Earticle

Purpose: This study aimed to provide basic data for future infectious disease prevention educational programs targeting preschoolers by verifying the effects of the 2023 Home-visiting Infectious Disease Prevention Class Project for Preschoolers. Methods: The study is a descriptive survey that analyzed educational satisfaction of kindergarten teachers and the activity reports of visiting teachers. The effectiveness of the education on the children’s side was evaluated with a quasi-experimental approach using pre- and post-test design. Data collection was conducted from September 6 to November 10, 2023. The data from 96 kindergarten teachers, 100 activity reports written by visiting teachers, 56 children in the experimental group, and 50 children in the control group were analyzed. Results: As a result of analyzing the satisfaction survey results of the kindergarten teachers and the activity reports submitted by the visiting teachers, all questions received a very positive evaluation with 4 or more out of 5 points. In addition, the children in the experimental group showed statistically significant positive changes both in hand-washing accuracy and their awareness of immunity. Conclusion: The Home-visiting Infectious Disease Prevention Class Project for Preschoolers is of great educational significance and is expected to be a useful educational intervention that can improve infection prevention behaviors and show practical preventive effects in preschoolers so that they can be prepared for various infectious diseases in the future.

The purpose of this study is to present practical tourism education program which is necessary to help four-year university students with their tourism major. To investigate students’ perceptions on the Creative Korean(CK) project for university characterization, using a sample of 141 and IPA analysis applied to develop suggestions to improve the educational system on a two-dimensional matrix. The findings are as follows. Students who attended CK Tourism Program of K University suggested quadrantⅠ(keep it up) attributes, such as service mind, escape from theory education, understanding corporate cultures, teamwork, gain certificates and licenses, programs multiplicity, global standard, education facilities and utilization of materials. Concentrative attributes(quadrant Ⅱ) were necessary to increase in understanding of tourism major. Low priority (quadrant Ⅲ) were suggested attributes, such as field education, empirical education, interchange expert, global education, supporting employment. To overcome low attributes(quadrant Ⅳ), time management should be necessary to change students’ perception about CK. Even though survey methods and used attributes may be limitations of this study, related research will be continued to overcome some limitations.

본 연구는 1998년부터 2017년 8월까지 국내 학술지에 게재된 조현병에 관한 미술치료연구 45편을 연구대상으로 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 첫째, 최근 20년간 조현병에 대한 미술치료연구가 지속적으로 이루어지고 있다. 둘째, 연구대상의 평균연령은 40.5세고 남녀의 비율은 남자가 조금 높게 나타났다. 셋째, 연구설계 분석결과 연구방법의 유형에서는 실험연구와 사례연구가 높은 비중을 차지하였다. 종속변인은 자아존중감의 비중이 높았고 정서영역이 그 다음을 차지하였다. 진단 및 측정도구는 각 항목별로 다양하게 사용되었고 그림 진단도구의 사용이 객관적인 측정도구보다 상대적으로 적은 비중을 차지하였다. 넷째, 미술치료의 구조와 프로그램을 분석한 결과 조현병 대상 미술치료는 병원에서 이루어는 경우가 많았고 형태는 집단미술치료, 프로그램의 유형은 복합프로그램의 빈도가 높았다. 10회기에서 30회기미만의 회기가 주로 이루어졌고 미술치료 목표는 자기인식, 자기표현, 의사소통이 높은 비중을 차지하였다. 미술치료 매체는 종이매체와 평면건식매체의 사용빈도가 높게 나타났다. 본 연구는 조현병에 관한 미술치료 연구자들에게 기초자료로 제공되거나 임상현장에서 연구계획을 위한 참고 자료로 활용될 수 있다는데 의의가 있다.

This study targeted 45 research papers on art therapy for schizophrenia in domestic journals from 1998 to August 2017. The study findings are as follows. First, it was revealed that studies on art therapy for schizophrenia have been continued in recent 20 years. Second, the average age of the research subjects was 40.5 years old and the proportion of males was a little higher. Third, in relation to research designs, experimental studies and case studies occupied a high proportion of the research methods. Dependent variables showed that self-esteem occupied the highest proportion and it was followed by the domain of emotion. The diagnosis and measurement scales were applied to individual items in various ways and the application of the drawing diagnosis scales held a relatively lower proportion than the objective measurement scales. Fourth, when the structures of art therapy were analyzed, many of art therapy for schizophrenia were carried out in hospitals and the frequency of group art therapy and complex programs was high. Mostly, over 10 sessions and less than 30 sessions of art therapy were applied and self-awareness, self-expression and communication were major goals of art therapy. Among the materials used for art therapy, the frequency of using papers and plane dry materials was high. This study has significance by providing basic data to art therapy researchers for schizophrenia or serving as a reference for research plans in clinical sites.

