Earticle

In this study, pro-oxidant(d2w®) and rPP/ZnO nanocomposite flexible films for food packaging were prepared, and their mechanical and antimicrobial properties were investigated. As a result, the carbonyl index and hydroxyl index increased with exposured time to heat and UV rays. Surface analysis showed that the addition of zinc oxide improved the dispersibility and compatibility of the polymer, so that the surface of the composite film was smooth and the zinc oxide particles were smaller than the compared film. And it kept the physical properties by heat and UV ray blocking effect, and it worked to reduce decomposition. In the antimicrobial activity test, the microbial reduction rate was 3 logs or more at the use concentration of zinc oxide. The tensile strength was increased and the elongation was decreased. Oxidative degradability of multi-layered film in UV exposured for 72 hours, the molecular weight of the film decreased by 75.6%, 1,294 g/mol Mn and 5,920 g/mol Mw. In the safety analysis of food packaging materials, we obtained that are in standard of polypropylene, a food contact material of domestic law.

[서론] 본 연구는 10RM 벤치프레스 운동시 세트간 휴식시간에 따른 반복횟수, 총운동량, 심박수와 수축기혈압에 근거한 심부담도를 규명하는데 목적을 두었다. [방법] 웨이트트레이닝 경력이 6개월 이상이며 의학적 검사결과 건강상 이상이 없는 남자 10명을 대상으로 세트간 휴식 30초, 90초 180초 조건에서 10RM벤치프레스 운동을 각각 7set 실시하였고, 세트마다 반복횟수, 총운동량, 심박수, 수축기혈압, 심부담도를 측정하였다. [결과] 10RM 벤치프레스 7세트 운동시 세트가 진행되면서 반복횟수와 총운동량은 유의하게 감소되었으며, 휴식시간 조건에 따라서는 180초, 90초, 30초 휴식 순으로 나타났다. 심박수는 30초 조건에서는 4세트 이후 유의하게 감소되었고, 90초와 180초 조건에서는 유지되는 경향을 보였다. 수축기 혈압은 90초 조건에서는 유의하게 증가하고, 30초 조건에서는 감소하는 양상을 보였으며, 190초 조건에서는 유의한 변화를 보이지 않았다. 심부담도는 30초 조건에 비해 90초와 180초 조건에서 높은 경향을 보였으나 유의한 차이는 없었다. [결론] 본 연구에서 10RM 강도의 벤치프레스 운동시에는 반복횟수와 총운동량의 측면에서는 180초 세트간 휴식조건이 가장 적당하고, 심박수와 수축기혈압 상승에 가장 높은 영향을 미치는 세트간 휴식시간은 90초 휴식조건이라고 판단된다. 결론적으로, 10RM 벤치프레스 운동시 세트간 휴식시간은 최소 90초 이상 적용되어야 할 것으로 보여 지며, 180초 정도를 적용하는 것이 가장 적당할 것으로 사료된다.

[INTRODUCTION] The purpose of this study was to identify the influence to change of repetition maximum, total work, HR, SBP, and RPP by different rest interval with in sets during 10RM bench press. [method] weight training career more than six months and not more than health medical test results to target 10 men resting 30 seconds between sets, 90 seconds 180 seconds, respectively, under the conditions 7set 10RM bench press exercises were performed for each set of repeated count, the total work, HR, SBP, RPP was measured. [Results] 10RM bench press exercise sets 7 sets the number of repetitions and the total work progressed significantly decreased, in accordance with the rest interval time of 180 seconds, 90 seconds, 30 seconds rest in order. Heart rate in a 30-second condition was significantly decreased after 4 sets, 90 seconds and 180 seconds conditions tended to be maintained. Conditions, the systolic blood pressure increased significantly and 90 seconds, 30 seconds conditions showed a decreasing pattern, 190 seconds did not show significant changes in conditions. Conditions, the RPP compared to 30 seconds 90 seconds 180 seconds and showed a tendency in conditions, or there was no significant difference. [Conclusion] 10RM bench press exercise rest time between sets to be applied over a minimum of 90 seconds is shown to be 180 seconds to apply is considered to be the most suitable.

