Earticle

사이버 방호란 사이버 공격 및 위협으로부터 우리가 운영하는 정보시스템을 보호하는 활동[1]이다. 현재 운영중인 사이버 방호체계의 방호수준을 알기 위해서는 시시각각 새롭게 발전하고 있는 사이버 위협을 반영하여 공격기술 현 황을 최신화하고 방호기능으로 대응이 가능한지 분석할 필요가 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 사이버 킬 체인의 공격절 차와 방어유형으로 분류한 공격기술을 MITRE의 방어기술(Mitigation ID)과 연관 관계를 분석하고 방어적 사이버활 동 중심으로 군 부대 유형별 사이버 방호수준을 제시하고자 한다. 향후 국방영역에서 운영중인 사이버 방호체계의 대응역량을 실시간 분석하여 부대별 방호수준을 가시화하고 알려지지 않은 사이버 위협에 대한 조사 및 적극적인 취약점 보완을 통해 사이버 방호수준이 향상되길 기대한다.

Cyber protection is an activity that protects the information systems we operate from cyber attacks and threats. To know the level of protection of the currently operating cyber protection system, it is necessary to update the current state of attack technology by reflecting the constantly evolving cyber threats and to analyze whether it is possible to respond with the protection function. Therefore, in this paper, we analyze the relationship between the attack procedures and defense types of the cyber kill chain with the defense technology(Mitigation ID) of MITRE and present the cyber protection level for each military unit type with a focus on defensive cyber activities. In the future, it is expected that the level of cyber protection will be improved through real-time analysis of the response capabilities of cyber protection systems operating in the defense sector to visualize the level of protection for each unit, investigate unknown cyber threats, and actively complement vulnerabilities.

기계·기구, 설비 등(이하 “기계설비”)의 주요 위험장소에는 작업자를 통제, 격리하기 위해 방호가드를 고정·설치하는 등 안 전사고에 대비하고 있다. 다만 방호가드가 개폐가 용이한 구조일 경우 기계설비 등의 작동 중 작업자 임의 개방에 의한 사고위 험에 그대로 노출될 우려가 있어 개폐가 가능한 구조의 방호가드에는 기계설비 가동조건과 연동회로가 구성된 인터록장치를 설치하여 안전사고에 대비하는 것이 일반적이다. 다만 인터록장치는 대부분 기계설비의 가동조건과 하드와이어드(hard-wired)로 결선된 단순 구조가 아닌 PLC(Programmable Logic Controller), 터치판넬, 통신장치 등과 다양하게 다소 복잡한 구조로 설치되어 있고, 인터록장치에 사용되는 센서도 구조, 기능, 사용처 등에 따라 매우 다양화되어 방호도어에 설치되는 안전센서의 사양 선정이 잘 못되거나 설치 후 관리가 미흡할 경 우 오작동, 기능해지 등으로 인해 또 다른 사고위험에 그대로 노출될 우려가 있다. 따라서 방호가드에 설치된 인터록장치의 기능해지, 관리소홀 등으로 인해 발생한 사고사례, 아차사고 등을 통해 인터록장치 성능 유지관리를 위한 기술적 사항에 대한 기준을 마련할 필요가 있다.