본 연구는 문학의 다양한 매체와 활동을 이용한 문학치료 프로그램을 통해 초등학생들의 교우관계 증진에 영향을 미치는 효과를 검증하는데 있다. 초등학교 학생들을 대상으로 문학치료프로그램을 실시한 후 사후검사를 실시하였다. 연구결과는 첫째, 프로그램 종료 직후에 실시한 사후검사에서는 실험집단과 비교집단이 유의미한 차이가 없었으나, 상담 종료 5주 후에 실시한 추후검사에서는 실험집단의 교우관계 전체 평균이 비교집단에 비해 유의미하게 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 교우관계의 ‘친밀감’ 하위 영역이 사후검사에서는 실험집단과 비교집단이 유의미한 차이가 없었으나, 추후검사에서는 실험집단의 ‘친밀감’의 평균이 비교집단에 비해 유의미하게 높게 나타났다. 셋째, 실험집단 청소년들의 교우관계 하위 영역 중 ‘관심도’ 수준이 추후검사에서 비교집단에 비해 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 이상의 결과를 볼 때, 문학치료는 청소년의 교우관계 증진에 즉시적 효과는 없었으나 시간이 지난 후에 효과가 있었다.

It is aimed to examine the effect of literary therapy program on the improvement of friendship among elementary school students using various media and activities of literature. After the literature therapy program was conducted for elementary students, post-test was conducted. The results of the study are as follows. First, there was no significant difference between the experimental group and the comparative group in the post-test immediately after the end of the program, but in the follow-up test performed 5 weeks after the counseling, the average of the peer relations of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the comparative group. Second, in the post-test, there was no significant difference between the experimental group and the comparative group in the "intimacy" sub-area of the peer relationship, but in the follow- up test, the "intimacy" sub-region average of the experimental group was significantly higher than the comparative group. Third, the level of 'interest' among the peer relationship sub-domains of the experimental group showed a significant difference in the follow-up test. As a result, literature therapy had no immediate effect on the improvement of friendship among adolescents, but it was effective after a long time.

Purpose: The purpose of this integrative review was to synthesize the available research on educational programs for the management of childhood atopic dermatitis. Methods: Articles were retrieved from the following databases: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane Library, PubMed, and SCOPUS. Inclusion criteria were publication in the English or Korean language prior to March 2013, as a peer-reviewed empirical study focused on educational programs for childhood atopic dermatitis. Results: Fifteen papers met the inclusion criteria. Four themes were derived from the data: (a) children of all ages and symptom severity, and their families as learners; (b) well-trained and family-preferred health professionals as educators; (c) long-term follow-up with diverse interventions as educational methods; and (d) quality of life for the child and family as educational goals. Conclusions: This review indicates the challenges that health professionals face in improving symptoms of atopic dermatitis. The identified strategies can be used in the development of more effective evidencebased programs. Future studies should focus on the development and evaluation of educational programs that include these themes.

Purpose: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function over time. Self-management programs have been widely applied to chronic disease education programs, which are designed to delay deteriorating kidney functions, preclude depression, and improve quality of life. This study aims to analyze effectiveness of self-management programs in bettering CKD patients' eGFR, mitigating depression symptoms and improving quality of life in randomized control or clinical trials. Methods: Using key terms, a search was conducted in English-language, peer-reviewed journals on CKD that were published between 2002 and 2014 on databases including CINAHL, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE. The measurable variables included CKD patients' eGFR, depression, and quality of life. Random and fixed effects meta analysis were applied with standard error and correlation based measure of effect size. Results: Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. A self-management program significantly impacted CKD patients' depression and mental quality-of-life dimensions, with an effect size of .29 [95% confidence interval (CI) (0.07, 0.53)] and .42 [95% CI ( 0.75, 0.10)]. However, the intervention of a selfmanagement program had no significant effect on patients' eGFR as well as physical quality-of-life dimensions, with effect sizes of .06 [95% CI ( 0.69, 0.81)] and .16 [95% CI ( 0.81, 0.50)]. Conclusions: Self-management programs of patients with chronic kidney disease can improve the depression and mental quality of life. Aside from providing more objective evidence-based results, this study provides a reference for clinical health care personnel who tend to patients with CKD.

