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Genetic relationship analysis by PCR reactions with 25 primers could produce relevant classifications of the 21 P. pulmonarius (Fr) Quel. isolates collected from 2005. They were classified by two groups with similarity coefficient 0.37. All of the P. pulmonarius cultivars belonged to group 2. New cultivar ‘Hwasan’ presented high similarity coefficient to parental strains, and that of ‘Hosan’ and ‘Kangsan’ cultivars was very high owing to shared crossing parents, and that of two strains from China was high, as well.

Korean L. leiolepis of the genus Leontopodium could be discriminate from the foreign L. alpinum using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Among the 12 URP markers used for the detection, the URP-5 marker and the URP-7 marker detected polymorphic DNA bands, ranging from 400-1000 bp in the size of amplified DNA fragments.

수변 및 육상 식생의 경계에 서식하는 쥐방울덩굴(Aristolochia contorta)은 국내 취약종인 꼬리명주나비(Sericinus montela) 유충의 유일한 기주식물이라는 점에서 높은 보전가치를 지닌다. 개체군의 장기적인 유지에 있어서 유전적 다양성은 반드시 고려되어야 하며, 이를 위하여 기존 개체군의 유전적 다양성을 파악하는 과정이 선행되어야 한다. 쥐 방울덩굴 개체군이 장기적으로 유지되고 있는 네 서식처의 개체군을 대상으로 개체들의 잎을 채집하여 DNA를 추출 하였으며, 5개의 무작위 프라이머를 이용한 RAPD-PCR을 수행하여 각 개체군의 유전적 다양성을 비교하고 개체군 간의 유연관계를 파악하였다. 개체군 내 유전적 다양성은 4개 개체군 중 가평 개체군(GP)이 가장 높았으나, 전반적인 유전적 다양성은 다른 종에 비해 낮은 편으로 나타났다(h: 0.0607 ~ 0.1491; I: 0.0819 ~ 0.1759). 또한 가평 개체군 의 경우 지리적 거리와 무관하게 다른 개체군들과의 유전적 거리가 큰 편으로 나타났다. 이는 파편화된 서식지와 더불 어 낮은 유성생식 비율에서 기인한 것으로 추정된다. 쥐방울덩굴 개체군의 보전을 위해서는 개체군 혼합 식재와 적절한 차광이나 물리적 지지와 같이 쥐방울덩굴의 유성생식 을 촉진하는 환경이 적극적으로 고려되어야 할 것이다.

Northern pipevine (Aristolochia contorta) commonly inhabits marginal areas between waterside and terrestrial vegetation. In particular, A. contorta is ecologically important in the marginal areas as a food plant of dragon swallowtail butterfly (Sericinus montela), which is designated as vulnerable species in the Republic of Korea. For long-term sustainability of the plant population, assessment of the genetic diversity of exist populations should be conducted. Genomic DNA of A. contorta leaf samples were extracted from four populations where the vigorous growth were observed in the South Korea. Intra-population genetic diversity and inter-population genetic distance were assessed using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) with five polymorphic random primers. Overall genetic diversity was lower, compared to other wetland species (h: 0.0607 ~ 0.1401; I: 0.0819 ~ 0.1759), while GP showed the highest intra-population genetic diversity. Despite of the geographical distance, GP showed the larger genetic distance from other populations. This result seemed to be caused by the fragmented habitat and lower sexual reproduction of A. controta. Mixture of the different source populations and construction of the proper environmental condition such as shade and physical support for sexual reproduction should be considered for conservation of A. contorta population.

This research was carried out to analyze the genetic variation of 18 wild strain, 2 breed varieties and 20 mutants of Hypsizygus marmoreus by random amplification of polymorphic DNA(RAPD). Also, 3 strains of Lyophyllum decartes and 1 strain of Lyophyllum shimeji were used. These mushrooms were collected from korea, china, Taiwan and Japan. Spores of H. marmoreus JV-2 strain were irradiated by gamma ray for mutagenesis. 40 kind of primers were used for this reaserch. Number of reaction primer were 31. Electrophorectic patterns of RAPD showed genetic variation. In phylogenetic tree, they were divided into seven group. Discriminative differences were observed between wild strain and mutants in H. marmoreus. These results might suggest that these primers and gamma ray irradiation of spores were useful tools for developing new strain for mushroom.