유럽의 등록공동체디자인 보호 제도에서, “물품 외관의 특징들이 기술적 기능에 의해서만 결정된 경우”에, 당해 등록디자인은 보호 요건을 갖추지 못한 것이 된다. 여기에서 “물품 외관의 특징들이 기술적 기능에 의해서만 결정”된 것인지의 판단 기준과 관련하여, 유럽 내에서 두 가지 대립되는 의견이 존재하고 있었다. 하나는 대체 디자인 테스트이고 다른 하나는 비 심미적 고려 테스트이다. 유럽 내에서, 위 두 가지 접근법이 모두 사용되고 있었기 때문에, 어느 하나의 접근법으로 통일되어야 한다는 필요성이 계속하여 제기되고 있었다. 2018. 3. 유럽연합법원은 독일 뒤셀도르프 고등법원의 질의에 답하면서, 위 두 가지 접근법 중 비 심미적 고려 테스트가 타당하다는 결정을 하였다. 대체 디자인 테스트는, 대체 가능한 몇 개의 디자인을 단일의 주체가 등록함으로써, 등록디자인을 통하여 기술적 기능을 독점할 수 있게 되어, 경쟁을 실질적으로 제한하는 문제점이 있다고 지적하였다. 그리하여 시각적 외관과 관련하여, 기술적 기능을 수행하기 위한 다른 고려(심미적 고려)가 당해 특징의 선택에 아무런 역할을 하지 못한 경우에, 당해 특징은 디자인 보호에서 제외된다는 판단을 하였다. 유럽연합법원이 이러한 테스트를 채택함으로써 기능성을 이유로 등록디자인이 무효로 판단될 가능성이 더 높아지게 되었다. 심미적 고려 또는 시각적 호소가 전혀 없을 것 같은 산업용 기계 기구류의 경우, 이러한 영향을 직접적으로 받을 수 있다. 그러나 유럽연합법원이 선택한 접근법 역시 기능성을 이유로 등록디자인을 무효로 시키기에 매우 엄격한 기준이다. “물품 외관의 모든 특징들이 기술적 기능에 의해서만 결정된 경우”에 당해 등록디자인은 무효로 될 것이기 때문에, 만일 물품 외관의 일부에 심미적 고려가 어느 정도 포함되어 있다면, 당해 디자인은 유효한 것이 된다. 유럽연합법원의 결정 이후, 이에 대한 비난이 많이 등장하고 있다. 특히 디자인 개발 과정에서의 디자이너의 의도가 중요해졌다는 점에서, 판단의 주관적 성향에 대한 비판이 많다. 또한 판단의 인적기준을 구체적으로 제시하지 않은 문제점에 대한 지적도 많다. 앞으로 판단의 인적기준에 대한 필요성과 그러한 가상의 기준인이 알고 있어야 할 지식의 유형과 정도에 대한 논란이, 계속하여 제기될 것으로 보인다.

In the system of RCD in EU, a community design does not subsist in features of appearance of a product which are solely dictated by its technical function. In relation to the meaning of “solely dictated by technical function”, there were two different approaches in EU. One is alternative designs test and the other is no-aesthetic-consideration test. Because the above two different tests were used all together in EU, it was necessary to unify them into one approach. In March 2018, the CJEU decided that no-aesthetic-consideration test is more reasonable. The CJEU pointed out that the alternative designs test has a risk of restricting competition practically. Thus, The CJEU said that if considerations(such as aesthetic consideration) other than the need for that product to fulfil its technical function, in particular those related to the visual aspect, have not played any role in the choice of those features, such a RCD will be invalid. After this decision, a RCD is more likely to be invalidated on account of functionality. Especially, any RCD related to industrial machinery which seems to have no aesthetic consideration or no visual appeal at all is more likely to be invalidated. However, the no-aesthetic-consideration test is also very strict test to invalid any RCD. Since such a RCD will be invalidated only when all features of appearance of products is solely dictated by its technical function, if any feature with aesthetic consideration is included in the appearance of products, such a RCD seems likely to be valid. There are also many criticisms on this decision. As it is important to inquiry the intent of designer especially, the possibility of subjective judgment will be increased. It is also another problem that there is no any specific standard about who decide those issues. In the future, it is likely that the necessity of those virtual person, and the type and degree of knowledge that such a person should know will be controversial continuously.