This study aimed to investigate the immediate physiological responses, including heart rate, blood pressure, and rate pressure product (RPP), following squat exercises performed at three water depths (ground, knee depth, waist depth) and two speed conditions (60bpm speed, Max speed). The participants consisted of 10 men in their 20s with over 6 months of resistance exercise experience. For the 60bpm speed squats, participants performed 30 repetitions in 1 minute at a rate of 2 seconds per repetition, while for Max speed squats, they performed at Max speed without a set limit on the number of repetitions for 1 minute. All experiments were conducted with a random assignment. The study results showed that immediately after the aquatic squat exercise, the average heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac load were higher in the order of knee depth, ground level, and waist depth at both 60bpm speed and Max Speed. At 60bpm speed, the heart rate was higher in the order of ground level, knee depth, and waist depth. Overall, exercise in an aquatic environment was considered to impose relatively lower physical burden compared to land-based exercise. Therefore, it is suggested that depending on individual fitness levels and exercise goals, appropriately combining aquatic exercise, which imposes lower immediate physiological burden, and land-based exercise may lead to safer and more effective exercise methods.

The relationship between the Relative Purchase Power (RPP) and GDP per capita was examined. In this paper we applied several estimation method such as the POLS (pooled ordinary least square), Fixed effects, Parks, Fama Macbeth, Newy West and Cluster in approaches to ensure statistical robustness. We analyzed how much undervalued the RMB is by using the six approaches in 1980-2010. According to our empirical results, the extent of RMB undervaluation is a progressively decreasing in each year since 1984. And the RMB has been converging to the equilibrium exchange rate; it is only undervalued by roughly 4.7% and 2.7% until 2010 from the Parks and Cluster in approaches, respectively. In order to establish the strategic economic restructure, a fine-tuning monetary policy sould have been carried out by Chinese government. Chinese government should increase flexibility of RMB exchange rate and expand the floating range of RMB exchange rate gradually.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the intensity of warm-up exercise on the physiological response and exercise performance during resistance exercise. For this purpose, 8 male college students with at least 1 year of experience in resistance movement were selected. The warm-up condition was set to NON condition (preparatory exercise not performed), 3 set condition, 6 set condition, and 9 set condition, and the intensity was different for each set. After warm-up, 75% 1RM of main exercise was performed, and blood pressure and heart rate were measured immediately after exercise to measure RPP. The number of repetitions and total work for each condition were measured as the number of repetitions and momentum during the main exercise. The measured data were analyzed by repeated measures two-way ANOVA. As a result, although there was no difference in Rate Pressure Product according to the warm-up conditions, the number of repetitions and total amount of exercise showed the highest in the 3-set condition. Therefore, it is thought that the number and intensity of warm-up exercises should be set appropriately during resistance exercise, and warm-up of 3 sets or more during resistance exercise is thought to decrease exercise performance.

본 연구에서는 RPP(Randomized Pulse Position PWM)의 특징과 RSF(Random Switching Frequency PWM)의 특징을 모두 갖는 하이브리드 RPWM (Random PWM)기법을 제안하였다. 제안된 방법은 PRBS(Pseudo-Random Binary Sequence)로 동작하는 시프트 레지스터의 lead-lag 랜덤 비트를 사용한다는 점에서 종전의 방법과 동일하나, 이와 논리적인 비교를 위해 랜덤 주파수의 삼각파를 이용한다는 점에서 종전의 방법과 다르다. 본 연구의 타당성을 확인하기 위하여 인버터 기반의 3상 유도모터 구동시스템에 제안된 방법을 적용하였다. 그 결과 종전의 방법에 비하여 인버터 구동 유도모터의 전압 및 전류의 고조파 스펙트럼의 광 대역화에 탁월한 효과가 있음을 입증할 수 있었다.