The fruiting body of honey mushroom, Armillaria gallica, was collected from Gastrodia elata cultivated fields. Pure cultures were isolated from fruiting body tissue of the mushrooms, and cultured on MCM (mushroom complete medium) or PDA (potato dextrose agar) medium. Then, 12 different types of mycelial growth characteristics such as growth rate, colony morphology and rhizomorph formation were obtained. The vitality of the mycelial growth and rhizomorph formation of the fruiting body culture isolates were better on MCM than PDA, suggesting that the optimal culture medium for A. gallica mycelia was MCM. To observe the feature of colony morphology, the subculture of isolates were incubated on MCM. Consequently, we could find the segregated or differentiated colony morphology from isolate type 11 that was similar morphology to isolate type 12. For phylogenetic analysis of the 12 isolates, RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) were performed. The isolate type 12 was not only shown different band patterns of RAPD variation in other 11 isolates, but also commercial strain known as Chunmagyun No. 1. Among the tissue culture isolates of fruiting, strains with better mycelial growth characteristics than Chunmagyun No. 1 were selected. We expect that the new strain can be substituted to commercial strain Chunmagyun No. 1.

In this study, twelve of Lepista nuda were collected from various localities in Korea. Also thirteen exotic L. nuda species were collected from Japan, France, Switzerland and Portugal. Spores were isolated under optical microscope. These spores were placed on the surface of YM medium for inducing to germination. Eleven mating-groups were selected by morphological characters of fruit body such as size, color and stipe patterns. Intra-isolate crosses were made between two single-spore isolates derived from mating-groups. Also, dikaryotic crossing using the isolates from L. nuda were carried out to evaluated tetrakaryon formation. Cross-mating compatibility tests also verified its dikaryotic state by microscopic or molecular genetic observation of clamp connection and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) band pattern. To analyze the growth rate of hybrids and parents mycelium in dikaryons obtained from compatible mating groups were placed on PDA medium. Intra-isolate crosses determined eleven mating-groups within L. nuda. The typical clamp connection were mostly observed in mating-groups of Korean L. nuda in K1xK2, K1xK3, K1xK4, K1xK6, K1xK5, K2xK4, K2xK3, K2xK6, K3xK4, K4xK5 and K4xK6. Korean L. nuda type of dikaryon, shown to cross-incompatibility with L. sordida, it seemed that mating induce more rapidly than wild types in a view of growth rate. In conclusion, it would be useful to improve mass production with better morphological characteristics through a special mating of L. nuda.

This study was conducted to detect the specific fragment genes by using RAPD-PCR and RFLP method in the Korean Tiger cattle and Korean Native cow. And then, the specific fragment gene was investigated by the analysis of the genes for detection significance according to the expressing pattern. We found the specific expression gene by the RAPD-PCR analysis in Korean Tiger cattle. It were a detected the differences of the species in the colour and external section. The Korean Tiger cattle were vary low compare to the Korean Native cattle by analysis result of polymorphism and distribution. And the polymorphism over 500bp into the size classification detected was highly pattern and it could be utilize by the resource of the specific gene. There was a found the specific gene by sequencing in the 1855bp gene fragment of Korean Tiger cattle. And the sequencing result of the R9B was different between Korean Native cow and Holstein cattle. Thus, this gene can be apply as the specific gene in the Korean Tiger cattle.

