 직접적인 영향을 미침과 동시에 설명 변수 간의 인관관계를 형성하여 간접적인 영향도 미치고 있음을 발견하였다. 분쟁당사 자와 분쟁기간 및 분쟁강도는 분쟁해결전략의 결정에 직, 간접적으로 영향을 주고 있음 을 확인할 수 있었고, 분쟁이슈와 시민단체의 개입은 분쟁해결전략의 결정에 간접적인 영향만 주고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 특히 시민단체가 공공분쟁에 개입함으로써 분쟁강도는 약화되는 반면 분쟁기간은 늘 어나게 된다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 일견 서로 상충되는 방향으로 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 파악되지만 시민단체의 개입은 분쟁당사자간 힘의 균형을 이루어 분쟁이 극단적 인 상황으로 치닫는 것을 예방하면서 분쟁을 근본적으로 해결하기 위한 시간의 확보에 기여하는 방향으로 공공분쟁 해결에 영향을 미치는 것으로 해석된다.

This paper attempts to examine the conditions under which the strategies of disputes resolution are chosen in Korea. For this purpose, this paper articulates an analytical framework for consisting of contextual and process factors based on Contingency Model and its central variables are evaluated against Korean Public Dispute Dataset of DanKook Center for Dispute Resolution. Findings are as follows: 1) the nature of parties, the duration of dispute and the intensity of dispute directly and indirectly impact on the choice of dispute resolution strategy; 2) the issues in dispute and the intervention of NGO only indirectly impact on the choice of dispute resolution strategy; 3) especially the intervention of NGO reduces the intensity of dispute and increases in the duration of dispute.

>본 연구는 갈등해결전략이 공급업체와 유통업체간 관계의 질에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지를 분석하는데 주요 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 문제해결, 타협, 공격에 의한 갈등해결전략이 신뢰수준에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고, 기업과 담당자 수준의 신뢰관계를 검토하였으며, 결속을 형성하는데 있어 신뢰수준에 대한 역할을 분석하였다. 연구대상으로는 다단계 판매업체에 제품을 공급하는 벤더를 중심으로 최종 109개를 확보하였다. 분석결과 문제해결전략은 신뢰수준에 뚜렷한 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 타협전략은 기업에 대한 신뢰에는 긍정적인 영향을 미치지만, 담당자에 대한 신뢰에는 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았다. 공격전략은 신뢰수준을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 기업에 대한 신뢰는 담당자에 대한 신뢰에 긍정적인 영향을 주고 있으며, 기업에 대한 신뢰와 담당자에 대한 신뢰는 결속을 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다.

Russia has a huge amount of energy resources. It is an attractive factor to countries which spend loads of energy. Republic of Korea is also one of large energy consumption countries. Therefore, It will be needed to raise energy cooperation with Russia. It's companies will increase trade focusing on the energy industry in the long term. Recently, However, Foreign companies should be careful when they enter the rapidly changing Russia market. In other words, companies will need a strategic approach to prepare the early case assessment and how to solve a possible dispute as they analyze cost and profit in business. This study is analyzing several dispute cases related in Russia. It presents some strategies for Korean companies such as dispute resolution method, arbitration institution selection method and so on. In addition, it proposes the introduction of the early case assessment for reducing a waste of time and cost. Furthermore, according as the importance of OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises is highlighted in international community, companies should prepare practical division to establish a system of responsible business conduct. Finally, they will have to get an advice and counseling from the Russia legal experts in the early stages of the contract.