본 연구에서는 수출 가능한 식품포장재로 pro-oxidant($d2w^{(R)}$)함유 rPP/ZnO 나노컴포지트 유연필름을 제조하였고, 이 산화분해 필름의 기계적 특성과 항균기능을 조사하였다. 산화분해필름은 일정조건의 열과 자외선 처리를 거친 후 특성분석으로 FT_IR, SEM, UTM, GPC를 측정하여 물성변화를 관찰하였다. 카보닐지수와 하이드록실지수에서 열과 자외선에 노출율이 많아질수록 수치는 상승하였다. 표면분석에서는 rPP/$d2w^{(R)}$/ZnO나노컴포지트 필름의 경우 표면이미지가 매끈하여 ZnO의 첨가가 고분자의 상용성을 향상시켰고, 열과 자외선차단효과로 분해를 감소시키는 효과로 작용하였다. 항균력시험에서는 그람음성균은 대장균으로 그람양성균은 황색포도상구균으로 항균력을 측정하였다. 결과로는, ZnO는 시험에 사용한 농도에서 3로그 이상의 미생물 감소율을 나타내었다. 그러나 유연 필름용으로는 ZnO의 농도가 높아질수록 투명도가 떨어지므로 사용에 제한이 있었다. rPP/$d2w^{(R)}$/ZnO가 함유한 시편에서 인장강도는 40% 상승하였고, 신율은 30% 감소되었다. ZnO를 첨가한 경우 기계적 물성상승과 열 안전성과 자외선차단성을 나타내었다. 산화분해능은 열 노출 $70^{\circ}C$ 온도에서 480시간 경과한 후, 자외선 조사로 72시간 노출 이후 시점의 분자량은 수평균분자량이 1,294 g/mol, 무게평균분자량이 5,920 g/mol로 분해되는 결과를 얻었다. 이것으로 UAE 5009:2009, ASTM 6954의 기준에 준한 필름을 제조할 수 있었다. 비교시편과 본 연구에서 제조한 산화분해필름의 분자량이 80.7%와 75.6% 감소한 결과를 얻음으로서, 자연 산화분해됨을 확인하였다. 식품포장재로서 안전성분석에서는 국내법 중 식품접촉플라스틱 폴리프로필렌의 기준에 적합하였다.

In this study, pro-oxidant($d2w^{(R)}$) and rPP/ZnO nanocomposite flexible films for food packaging were prepared, and their mechanical and antimicrobial properties were investigated. As a result, the carbonyl index and hydroxyl index increased with exposured time to heat and UV rays. Surface analysis showed that the addition of zinc oxide improved the dispersibility and compatibility of the polymer, so that the surface of the composite film was smooth and the zinc oxide particles were smaller than the compared film. And it kept the physical properties by heat and UV ray blocking effect, and it worked to reduce decomposition. In the antimicrobial activity test, the microbial reduction rate was 3 logs or more at the use concentration of zinc oxide. The tensile strength was increased and the elongation was decreased. Oxidative degradability of multi-layered film in UV exposured for 72 hours, the molecular weight of the film decreased by 75.6%, 1,294 g/mol Mn and 5,920 g/mol Mw. In the safety analysis of food packaging materials, we obtained that are in standard of polypropylene, a food contact material of domestic law.

초등학교 교사들은 관계성 능력이 발달되어 있어야 한다. 그런데 요즈음 예비교사들이 자신들의 관계성 능력이 부족하다고 자각하고 있다. 그것은 이들이 대학 입학하기 전까지 관계성 보다는 개인적 단절성에 대한 생활경험이 많기 때문이다. 예비교사들의 관계성을 성장시킬 수 있는 체계적인인 교육이 교사양성기관인 교육대학교에서 이루어져야 한다. 이에 본 연구는 교육대학교 학생들을 대상으로한 대학생용 관계성 증진 프로그램(이하 RPP: the relationship promotion program for university students)을 개발하고 그 효과를 검증하였다. 대학생의 관계성을 증진시키는 프로그램 내용은 단순히 인간관계 능력에 머물지 않고 윤리적 요구에 토대하여 보다 체계적이며 포괄적이고 광범위한 영역으로 확장한 검사 도구인 대학생용 관계성(RS) 검사‘ 도구를 활용하여 개발하였다. 연구결과, 대학생용 관계성 증진 프로그램은 통계적․경험적으로 대학생들의 관계성을 유의미하게 증진시키는 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 개발한 RPP는 대학생들의 관계성 증진에 효과가 있는 프로그램으로서 관계에 어려움을 겪고 있거나 더 나은 관계를 원하는 대학생들에게 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다.