본 연구는 범죄의 사회적 의미가 영화 ‘범죄와의 전쟁: 나쁜 놈들 전성시대(2011)’에서 어떻게 묘사되고 있는 지 근대국가체제 국가가 갖는 국민보호 기능을 중심으로 분석하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 영화에서 국가는 공 권력으로서 하나의 조직 혹은 경찰 개인이 아닌 검사, 안기부 직원 등 다양한 모습으로 등장한다. 체계로서 국 가가 국민보호 기능을 어떻게 수행하고 있는가를 보여주기 위한 좋은 자료를 영화가 제공하고 있는 것이다. 본 연구는 체계로서 국가가 국민보호 기능을 어떻게 수행하고 있는지를 내러티브 분석을 사용하였다. 즉, 등 장인물의 생애사ㆍ사회화 과정으로서 서술, 서술한 생애사ㆍ사회화 과정을 이론적 틀에 근거하여 해석한 분 석적 추출, 해석한 등장인물 간 생애사ㆍ사회화를 비교 분석하며 일반화시켰다. 먼저 등장인물 간 생애사에서 보이는 상호의존성은 검사들 간 승진과 출세를 위한 ‘수단적 의존관계’, 최익현과 검사, 국회의원, 안기부 직원 간 ‘돈과 권력의 의존관계’, 최형배와 최익현, 김판호 간 ‘착취적 의존관계’, 최익현과 조범석 검사 간 ‘협조적 의존관계’를 보인다. 두 번째로 자신이 현재 누리는 혜택이 정당한가에 대하여 성찰하는 의식인 실존적 책임 의식은 연대, 정의 개념에 대한 인식에 따라 달라지는데, 영화 속 등장인물들에게서는 ‘믿을 것은 결국 피붙이 밖에 없다’는 사회적 통념을 확인하는 차원에 그쳐 실존적 책임의식은 발견되지 않는다. 세 번째는 비연대적 행위이다. 영화 속 비연대적 행위로서 범죄는 국가 차원에서 수사원칙 실천보다 검사 간, 선후배 간 이해관계 를 유지하는 수단으로 나타난다. 또한 가족ㆍ혈연관계는 어떤 범죄도 눈감아줄 수 있는 근거가 된다. 결국 영화에서 보여주는 국가의 모습은 두 가지로 요약된다. 첫째, 무기력하고 부패한 모습이다. 둘째, 국가보 다 더 중요한 것은 집안ㆍ문중의 이해관계이다. 이러한 모습의 국가는 심지어 국가와 결탁하지 않은 가해자를 처벌함으로써 피해자 보호가 아닌 가해자 보호 기능을 수행하는 반근대적 체제를 드러내고 있다. 결국 국민보 호 기능을 제대로 수행하지 못하는 국가의 모습이 존재하는 한 거시적 연대 실천은 불가능하다. 또한 국민 부 담을 전제로 한 복지제도의 확대와 발전도 불가능하다. 이런 국가의 모습은 더 이상 1980년대가 아니라 현재 에도 진행될 수 있음을 영화는 암시하고 있다. 본 연구는 한 편의 영화에 등장한 인물 내러티브를 통해 국민보호 기능을 수행하지 못하는 국가 모습을 분석 하였다. 이에 다양한 영화를 통한 국가 모습을 도출하지 못했다는 점에서 한계를 가진다. 그러나 영화 ‘범죄와 의 전쟁’이 470만 명 이상의 관객을 동원한 영향력을 감안한다면 국가에 대한 대중의 인식을 일반화할 수 있는 소재로서 충분히 분석할만한 가치가 있다고 판단한다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze how social meanings of crime are explained focused on the function of civilian protection of modern states system in the movie ‘War against crime: the golden days for bad guys(2011). The state in the movie appears as a public prosecutor, National Security Agency employee, and etc. instead of a organization or police officer of governmental authority. And it shows a good resource how the state of the systems conducts the functions of the civilian protection. This research use narrative analyses to discuss how the state of the systems conducts the functions of the civilian protection. That is, it has three steps as in the following; the description as a course of life historiesㆍsocialization of characters, analytic extraction that interprets the described courses of life historiesㆍsocialization based on the theoretical frames, and comparison, analyzation, and generalization of the interpreted the course of life historiesㆍsocialization of characters. Above all, the interdependence of life histories among characters is ‘instrumental dependency’to be a promotion and success between prosecutors, ‘depencency for money and power’among Choi, ikhyun, prosecutor, a member of the National Assembly, and a National Security Agency employee, ‘cooperative dependency’between Choi, ikhyun and Cho, bumsuk. Secondly, existential sense of responsibility that people introspect whether the enjoying privileges and benefits are reasonable and fair depends on the recognition about the concept of solidarity and justice. However the characters don’t seem to have the existential sense of responsibility, but do the social conventions that the family is the only one that they should believe. Thirdly, it is the solidarity behaviors. The behaviors are regarded as the crime according to the dimension of state because characters prefer the interest between senior-junior relationships among prosecutors rather than the fulfillment of investigation principles. Also, the relationships of family and kinship makes any kinks of crime be innocent. To sum up, the nation is explained to the two phrases. First, it is powerless and corrupt nation. Second, the nation is less important than the interest of family and relatives. What’s worse, the nation reveals the non-modern systems that protect assailants rather than victims through punishment of the assailant who does not conspire with the nation. As long as the nation is not able to conduct the functions of civilian protections, it is impossible to achieve macroscopic solidarity, as well as to expand and develop the welfare systems that is premised national burden. The movie implies that this image of nation can be the present figure even though the background was the 1980s in the movie. This study analyze the phrases of nation that does not function of civilian protection through the narratives of characters in the movie of ‘War against crime: the golden days for bad guys(2011)’. Accordingly, it has limitations in terms of that the images of nation as the systems have not made through a various movies related to crimes. However, this movie can be well worth analyzing as the subject materials that are able to generalize the public awareness toward the nation if it considers the influence that the movie, ‘War against crime: the golden days for bad guys(2011)’ mobilize more than 470,000 people.

