Earticle

A new generation of versatile video coding (VVC) standards was released in 2020; however, existing rate control algorithms for three-dimensional (3D) video coding based on VVC do not consider the effects of scene switching in actual video applications. Under the background of scene switching, the quality of encoded images degrades owing to the unreasonable allocations of coding resources. To solve this problem, this study proposes a 3D video basic view rate control algorithm based on scene switching detection of image structure similarity. First, scene switching is detected before coding. Basic view target bits estimated by the allocation model are first estimated by view weight factors. Finally, scene switching is judged by combining the structural similarity between frames with its transformation trend. When scene switching occurs, the rate control parameters and coding structure are adjusted in time. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm not only tracks the target bit rate accurately but also significantly improves the reconstructed image quality in the case of scene switching and ensures that the decoder input buffer does not overflow or underflow.

This paper studies the power control problem in cognitive radio networks where a primary user and multiple secondary users (SUs) coexist. Imperfect channel state information is considered. The objective is to maximize the SUs' sum rate while guaranteeing the proportional rate fairness among SUs. The problem under consideration is non-convex. By doing a transformation, it is equivalently changed to a second-order cone programming problem, which can be efficiently solved by existing standard methods. Simulations have been done to verify the network performance under different channel uncertainty conditions.

This study examined the effects of biofeedback postural control training on the weight distribution rate and functional ability of subjects with stroke. A total of 30 stroke patients were enrolled in this study. Subjects were divided into a biofeedback postural training group (experimental group, n=15) and a dynamic balance training group (control group, n=15). Experimental subjects received biofeedback postural training and control subjects received dynamic balance training for 30 minutes per day, 5 times per week over a 6 week period. Weight distribution rate and functional ability were measured to identify the effect of the biofeedback postural training. Significant difference in weight distribution rate was observed in the experimental group, compared with the control group (p=0.05), and a significant difference in functional ability. The results of this study provide evidence in support of incorporating a biofeedback postural training for the improvement of weight distribution rate and functional ability of stroke patients.

Purpose: This study examined the effect on uterine contraction frequency (UCF), blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns and psychophysical symptoms (physical discomfort, anxiety, and depression) of structured bed exercise (SBE) in hospitalized high-risk pregnant women prescribed bed rest. Methods: Forty-five hospitalized high risk pregnant women at >24 weeks of pregnancy prescribed bed rest were randomly assigned to the experimental or control group. From January to May 2014, data were collected using electronic fetal monitoring and patient monitoring of UCF, BP, HR and FHR patterns, and psychophysical symptoms were measured using the antenatal physical discomfort scale, state-trait anxiety scale, and Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. Results: UCF, BP, HR, and FHR patterns (rate, variability, acceleration, and deceleration) did not differ significantly between the experimental and control groups. The experimental group showed a significant increase in baseline FHR after SBE within the normal range, and after SBE, it reduced to the FHR before SBE. The variability, acceleration and deceleration of FHR before and after SBE did not differ significantly between two groups. Moreover, there was no statistically significant difference before and after SBE in the experimental group. Also, the experimental group showed statistically significant decreases in physical discomfort score. However, there were no significant differences in depression and anxiety score between two groups. Conclusions: SBE in hospitalized high-risk pregnant women under bed rest did not increase the risk to the fetus, and relieved physical discomfort and anxiety. Therefore, SBE should be considered as a nursing intervention in hospitalized high-risk pregnant women.

고정 비트 율 채널을 통해 비디오를 전송할 때 잘 설계된 율 제어 방식은 전반적인 화질을 향상시킬 수 있으며, 율 제어 방식은 MPEG 비디오 표준에는 포함되어 있지 않기 때문에 어떤 율 제어 방식을 채택했는가에 따라 MPEG 비디오 코덱의 성능은 많은 차이를 나타낼 수 있다. MPEG에서 제안된 기존의율 제어 방식은 장면전환이 없을 때는 좋은 성능을 보이나, 장면 전환된 영상은 잘 처리하지 못하는 단점을 갖고 있다. 따라서 장면전환 후에는 화질이 열화 되고 버퍼 넘침이 발생할 가능성이 높아진다. 본 논문에서는 국소분산을 이용한 새로운 장면전환 검출 방식을 제안한다. 또한, 장명전환 검출부에서 계산된 국소분산을 율 제어부의 비트 할당 및 적응적 양자화 단계에서 재사용하여 영상의 국소적인 특성을 고려한 양자화 변수, mqunt,를 결정하는 방식과 장면전환이 발생했을 경우 장면전환 발생 이전의 몇 프레임에서 절약한 비트 수를 장면 전환된 영상에 부가적으로 할당함으로써 장면전환을 효과적으로 대처하는 적응적 율 제어 방식을 제안한다. 제안된 방식을 검증하기 위해 컴퓨터 모의실험을 수행하였다. 제안된 검출방식은 장면전환을 정확하게 검출하였고, 제안된 율 제어 방식은 기존의 MPEG 방식보다 우수한 율 제어 성능을 보였다.