This study was carried out to analyze the genetic relationships among 22 strains of Sparassis crispa, which were collected from various regions of worldwide. The cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence were obtained from the ribosomal DNA ITS regions of each strain. Based on the sequence analysis, the presence of five different groups were observed. Most strains shared the high nucleotide sequence similarity (about 90%) to each other, except only one strain, KACC50866. Nucleotide sequence similarity of KACC50866 was below 10% to other strains, indicating the genetic relatedness of strain KACC50866 was low compared to other strains. More works such as mitochondria genome analysis should help to determine the precise genetic diversity of S. crispa strains.

In Malaysia, Labisia pumila Benth & Hook f, popularly known as ‘Kacip Fatimah’ has been used traditionally to treat various elements of the woman’s health in Malay community. The objective of this study was to develop randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) based DNA markers for the identification of L. pumila and to distinguish its three varieties from each other. Total DNA from nine accessions of L. pumila was extracted by CTAB method and polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were carried out to amplify the segments of DNA using different primers to develop DNA barcode using RAPD technique. To find out variety-specific DNA marker/s, twenty different 10-mer primer sequences with annealing temperature from 36-40 °C were evaluated in triplicate. Out of 20 random primers, two primers (OPA-1 and OPA-2/A10) were selected which produced reliable RAPD band patterns. To have DNA based handle, two RAPD amplification products were cloned and sequenced to determine the identity of the DNA. RAPD analysis using two random primers generated 72 discrete bands ranging in size 200 bp-3,000 bp. Fifty nine of these were polymorphic loci (82%) and thirteen were non-polymorphic loci (18%). A total of 32 bands polymorphic loci (72%) were amplified with primer OPA-1 and analyzed by cluster analysis and UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic) to present a dendogram depicting the degree of genetic relationship among nine accessions of L. pumila. Our results shows the reasonable genetic diversity among the L. pumila varieties and within varieties; and two RAPD marker sequences obtained could be used to identify L. pumila at species level.

Pleurotus eryngii is not edible and medicinal mushrooms indigenous to Korea. To improvement of strain suitable to the geographic setting of Korea, we are mated with 22 dikaryons and 47 monokaryons isolated from Pleurotus eryngii ASI 2547 by Di-Mon mating. 19 strains forming fruit body obtained from clamped 253 bred strains. 7 excellent strains are selected from 19 bred strains by various morphological features of fruit body. Among the selected 7 strains, H6 strain were identified into ASI 2547-like recombinant hybrids with URP uniprimer by RAPD analysis. This suggested that Di-Mon crossing is one of rapid and easy breeding method for strain improvement with molecular techniques.

Random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPD) 분석을 통해 한국산 물레나물 속 (Hypericum) 식물에서의 유연관계를 분석한 결과, 병풍산 고추나물과 지리산 고추나물 사이에 상당한 유전적 차이가 있음을 확인할 수 있었고, 지리산의 500 m, 1000 m 그리고 1300 m 고도 차이에 따른 군락지별로도 밴드 패턴의 차이가 확인되었다. 동일 과 (科)에 속한 물레나물보다는 서양고추나물이라고 불리는 St. John's wort가 고 추나물과 유연관계가 더 가깝게 나타났다.

The genetic relationships of Hypericum erectum, H. Ascron and H. perforatum Thunb. By RAPD using total 46primers were analysed 30 primers among primers tested showed tha amplification band in all. The amplified DNA fragment ranged from 0.25 to 6.6kb in size. The 411 bands(34.4%)among 1194 bands derived from 30primers were polymorphic, and 13.7 bands per primer were observed. Ther phenograms for six analyzed individuals by RAPD markers were not matched well with those of the result by morphological characters. They were clustered monophyletic at the similarity coefficient value ranged from 0.24 to 0.96.