본 연구의 목적은 가족의 기능적 결손이라는 위험상황에서 위험요인, 보호요인, 심리적응 간의 관계를검증하고, 심리적응 수준이 높은 청소년을 보호해주는 보호요인을 파악하고자 한다. 이를 위해 한국국청소년정책연구원(2008)에서 조사한 한국청소년패널조사 중2 패널 5차년도 자료를 가지고 기술통계 분석과 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과 청소년의 보호요인인 자아존중감과 학교친구애착에 따라 기능적 결손을 경험한 청소년의심리적응 수준이 다르게 나타났다. 따라서 사회복지실천 현장에서 청소년의 위험요인에 초점을 맞추기보다는 위험요인을 완화시키는 과정이나 보호요인에 초점을 맞춤으로써 위험요인에 노출된 청소년을 바라보는 시각을 전환시킬 수 있으며 이들에 대한 개입도 달라질 것으로 판단된다.

This study aims to verify the mechanism of mediated effects for protective factor among therelations of risk factor, protective factor and psychology adaptation under risky situation as functionallydeficient family, and to identify the protective factors that protects adolescents with high psychologyadaptation level. To achieve these goals, descriptive statistic analysis, regression analysis andlogistic-regression analysis were conducted using the 5th year data of the Korea Youth Panel Study(Junior high panel) surveyed in 2008 by National Youth Policy Institute. The study results first shows thatthe psychology adaptation level of adolescents who experienced functionally deficient family variesdepending their self-esteem and attachment to school friends. Second, it was found that there are mediatedeffects in the impacts of functionally deficient family on psychology adaptation. Therefore, in social workfield, it is advisable to focus on the process to mitigate the risk factors or to strengthen protective factorsrather than focus on the risk factors of adolescents. With this method, the negative perception ofadolescents exposed to risk factors can be changed as well as the way of intervention for supporting them.

한국청소년패널(2008)의 중2 패널 5차년도 자료를 가지고 기술통계 분석과 회귀분석을 실시하여 가족의 기능적 결손이라는 위험상황에서 위험요인, 보호요인, 심리적응 간의 관계와 보호요인의 매개효과의 기제를 검증하고, 심리적응 수준이 높은 청소년을 보호해주는 보호요인을 분석하는 데에 그 목적이 있다. 분석방법으로는 대상자의 빈도분석과 개인특성에 따른 차이를 알아보기 위해 PASW(Predictive Analytics Software) 18.0을 이용해 t검증을 실시하였다. 또한 적응에 대한 보호요인의 작용 검증을 위하여 위계적 회귀분석을 실시하여 매개효과를 검증하였다. 연구결과 사회복지실천 현장에서 청소년의 위험요인에 초점을 맞추기보다는 위험요인을 완화시키는 과정이나 보호요인에 초점을 맞춤으로써 위험요인에 노출된 청소년을 바라보는 시각을 전환시킬 수 있으며 이들에 대한 개입도 달라질 것으로 판단된다. 사회복지실천 현장에서 청소년의 위험요인에 초점을 맞추기보다는 위험요인을 완화시키는 과정이나 보호요인에 초점을 맞춤으로써 위험요인에 노출된 청소년을 바라보는 시각을 전환시킬 수 있다. 또한, 가족의 기능적 결손이라는 어려움을 경험하는 청소년을 대상으로 사회복지 실천적 개입 방향을 마련 할 수 있는 기초를 마련한 것으로 판단된다.