A sell-designed rate control strategy can improve overall picture quality for video transmission over a constant bit rate channel and the rate control method is not a normative part of MPEG-video standard, the performance of MPEG video codec can be quite different depends on how to implement the rate control scheme. The rate control scheme proposed in MPEG show good results when scene changes is not occurred. But it has weakness that it does not properly handle scene-changed pictures. Therefore picture quality after scene change is deteriorated, and possibility of overflow occurrence becomes high. In this paper, a new method for detection of scene change occurrence using local variance and a new determination scheme for adaptive quantization parameter, mqunt, which can consider local characteristic of an image by using previously computed the local variance from the scene change detection part are proposed. IN addition, and adaptive rate control scheme which can handles scene changed picture very efficiently by scene-changed picture is proposed. Computer simulations are performed to verify the performance of the proposed algorithm. The suggested detection algorithm precisely detected scene change. And the proposed rate control scheme shows better rate control performance as compared with that of the conventional MPEG scheme.

Currently, many researches are carried out for laser assisted machining, which is one of the important fields in materials difficult to process. However, a prediction of heat source is difficult because of moving heat source. In this paper, a thermal analysis of laser assisted machining of plate by change of heat source size is performed, and preheating temperature by adjusting the feed rate is controlled. It was recognized that the maximum preheating temperature increases according to the decrease in heat source size, and feed rate need to adjust as high speed. The results of this analysis can be used as a reference for preheating temperature prediction in laser assisted milling.

While the main purpose of irrigation reservoirs is to supply agricultural water, the needs of environmental flow and flood control has been expanded. The agricultural reservoirs have been operated in the form of carry-over system until now. Therefore, the supply of agricultural water is difficult when the storage rate is not sufficiently secured after large volume of irrigation. In addition, there are regulation of the upper storage rate for some large reservoirs during the flood season, but lower storage rate is not regulated. Accordingly, this study aims to evaluate the capacity of agricultural water and environmental flow supply by setting the management lower storage rate of reservoir. The changes in the supply of agricultural and environmental flow was simulated according to the three different regulating lower storage rate scenarios. As a result, it was judged effective in terms of water supply managing the lower storage rate up to 30% when the initial storage rate of farming period is above annual average for the Naju reservoir considering existing water management practice. If the lower storage rate would have been controlled above 30%, the supply of agricultural water might be increased and non-effective discharge amount would be decreased compared to other scenarios during dry period of 2016-2018.

In this study, control of oxidizer mass flow rate and verification of control system were performed for hybrid rocket thrust control application. Oxidizer flow control system consists of ball valve and stepping motor where gaseous oxygen was used for oxidizer at feeding pressure of 10, 20 and 30 bar. According to experimental results, the oxidizer mass flow rate showed a relatively linear increment as ball valve open angle increases regardless of feeding pressure. In addition, the level of the oxidizer flow rate was kept almost constant at each sequence of flow control with ball valve during the 20 seconds of operation.

본 연구에서는 통행시간과 점유율의 융합 정보를 이용하는 새로운 실시간 신호제어 알고리즘을 제시하였다. 교통정보시스템의 통행시간 정보를 신호운영에 적용하였으며, 통행시간으로 부터 산정한 포화도를 신호제어에 이용하기 위한 프로세스를 개발하였다. 결정적 지체모형을 이용해 통행시간으로부터 대기행렬 길이를 생성하고, 대기행렬 길이를 다시 포화도로 변환하는 과정이 적용되었다. 또한 통행시간 기반 포화도와 루프검지기 포화도를 융합해 신호시간이 산정되도록 하였다. 신호제어 알고리즘의 효과평가를 위해 미시적 시뮬레이션 분석을 시행하였으며, 과포화 상태에서 기존 루프검지기 기반 실시간 신호제어 대비 최대 27%의 지체 감소 효과를 확인하였다. 또한 과포화 및 검지기 고장상황에 대한 효과적이고, 유용한 대응이 가능함을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서는 교통신호제어시스템과 교통정보시스템의 교통정보 통합이용 방안을 제시하였다는데 의의가 있겠다.