The present study attempted to develop the Relationship Promotion Program for University Students. The study investigated the following research questions: 1. Could will the Relationship Promotion Program for University Students be constructed properly? 2. Could the validity of the Relationship Promotion Program for University Students be verified empirically? 2-1. Does the Relationship Promotion Program for University Students effectively increase the scores of relationship in the treatment group ? 2-2. Does the Relationship Promotion Program for University Students effectively increase the scores of subfactors in the treatment group ? The Relationship Promotion Program for University Students was developed based on the program development model previously designed in this study. The students of treatment group received the relationship Promotion Program. The final data were collected from 334 students in treatment group. The program used for data analysis was SPSS 18.0 for Windows and the significance level for hypothesis testing was set at .05. The results were as follows: First, treatment group showed significantly higher scores on the levels of Relationship. Second, treatment group showed significantly higher scores in 7 subfactors such as self-understanding, self-acceptance, communication, openness, understanding, sympathy, inquiry factors on the degrees of Relationship. In conclusion, it was shown that the Relationship Promotion Program for University Students was developed properly.

본고는 지역 간 물가격차(RPP)의 추계에서 CPD 방식이 갖고 있는 장점과 활용 가능성을 검토하였다. 데이터의 결락이 많고 일관성도 떨어지는 역사 통계자료를 이용하여 지수를 추계할 때, 데이터의 손실이나 인위적인 보완 없이 지수를 추계할 수 있을까? 또한 여러 지역을 비교할 경우에 이행성을 확보할 수 있을까? 기존의 최우량 지수작성 방식인 피셔 방식이나 Törnqvist 방식은 RPP를 추계할 때 제기되는 이러한 문제에 대처하기 어렵지만, CPD 방식은 데이터 처리에서 자의성을 배제하고 이행성도 확보할 수 있는 방식임을 보였다. 나아가 RPP와 각 지역의 물가지수 간의 일관성이 존재하기 위해서 어떤 조건이 필요한지를 검토하였으며, 역사 통계의 경우 그러한 조건을 현실적으로 충족하기 어려움을 보였다. 그리고 CPD 방식으로 물가지수의 추계가 가능한지도 검토하였는데, 데이터의 결락이 있거나 가중치에 변화가 있는 경우에 추계된 물가지수에 왜곡이 포함될 수 있음을 밝혔다.

This paper is purposed to review the merit and the practical usability of country product dummies(CPD) method to estimate the regional price parity(RPP). Using the historical materials which have missing data as well as inconsistency, how can we estimate index without loss and artificial modification of data? And how can we guarantee the transitivity of index to compare prices among regions? While Fisher or Tornqvist method producing the superlative index cannot answer these questions in estimating the RPP, CPD is the method that can exclude the artificial handling of data and secure the transitivity of index. Additionally, this paper made clear under what conditions the consistency between the changes in price index of each region and the behavior over time of RPPs could exist. We also examined the possibility of using CPD method for estimating price index and found out that it may lead to the wrong outcome under the situation of unbalanced data.

이 논문은 의사소통 교과의 조별토론에서 활용할 수 있는 학습모델을 설계하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 2010년대 대학교양교육의 화두는 다름 아닌 PBL(Problem-based Learning)이다. 그러나 PBL 교육의 확대과정에서, 그것이 찬반의대립에 근간한 기존의 토론 교육에 대한 일종의 저항적 성격을 가진다는 점은 간과되어왔다. PBL에서 중요한 것은‘대립’ 그 자체라기보다는 ‘협업’이다. 문제를 해결하겠다는 큰 방향을 공유한 사람들 사이에서 첨예하게 대립되는세부적인 행위와 실천에 대한 다각적인 토론이야말로 PBL 토론환경에서 요구되는 비판적 말하기의 역량인 것이다. 이러한 근본적인 관점의 제고를 통해 본고는 학생들이 실질적으로 PBL적 토론환경에 적응하고 자기주도적 토론활동을수행할 수 있는 학습모델을 마련하는 데 그 목표를 두었다. 이를 위해 본고는 팀워크를 위한 아이디어 도출법으로창안된 만다라트를 PBL 토론수업 모델에 적극적으로 대입하고자 하였다. 또한 RPG(Role-play Game)의 개념에서착용한 RPP(역할연기발표, Role-play Presentation) 개념을 도입하여 학생들이 해당 토론결과를 사회적 의미를 적극도출할 수 있도록 하였다. 이는 발표의 생동감을 높이고 토론결과를 전문화/객관화하는데 도움을 주었다.