Korea Youth Panel (2008) has 2 panels of the 5th year of Knowledge data to perform statistical analysis and regression analysis, the risk factors in the risk conditions of the family of functional deficits, protective factors, the relationship between the mediating effect of psychological adaptation and protective factors verification mechanisms and the psychological adaptation level it is an objective to analyze the protective factors that protect the high youth. To investigate the differences by frequency analysis and personal characteristics of the analyte's was performed t test using PASW (Predictive Analytics Software) 18.0. And to verify the effect of the parameters is performed rank regression analysis for verification of the effects of protection factors for adaptation. Rather than focusing on youth risk factors in social welfare practice field, focusing on processes and protective factors to reduce the risk factors, it is possible to convert the viewpoint overlooking the youth exposed to risk factors. Also, for young people experiencing difficulties that features loss of the family, it is determined that the prepared foundation which can be provided in the direction of social welfare practical intervention.

상품형태의 보호에 관한 규정은 이제 우리 지적재산권법 거의 모든 분야에 존재하게 된데다, 최근 관심이 급증하는 상황을 맞고 있다. 그렇기 때문에, 상품형태 보호에 있어 우리 지적재산권 법률들 사이의 바람직한 역할분담을 시급하게 모색할 필요가 있다고 본다. 이런 모색 중 상표법과 부정경쟁방지법 등에서의 논의는 나중의 글로 미루고, 이 글에서는 디자인보호법에서의 상품형태 보호에 집중하여 분석하였다. 이때 그 분석의 출발점은 특정 법률의 내부에만 집중하기보다 다른 지적재산권 법률들과의 상호조화까지 고려하는 통합적 시각이 되어야 옳다. 특히 특허법제에서 보호여부를 다루어야할 기술적․실용적 기능이 디자인보호법에서의 더 느슨한 요건으로 손쉽게 보호됨으로써 결과적으로 특허법제가 형해화되는 일이 생기지 않도록 하여야 한다. 나아가 향후 디자인보호법의 바람직한 운영에 있어 필자의 구체적 제언은 4가지로 정리할 수 있는데, 그중 요지는 다음과 같다. 소위 ‘기능미’라는 개념을 둘러싼 논의나 디자인보호법의 보호대상에 관한 특허청 고시 등 실무는 반대경향이지만 디자인보호법을 통하여 기능을 직접 혹은 간접적으로 보호하는 것은 원칙적으로 허용되지 말아야 한다. 기능적 부분과 미적 부분이 결합된 경우라면, 상표법에서의 유사한 취급을 참조하여, 일단 디자인권으로 등록을 허용하되 그 권리범위 해석단계에서 기능적 부분의 권리를 제한하여야 할 것이다. 다만 기능적 부분과 미적 부분이 불가분적으로 결합된 경우라면 앞서 특허법제 형해화의 위험이 적으므로 디자인보호법에 의한 보호도 가능할 수 있다고 본다.

Nowadays, the various provisions on the protection of product design exist in almost every specific field of intellectual property laws in Korea, and there had been a recent upsurge of interest in such provisions. Therefore, it is necessary to urgently seek a proper role sharing between the intellectual property laws of Korea in the protection of the product design. In this article, I focused on protection of the product design by the related provisions in the Korean Design Protection Act (KDPA) while the discussion on the related provisions in the Korean Trademark Act and the Korean Unfair Competition Prevention Act was put off for another future article. At this point, the starting point of the analysis should be an integrated view that well considers harmonization with other intellectual property laws rather than only concentrating on a specific lawitself. In particular, it should not happen that the technical and practical functions which should be dealt with in the patent-related law system would be easily protected by the looser requirements in the design protection law, so that the patent-related law system would be broken down indirectly. In addition, I can summarize the four suggestions in my opinion on the future desirable operation of the KDPA as follows. Any direct or indirect protection of the function through the KDPA should not be allowed in principle even though the trend of the academic discussion about the concept of ‘functional beauty’ and the KIPO’s Practices related to the administrative notice of the subject matter of the protection tend to be in the opposite direction. If the functional and aesthetic parts are combined, it is necessary to restrict the rights of the functional parts in the interpretation stage of the rights scope once after the design are allowed to register, referring to similar handling in the trademark law. However, if the functional and the aesthetic parts are inseparably combined, it will be possible to protect them by the KDPA because there will be lower possibility for the patent-related law system to be broken down.