생약의 수요 증가와 더불어 면적이 확대되고 있는 강활은 남강활과 북강활로 나누어 재배되고 있으며 최근에는 생산성이 다소 높은 북강활 재배면적이 점차 증가하고 있어 품종 육성과 재배기술 체계 확립이 시급한 실정이다. 강활의 품종육성의 기초 자료를 마련하고자 RAPD를 이용하여 8계통의 지방수집종간 유연관계를 분석하고 생육특성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 수집된 지방재래종 강활 8종에 대한 RAPD분석을 실시한 결과 primer 당 평균 6.9개의 PCR밴드가 얻어졌으며 polymorphism 비율이 평균 49.1%를 나타내어 객관적인 다형현상분석이 가능하였다. 2. 유사도 0.71를 기준으로 8개의 강활 지방수집종을 구분한 결과 3개의 group으로 분리되었는데 group I은 유사도 0.71 이하에서 남강활의 영양, 정선 영월 지방수집종이 었고, group II는 남강활 춘양 수집종이며, group III은 모두 북강활 수집종으로 0.94 이상 높은 유사도를 보였는데 정선, 상운, 태백, 춘양 수집종이었다. 3. 강활의 생육특성은 남강활이 북강활에 비해 개화기가 18~26일 늦고 추대율이 높으며 엽병은 길고 작은 것으로 나타났다.

To analyze the genetic relationship 8 accessions of Ostericum koreanum itakawa, random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) analysis was performed using 60 Operon primers. The 25 primers out of 60 random primers were amplified DNA by PCR using genomic DNA of O. koreanum. Eighty-five (49.1%) among 173 bands derived from 25 primers showed polymorphism, On the basis of similarity coefficient analysis by UPGMA, 8 accessions of O. koreanum Kitakawa could be classified into three groups at the similarity coefficient value of 0.71. Group I contained three accessions (Nam angwhal), Group II contained one accession (Nam Gangwhal) and Group III contained four accessions (Buk Gangwhal), The range of total genetic similarity coefficient value of 8 accessions of O. koreanum Kitakawa was 0.63~0.96. Buk Gangwhal was flowered 18 to 26 days earlier than Nam Gangwhal, and Nam Gangwhal leaf stalk was thin and long as bolting rate high compared with Buk Gangwhal.

The genetic variation and intraspecific relationships between 10 individuals of seven cultivars and one Ulleungdo native of Wasabia japonica were investigated using PARD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) analysis. The 21 primers out of 50 random primers were amplified for all tested plants. The 68(47.2%) among 144 bands derived from 21 primers showed polymorphism, and 3.2 bands per primer were observed. Number of bands per primer was ranged from 2 to 13, and average numbers were 6.8. The phenograms for 11 analyzed individuals by RAPD markers were not matched well with those of the result by morphological characters since they were clustered monophyletic at the similarity coefficient value ranged from 0.81 to 0.96. The Ulleungdo native individual was clustered sister to Daruma, Simanesairai, Sawa, and Hujidaruma cultivars. The RAPD markers were not useful to evaluate the intraspecific variations in Wasabia japonica cultivars, therefore need to more specific molecular phylogenetic characters such as AFLP thchnology and gene sequence of nuclear and chloroplast DNA.

Genetic differences among nine land races of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) were examined using RAPD markers. Land races of Korean ginseng were collected from nine regions in Korea: Cheongwon, Guesan, Geumsan, Namwon, Pochun, Yangju, Yeoncheon, Yeogju. Out of 48 RAPD primers tested, 5 primers (OPA 7, OPA 13, URP 2, URP 3 AND UBC 3) produced remarkable bands which showing polymrophisms among evaluated collections. Lower levels of genetic diversity were in detected same land races than among other land races. Genetic differences within and among land races indicate heterogeneity. These results indicate that cultivated ginseng in Korea is heterogeneous. Genetic similarity matrices of RAPD profiles were generated via coefficients of variation and the data were processed by the cluster analysis(UPGMA). When 90 collections were evaluated using selected 5 primers, those were clustered to 5 and 3 subgroups. These differences in geenetic variation between land races of Korean ginseng implied the potential source for further breeding of Korean ginseng.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the diversity and purity of the Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) lines developed by the pure line selection using RAPD markers. Four primer (OPA 19, OPM11, URP 3 and UBC 98) out of the 48 primer tested produced band which showed within-line polymorphisms at least in one line. Within-line polymorphisms were detected in six lines by OPA 19, in four lines by URP 03,in five lines by OPM 11, and in one line by UBC 98 respectively. Five plants obtained from the commercial cultivar "Chenpung" were differentiated using the primer OPA 19 and OPM 11. Five plants obtained from the "Yeonpung" were differentiated using the primer OPM 11. Detection of within-line RAPD polymorphi는 might be attributed to the fact that cross pollination appear in P. ginseng and a long period of three to four years required to reach the reproductive stage thereby delay the process to homozygosity.