The purpose of this paper is to design an educational model that can be used in group discussions of communication classes. The key issue of liberal arts education in universities in the 2010s is the “Problem-based Learning(PBL).” However, in the course of expanding PBL education, it has been overlooked that it has some sort of resistance to the existing debate education, based on the pros and cons. What is important in PBL is ‘cooperation’ rather than ‘alternative’. Diversified discussions of detailed actions and practices among those who share a large direction to solve the problem are the critical speaking skills required in the PBL environment. From this fundamental perspective, this paper aims to create an educational model that enables students to practically adapt to the PBL-based discussion environment and conduct self-directed debating activities. To this end, we wanted to actively introduce Mandal-art, which was created as an idea for teamwork, into the PBL discussion class model. In addition, the RPP(Role-play Presentation) concept was introduced from the concept of RPG(Role-play Game) so that students could actively derive social meaning from the discussion results. This increased the liveliness of the presentation and helped to specialize/objectify the discussion results.

Calling Party Pays(CPP) and Receiving Party Pays(RPP) are the models for billing mobile telecom services. CPP makes the person who originates the call liable for the per-minute charges, even if the caller is not a mobile telephone customer. However, RPP makes the person who receives a call pay the per-minute charges associated with that call. This paper collected and analyzed some foreign cases to understand the impact of CPP and RPP. This paper also analyzes the key issues that will face the industry in implementing CPP and RPP.

본 고에서는 이동전화요금부과방식으로서 발신자부담방식(CPP)과 수신자부담방식(RPP)의 개념과 장.단점, CPP와 RPP 도입국가의 운영현황을 조사 분석하였다. 아울러 RPP를 CPP로 전환할 경우 발생되는 문제점과 영향에 대해서도 조사하는 한편 그 시사점을 분석 제시하였다.

In this paper, RSF+RPP(Random Switching Frequency Ran-domized Pulse Position) PWM for three-phase voltage-controlled inverter is proposed. The LLPWM(Lead-Lag PWM) technique is that three switching pulses are located randomly back and forth in each switching interval But with the restriction of random distribution, the harmonic spectrum cannot be dispersedly and continuously distributed. To tackle this problem , First, the switching frequency is varied randomly. Next, the duty ratio is calculated under the first circumstance. Finally, the switching pulses are located randomly in the switching interval. To verify the validity of the proposed technique, Simulation Study is tried Using Matlab/Si...

Faith education is not only about teaching or, concretely, deli- vering the knowledge and content of Christian faith. Faith education is a so comprehensive process that it is more than a dimension of knowledge beyond what human cognition process can obtain. It is an integrative education where bodily and cognitive experience, com- munication and encounter take place. The study tries to seek for a methodology of biblical learning, with which learners can encounter the Bible face-to-face by themselves and actively express what they experience. For that purpose, the paper introduces the elementarization(Elementarisierung) theory and constructive pedagogy as the theoretical background of the integra- tive biblical learning, and it further examines in detail the RPP(Reli- gionspadagogische Praxis) which some scholars with catholic back- ground have recently developed. The notion of elemenarization(Elementarisierung), which semanti- cally implicates ‘essential’ and ‘core,’ means none other than ‘sim- plifying a content without overlooking the essential.’ The elemen- tarization theory understands teaching-learning process as interactive and bidirectional movement, and thus, as a theory of teaching and learning, it seeks for correspondence between the elementary struc- ture in content and the elementary experience in human life, as borrowed from Klafki’s terms, between the fundamental and the ele- mentary. Religionspadagogische Praxis(RPP), which is translated as Reli- gious-Pedagogical Praxis, is a methodology of church education aiming at “wholistic and sense-oriented education”(Ganzheitlich- sinnorientiert erziehen und bilden), which developed in Germany during 1972-1978. It is known as a child-centered eduction based upon the educational thoughts of Jean-Jacque Rousseau and Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi whose background was the German reforma- tional pedagogy, and it uses an inductive educational method started and developed from educational fields. This RPP belongs to a cate- gory of constructive methodology in that it modifies, supplements and reconstructs the acquired knowledge in its interaction with the environment. This study suggests as a model for integrative biblical learning a biblical learning example of youth camp. For, based upon the ele- mentarization theory and the constructivist pedagogy, it focuses upon symbols and experience, and the ground picture(das Bodenbild), which outwardly expresses them.