Biometric authentication is the use of unique human features to provide a secure, reliable and convenient access to an environment or a computer system. However, there are numerous security and privacy concerns associated with the use of biometrics as a means of authentication. Unprotected biometric data can be used by an impostor to impersonate legitimate uses, to violate their privacy and steal their identity. This paper proposes a simplified, secure and privacy-preserving authentication scheme for face biometric based on modified shielding function. The modified shielding function is a simplified version of the generic shielding function which does not require additional preprocessing steps of quantization and reliable bit selection. Rotation invariant neighbour-based local binary pattern (RINLBP) is used to extract fixed length binary features directly from pre-processed face images. RINLBP is simple to calculate and has good performance. It is also robust against changes in illumination and image rotation. Concatenated error correction technique is used to address errors due to noise and intra-class variation. The concatenated technique corrects errors both block and bit errors in contrast to the generic shielding function in which only bit level errors are corrected. Results of experiments based on 200 face images obtained from the CASIA near infrared face database show a false acceptance rate of 0.47% and a false rejection rate of 1.56%. Our scheme has a key length of 120 bits, which is higher than the minimum requirement of 50 bits for biometric keys. It also has a large key space and entropy which makes it less susceptible to guessing attack (Pr =0.008).

In this work, an automatic software verification method for Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) protection system is developed. This method utilizes Colored Petri Net (CPN) for system modeling and Prototype Verification System (PVS) for mathematical verification. In order to help flow-through from modeling by CPN to mathematical proof by PVS, an information extractor from CPN models has been developed in this work. In order to convert the extracted information to the PVS specification language, a translator also has been developed. ML that is a higher-order functional language programs the information extractor and translator. This combined method has been applied to a protection system function of Wolsong NPP SDS2(Steam Generator Low Level Trip). As a result of this application, we could prove completeness and consistency of the requirement logically. Through this work, in short, an axiom or lemma based-analysis method for CPN models is newly suggested in order to complement CPN analysis methods and a guideline for the use of formal methods is proposed in order to apply them to NPP Software Verification and Validation.

In this work, an automatic software verification method for Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) protection system is developed. This method utilizes Colored Petri net (CPN) for modeling and Prototype Verification system (PVS) for mathematical verification. In order to help flow-through from modeling by CPN to mathematical proof by PVS, a translator has been developed in this work. The combined method has been applied to a protection system function of Wolsong NPP SDS2(Steam Generator Low Level Trip)and found to be promising for further research and applications.

Ginsenosides are among the most well-known traditional herbal medicines frequently used for the treatment of cardiovascular symptoms in South Korea. The anti-ischemic effects of compound K (CK), a metabolite of ginsenoside Rb1, on ischemia-induced isolated rat hearts were investigated through the analyses of the changes in the hemodynamics (blood pressure, aortic flow, coronary flow, and cardiac output) and the measurement of the infarct region. The subjects in this study were divided into four groups: the normal control, the CK-alone group, the ischemia-induced group without any treatment, and the ischemia-induced group treated with CK. No significant differences in perfusion pressure, aortic flow, coronary flow, and cardiac output were found between the groups before ischemia was induced. The oxygen and buffer supply was stopped for 30 min to induce ischemia 60 min after reperfusion in the isolated rat hearts, and the CK was administered 5 min before ischemia induction. The CK treatment significantly prevented decreases in perfusion pressure, aortic flow, coronary flow, and cardiac output under ischemic conditions. In addition, the hemodynamics (except for the heart rate) of the group treated with CK significantly recovered 60 min after reperfusion, unlike in the control group. CK significantly limited the infarct. These results suggest that CK treatment has distinct anti-ischemic effects in an exvivo model of an ischemia-reperfusion-induced rat heart.

Continuous intra- and extracellular stresses induce disorder of $Ca^{2+}$ homeostasis and accumulation of unfolded protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which results in ER stress. Severe long-term ER stress triggers apoptosis signaling pathways, resulting in cell death. Neural epidermal growth factor-like like protein 2 (NELL2) has been reported to be important in protection of cells from cell death-inducing environments. In this study, we investigated the cytoprotective effect of NELL2 in the context of ER stress induced by thapsigargin, a strong ER stress inducer, in Cos7 cells. Overexpression of NELL2 prevented ER stress-mediated apoptosis by decreasing expression of ER stress-induced C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and increasing ER chaperones. In this context, expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL was increased by NELL2, whereas NELL2 decreased expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, such as cleaved caspases 3 and 7. This anti-apoptotic effect of NELL2 is likely mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling, because its inhibitor, U0126, inhibited effects of NELL2 on the expression of anti- and pro-apoptotic proteins and on the protection from ER stress-induced cell death.