This research suggested a new real-time traffic signal control algorithm using fusion data of the travel time and the occupancy rate. This research applied the travel time data of traffic information system to traffic signal operation, and developed the signal control process using the degree of saturation that was estimated from the travel time data. This algorithm estimates a queue length from the travel time based on a deterministic delay model, and includes the process to change from the queue length to the degree of saturation. In addition, this model can calculate the traffic signal timings using fusion data of the travel time and the occupancy rate based on the saturation degree. The micro simulation analysis was conducted for effectiveness evaluation. We checked that the average delay decreased by up to 27 percent. In addition, we checked that this signal control algorithm could respond to a traffic condition of oversaturation and detector breakdown effectively and usefully. This research has important contribution to apply the traffic information system to traffic signal operation sectors.

연구목적: 『2016년도 기업체장애인고용실태조사』에 나타난 장애인고용기업의 장애인고용인식과 장애인고용률의 관계를 통해 고용만족도의 매개효과와 의무고용달성여부의 조절효과를 분석하였다. 연구방법: 3단계 다중회귀분석을 통해 기술분석, 다중회귀분석 그리고 매개효과를 확인하였고 조절회귀분석을 통해 조절효과를 파악하였다. 연구결과: 첫째, 사회적 책임이 증가할수록 근무태도 만족이 증가한다. 둘째, 사업체 담당자가 인식하는 장애인의 근무태도 만족이 증가할수록 장애인 고용률이 증가한다. 셋째, 장애인 고용인식이 고용률에 미치는 영향에 대하여 근무태도 만족이 매개를 하는지에 대한 분석결과 사회적 책임이 고용률에 미치는 영향에는 근무태도 만족이 부분매개를 하고 있다. 넷째, 장애인고용만족과 장애인고용률간의 의무고용달성여부의 조절효과는 의무고용비율 달성 기업에서 근무태도 만족이 장애인고용률에 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 기업체에서 요구하는 가장 중요한 요인은 장애인의 근무태도에 대한 만족이었다.

Purpose: Analyzed the mediating effect of employment satisfaction and the moderating effect of achieving mandatory employment through the relationship between the recognition of disability employment and the employment rates at the company employed the disabled on the 『Korea Employment Service for the Disabled in 2016』. Method: Confirmed the technical analysis, multiple regression analysis, and mediating effects through three - step multiple regression analysis and the adjustment effect through moderator regression. Results: First, satisfaction with work attitude increases as social responsibility increases. Second, as increasing the satisfaction of working attitudes of the disabled perceived by business managers, the employment rate of the disabled increases. Third, the effect of social responsibility on the employment rate is partially mediated by satisfaction with working attitude. Fourth, the moderating effect of the achievement of compulsory employment between the employment satisfaction of the disabled and the disabled employment rate was found to affect the employment rate of it. Conclusion: The most important factor required by the enterprise was satisfaction with the working attitude of the disabled.

Objective: Atrial fibrillation (AF) guidelines have been published in the USA and Europe. Recently, the USA and Europe have updated their guidelines, respectively. These new AF guidelines help in addressing key management issues in clinical situations. This study, therefore, systematically compared guidelines for rate and rhythm control pharmacotherapy of patients with AF between the USA (American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association, ACC/AHA) and Europe (European Society of Cardiology, ESC). Methods: This study investigated and compared American guidelines (2014) and European guidelines (2010 and 2012). Results: Generally, there are four meaningful differences between ACC/AHA and ESC guidelines. Important differences are treatment classification system, level of recommendation, drug list, and dosage. In addition, ACC/AHA described pharmacokinetic drug interactions for antiarrhythmic drugs. ESC emphasized ECG and atrioventricular nodal slowing as feature of antiarrhythmic drugs. Conclusion: This research addresses important use of anti-arrhythmic drugs and movement to accept recent recommendations in Korea. For the successful application of the guidelines, a role of pharmacists is crucial in clinical situation.

이 연구는 Healing beats 프로그램을 건강한 성인에게 적용하여 뇌파, 스트레스 및 심박변이도에 미치는 효과에 대한 실험연구이다. E 대학교의 기관생명윤리심의위원회의 심의를 걸쳐 승인 (EUN23-63) 후 D광역 시, U시에 주민자치센터의 승인을 받았고, 이후 모집공고를 게시판 및 소셜네트워크(SNS)를 통해 선정 기 준에 부합하고 자발적으로 자원한 연구참여자를 선정하여 연구를 진행하였다. 대상자 모집부터 연구 진행 기간은 2024년 4월 8일부터 2024년 4월 18일까지였다. 수집된 자료는 IBM SPSS Statistics 27.0을 이용하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 뇌파의 앞파파와 베타파가 모두 유의하게 개선되었다. 스트레스와 심박변이도 모두 유의한 차이가 있었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 Healing beats 프로그램은 뇌파를 안정화하여 심리적 안녕 을 만들어 업무 성과 또는 학업 향상에 도움을 줄 것으로 기대가 되며, 뇌파, 자율신경계 안정화 및 스트레 스 감소 프로그램을 개발하고 그 효과를 확인하는데 필요한 기초로 활용될 것이다.