The fruits of Schisandra chinensis have been used as an edible ingredient and traditional medicine in Korea. Due to morphological similarities of dried mature fruits, the correct identification of S. chinensis from other closely related Schisandrae species is very difficult. Therefore, molecular biological tools based on genetic analysis are required to identify authentic Schisandrae Fructus. Random amplifed polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) were used to develop an easy, reliable and reproducible method for the authentication of these four species. In this paper, we developed several RAPD-derived species specific SCAR markers and established a multiplex-PCR condition suitable to discriminate each species. These genetic markers will be useful to distinguish and authenticate Schisandrae Fructus and four medicinal plants, S. chinensis, S. sphenanthera, S. repanda and K. japonica, in species level.

In DNA level, genetic study of Angelica species was firstly conducted to discriminate the bolting-resistant or low bolting variety, so called as Manchu, from other Korea collected lines and also this technuque was applied to identify the origin of commercial dried materials obtained from current oriental medicinal market. By RAPD analysis with 72 primers including sixty of 10-mers and twelve of 20-mers, respectively, three primers, which were related to the bolting resistant traits of Angelica gigas, were identified. Comparing the RAPD bands, URP04 primer showed the 1.7 kb specific band, which seemed to be related to delaying bolting traits, since it was observed only in Jinbu elite lines but not in others. On the other hand, since .2 kb band amplified by OPD11 was observed in other collected lines but not in Manchu var. and Jinbu line, this primer also could be considered as a selection marker for identifying bolting resistant or delaying bolting traits. In the same manner, since OPP09 did not show 1 kb major band but produced 0.8 kb and .2kb bands in Manchu var., these three bands amplified by the primer could be considered one of the important key specifying Manchu var. related with the trait of Angelica gigas. OPC02 primer showed the same band patterns in all Korean collected lines, but not in other foreign introduced lines, such as A. sinensis from China, and A. acutiloba from Japan. Since these our RAPD primers, OPD1, OPP09, URP04, and OPC02 showed the specific polymorphisms in Angelica species, thus, these were useful to discriminate the three Angelica species, A. gigas, A. sinensis, and A. acutiloba.

Extracted genomic DNA from 16 accessions of Condonopsis lanceolata collected from south Korea and the Baekdoo Mt. areas of China were analyzed for their genetic relationships by RAPD. Twenty 10-mer-oligonucleotide primers having reproductive polymorphism were selected for the RAPD analysis. The size of amplified DNA was almost between 125 bp and 2.0 kbp. Sixteen collected Codonopsis lanceloata were analyzed with 20 primers which generated 73(49.3%) polymorphic bands among 148 PCR products. The mean number of polymorphic bands were 7.4 and vaired 1~9 per primer. It was, thus, demonstrated that RAPD was useful for detecting polymorphism in Condonopsis lanceloata. The range of 1-F valus(genetic similarity) was from 0.682 to 0.959. These results indicate variable genetic similarities> By UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method using an Arithmetic average) cluster analysis based on 1-F value, genetic distance among the 6 collected Codonopsis lanceolata was 0.133~0.400. It was certainly classified into two groups between collected accessions from Korea and China, and the genetic distance was about 0.281. Both accessions collected from Korea and China showed miner differences, while the genetic relationships of Tonghua Xian and Liuhe Xian from China was farthest with other accessions collected.