A sequential procedure for estimating a linear function of two normal means which satisfies the two requirements, i.e. one is a condition of coverage probability, the other is a condition of $\beta$-protection, is proposed when the variances are unknown and not necessarily equal. We give asymptotic behaviors of the proposed stopping time.

Given a sequence ｛ $X_{n}$｝ of independent and identically distributed random variables with F, a sequential procedure for the p-th quantile ξ$_{P}$= $F^{-1}$ (P), 0<p<1, is proposed in which two constraints are the conditions of coverage probability and $\beta$-protection. Some asymptotic properties for the proposed procedure and of an involved stopping time are proved: asymptotic consistency, asymptotic efficiency and asymptotic normality. From one of the results an effect of smoothing based on kernel functions is discussed. The results are also extended to the contaminated case.e.e.

For two normal distribution with unknown means and unknown variances, a sequential procedure for estimating the difference of two normal means which satisfies both the coverage probability condition and the $\beta$-protection is proposed under some smoothness of variable imprecision function, and the asymptotic normality of the proposed stopping time after some centering and scaling is given.

本研究は，一時保護の際に生じる乳児院の環境リスクや一時保護された乳幼児に生じやすいリスクの現状と課題について，因子分析により尺度開発を行うことである．そこで，日本の乳児院128施設にアンケート調査を行い，返信のあった84施設(有効回答率65.6％)を研究対象とした．因子分析は最終的に最尤法，プロマックス法を用いた．結果は，①｢一時保護の受け入れ時の困難状況とリスク回避尺度｣の下位尺度は｢受け入れ時職員確保の困難性(8項目)α係数＝.83｣，｢保健福祉職によるリスク回避(3項目)α係数＝.75｣，②｢一時保護の受け入れ後尺度｣の下位尺度は｢家庭復帰等の面接･調整(12項目)α係数＝.81｣，｢受け入れ後職員の確保困難と負担(9項目)α係数＝.80｣，｢親子関係調整尺度｣の下位尺度は｢保護者による押しかけ連れ去るリスク(11項目)α係数＝.89｣｢親子関係調整の面接(7項目)α係数＝.85｣であった．信頼性の検討として各下位尺度のCronbach のα係数は，.89～.75であり，内的整合性はほぼ十分な値が得られた．よって，乳児院の一時保護機能に関する3つの尺度が開発された．

This study aims to analyze the environmental risk factors that infants and young children face during temporary protective care and to develop a scale for evaluating these risks. A survey was conducted with 128 infant care facilities across Japan, and 84 facilities responded (valid response rate: 65.6%). Factor analysis was performed using the maximum likelihood method and Promax rotation. The analysis identified three major risk assessment scales in the temporary protection process. First, the “Temporary Protection Admission Scale” consists of “Challenges in Securing Staff” (8 items, α=.83) and “Risk Avoidance by Health and Welfare Experts” (3 items, α=.75). Second, the “Post-Admission Process Scale” includes “Interviews and Coordination for Family Reunification” (12 items, α=.81) and “Challenges in Staff Allocation and Burden After Admission” (9 items, α=.80). Third, the “Parent-Child Relationship Adjustment Scale” consists of “Risk of Forced Removal by Parents” (11 items, α=.89) and “Parent-Child Relationship Adjustment Interviews” (7 items, α=.85). Reliability analysis showed that Cronbach’s α values for all subscales ranged from .75 to .89, indicating high internal consistency. This study developed an empirical scale for assessing risks in the temporary protection process of infants and young children, which is expected to contribute to improvements in the protective care system in the future.

In this paper, a short-circuit protection function of a gate driver for SiC FET is investigated, which monitors voltage between drain and source of a FET under turn-on condition and turns off the FET if the voltage exceeds a predefined value.