This study is an experimental study on the effects of the Healing beats program on brain waves, stress, and heart rate variability by applying it to healthy adults. After review and approval by the Institutional Bioethics Review Committee of * University (***23-63), approval was received from the Community Autonomy Center of D Metropolitan City and U City. Afterwards, the study was conducted by selecting research participants who met the selection criteria and voluntarily volunteered through recruitment announcements through bulletin boards and social networks (SNS). The study period from subject recruitment to April 8, 2024 to April 18, 2024. The collected data was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 27.0. As a result, both front and beta waves of brain waves were significantly improved. There were significant differences in both stress and heart rate variability. Based on these results, the Healing Beats program is expected to help improve work performance or academics by stabilizing brain waves and creating psychological well-being. This study will be used as a basis for developing brainwave, autonomic nervous system stabilization, and stress reduction programs and confirming their effectiveness.

Hospitals in Korea are enforcing a quality control over 119Emergency Medical Services to increase the survival rate of Out of Hospital Cardiac arrest patients. This study is to analyze the factors that effect the survival rate of Out of hospital Cardiac arrest patients by comparing the results of before and after the quality control enforcement. Cardiac arrest patients can be assorted into pre-decision group and decision group. The study analyzed the survival factors which was based on the adequate use of 119 BLS and ACLS usage rates, response time of 119EMS, qualification of ambulance worker, number of EMS team members, and adequate use of AED according to ECG diagnosis. The analyzation was done over total 1,233 of Cardiac arrest patients from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2011 After the enforcement of the quality control, the usage of Vital sign check and BLS showed a big difference. Especially, as the usage of ECG showed a significant difference, Shockable rhythm, which is the most important to Cardiac arrest patients, also showed a significant difference. After the enforcement of quality control, the performance of ACLS showed a significant difference in IV. The study showed 119 ambulance workers provided better service in Vital sign and BLS and ACLS after the enforcement of quality control. It is considered a 119 ambulance service effects the survival rate of Cardiac arrest patients. Therefore, it can increase the survival rate and it is necessary to continue a quality control.

This study aims to explore the appropriate water pressure control of water supply pipeline to reduce water losses of water supply network in Jinan-gun. The current water pressure status of each 5 blocks and the impact of optimized water pressure on improving revenue water rate were investigated. In order to obtain the flow rate and water pressure data of each small block, a smart hub is set in the pressure reducing valve chamber at the inlet of the small block, and a smart water pressure meter is installed in the fire hydrant and the faucet of the customer. For the pressure reducing valves installed for water pressure management system of each block, the diameter calculation standard and type of the pressure reducing valve are determined, and the application reasons are put forward. The analysis results of water pressure management for each small block in Jinan-gun show that the pressure control equipment and water pressure management need to be improved in four small blocks. The water flow rate in Jinan-eup and Sangjeon-myeon increases from 57.2% to 87.6% when the water pressure control is completed.

The growing demand for advanced mobile multimedia let the wireless mobile internet access be developed rapidly. The current mobile network is capable of providing flexible quality of service mechanisms including exact estimation of network bandwidth. In this paper, we propose a new GOP level rate control algorithm which can accurately estimate an initial QP according to the estimated network bandwidth. In H.264/AVC, the first frame of a GOP is encoded in intra mode which generates a large number of bits. The amount of bits for I-frame affects the qualities of the following frames of a GOP since they are encoded using the remaining bits of the bits allocated to the GOP. In addition, the first frame is used for the inter mode encoding of the following frames. Thus, the initial QP affects the following frames as well as the first frame. In the proposed algorithm, we observe the relation between the initial QP and the number of bits of I-frame in a GOP. Based on the observation, we propose a new method to estimate the optimal initial QP which maximizes the PSNR of a GOP. It is shown by experimental results that the proposed algorithm predicts the optimal initial QP accurately and thus achieves better PSNR performance than that of the existing algorithm.

In this paper, we propose an adaptive intra-frame rate-quantization (R-Q) model for H.264/AVC video coding. The proposed model aims at estimating accurate output bit rate according to the quantization parameters (QP) for intra-coded frames in low bit rate networks such as video sensor networks. By taking frame complexity measure into consideration, the parameters of the proposed model can be adaptively adjusted to the visual contents. In addition, the method of Kalman filtering is used to estimate the model parameters for real-time video encoding applications. It is shown by experimental results that the proposed model predicts the output bit rate accurately and thus achieves better mismatch performance than that of the existing method.