Geotextile/geomembrane composite was made to improve the protection function of geomembrane as water barrier and its geosynthetic related properties for flexible membrane liner of waste landfill system were examined. Polypropylene needle-punched nonwoven geotextile and high density polyethylene geomembrane were used as raw materials and thermal bonding method was used to bind these materials. Tensile strength values of this geocomposite in machine and cross directions increased but tensile strain values decreased compared with those of geomembrane. Tear, puncture, and bursting strength values of this geocomposite increased by thermal bonding. Friction property between geocomposite/conducted soils interfaces of this geocomposite measured by direct shear test was improved. For chemical stability the changes of tensile strength and strain were in the range of -20~10% but those of tensile strain were smaller than those of tensile strength. The chemical treatment temperatures had no effect on the changes of tensile properties.

신탁재산에 대하여는 수탁자의 개인적 채권자나 수탁자의 명의에 속하는 다른 신탁재산의 채권자에 의하더라도 강제집행, 경매, 보전처분 또는 국세 등 체납처분을 할 수 없다(신탁법 제22조 제1항). 신탁재산이 수탁자 명의로 되어 있지만 실질적으로는 타인(수익자)을 위한 재산이기 때문에 이와 같이 인정되는 것이라고 설명한다. 그러나 여기에도 예외는 있다. 채권자의 권리가 신탁 전의 원인으로 발생한 권리이거나 신탁사무의 처리(신탁재산의 관리⋅처분)상 발생한 권리에 기한 경우에는 그러하지 않다. 만약 이 경우까지 채권자의 신탁재산에 대한 권리행사를 차단시키면, 채권자의 비용으로 신탁재산이 부당하게 이익(unjust enrichment)을 누리게 되기 때문이다. 그러므로 수탁자의 정당한 ‘신탁사무의 처리’과정에서 제3자가 취득한 신탁채권의 경우 신탁재산이 그 책임재산이 되는 것은 당연하다. 반면 수탁자가 위법하게 신탁사무를 처리하거나 내심의 의사가 신탁의 본지에 반하는 것일 때에는 외견상 비록 신탁사무로 보이는 업무를 처리하는 과정에서 발생한 경우에는 기본적으로 무효라는 전제에서 출발하되, 상대방이 선의인 경우에 한하여 보호받아야 한다고 해석하는 것이 체계정합적이라고 생각한다. 이러한 점을 논증하기 위하여 기성의 이론 및 신탁법의 연혁에 대하여 필요한 한도 내에서 비판적으로 고찰해 보았다.

This paper sets out a new analysis on the legal characteristic of trust under the Korean Trust Act prohibiting compulsory enforcement or auction against any property in trust (referred to as “insolvency protection function”or “asset partitioning function”). Trust property is in principle not subject to claims of the trustee’s creditors or the settlor’s creditors. Also, trust property should be separated from and should not be commingled with the trustee’s or the settlor’s property and assets. Those are considered as the most distinctive characteristics of trust. The Trust Act also specifically stipulates that no compulsory enforcement or auction against trust property is allowed to exercise security interests, take conservative measures or dispose of assets for default on national taxes, etc. However, under Article 22 of the Trust Act, the foregoing shall not apply where a claim is based on a right that has arisen from a cause of action that had existed prior to the creation of a trust or in the course of performing trust affairs. This means that a creditor having a right that arises in the course of the trustee’s performance of trust affairs can reach the trust property based his or her claim. This exception is allowed to prevent unjust enrichment: no trust should be allowed to profit at another person’s (i.e., a creditor’s) expense without making restitution for the reasonable value of any property or other benefits that have been unfairly received and retained. As to this issue, with understanding of the fundamental structure of trust and based on comparison between the trust law and the corporate law as organizational laws, this paper concludes that it is not authority but a duty of trustee to perform trust affairs as a fiduciary despite the provision expressly referring to it as ‘Authority of Trustee.’ Therefore, a trustee’s creditor may not claim his or her rights over the trust property if the trustee violates his or her fiduciary duty and a creditor has known such violation or recklessly has not known it.

Cyber threats can bypass existing cyber-protection systems and are rapidly developing by exploiting new technologies such as artificial intelligence. In order to respond to such cyber threats, it is important to improve the ability to detect unknown cyber threats by correlating heterogeneous cyber protection systems. In this paper, to enhance cyber-attack response capabilities, we proposed command and control that enables rapid decision-making and response before the attack objectives are achieved, using Lockheed Martin's cyber kill chain and MITRE ATT&CK to analyze the purpose and intention of the attacker.