Purpose: This study examined whether popular science journalism can be a distraction from war news, as the life of all citizens in Ukraine has changed significantly since the beginning of the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022.Methods: This article presents an audience survey on whether they viewed science content as a distraction from war news. In addition, an analysis of 10 Ukrainian YouTube channels was conducted. All videos that were published after February 24, 2022, the start date of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, were processed.Results: Out of 460 audience members of TV programs and YouTube channels, 64.8% of respondents considered watching popular science or entertainment programs as a distraction from the war. An analysis of the content of popular science YouTube channels during the first 2 months of the war showed that every active channel was reformatted according to the realities of wartime. In addition, the audience survey demonstrated that even during the war, this type of content has remained relevant.Conclusion: The Ukrainian audience needed scientific content as a distraction from the war. The majority of respondents, regardless of gender, needed to divert their attention from military operations. Ukrainian science journalists also joined the information war against the foreign invasion.

Purpose: This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of parenting education programs (PEPs) for refugee and migrant parents. Methods: A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Relevant studies published from 2000 to 2020 were identified through a systematic search of six electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, RISS, KMBASE). A meta-analysis of the studies was then undertaken. Results: Of the 14,996 published works identified, 23 studies satisfied the inclusion criteria, and 19 studies were analyzed to estimate the effect sizes (standardized mean differences) of the PEPs using random-effect models. PEPs were effective for parenting efficacy (effect size [ES]=1.40; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14-1.66), positive parenting behaviors (ES=0.51; 95% CI: 0.30-0.73), parent-child relationships (ES=0.38; 95% CI: 0.22-0.53), and parenting stress (ES=0.64; 95% CI: 0.50-0.79). There were statistically significant differences in the effect sizes of PEPs that included mothers only (ES=0.93), included children under 7 years of age(ES=0.91), did not include child participation (0.77), continued for 19 or more sessions (ES=0.80), and were analyzed in quasi-experimental studies (ES=0.86). The overall effect of publication bias was robust. Conclusion: PEPs were found to be effective at improving parenting efficacy, positive parenting behaviors, parent-child relationships, and parenting stress.

Purpose This study was to systematically review randomized controlled trials and conduct a meta analysis. The results of randomized controlled trials were integrated and analyzed to assess the effects of mind-body programs on anxiety, depression, quality of life, and pregnancy rate in infertile women. Methods Using electronic databases (i.e., Research Information Sharing Service, Korean Studies Information Service System, Korean Medical Database, National Digital Science Library, Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and PsycARTICLES), 10 of 2,259 studies were included for meta-analysis. To estimate the effect size, a meta-analysis of the studies was performed using RevMan 5.3. Results The mind?body program was effective in relieving anxiety [standardized mean difference (SMD) = ?3.44; 95% confidence interval (CI) = ?5.94, ?0.95; p = .007; I2 = 69%] and depression (SMD = ?5.79; 95% CI = ?10.36, ?1.22; p = .010; I2 = 86%). Furthermore, it was effective in enhancing the quality of life (SMD = 7.40; 95% CI = 2.92, 11.88; p = .001; I2 = 53%) and pregnancy rate (SMD = 2.06; 95% CI = 1.08, 3.95; p = .030; I2 = 73%). The mind?body program was found to relieve anxiety and depression in infertile women and improve their quality of life, thereby positively affecting the pregnancy rate. Conclusion The mind-body program was found to relieve anxiety and depression in infertile women and improve their quality of life, thereby positively affecting the pregnancy rate. The mind-body program needs to be considered to a wider audience for positive effects on emotions and pregnancy outcomes of infertile women.

Purpose: This study examined the effects of the healing movie programs for cancer survivors on post-traumatic stress syndrome, resilience, and cognitive emotional control strategies, a quasi-experimental design. Methods: Participants included 39 cancer survivors registered in four healthcare centers in Gyeongsangnam-do. The intervention and control group included 19 and 20 participants, respectively. The healing program using movies developed in this study was provided to the intervention group in 10 sessions, occurring twice each week for 5 weeks and lasting 80 minutes per session. The data were collected using structured questionnaires and they were analyzed to examine differences in the test scores before and after the intervention. Results: In the intervention group, the post-traumatic stress syndrome (F = 14.97, p < . 001) decreased significantly and the resilience (F = 19.55, p < .001) and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation (F = 5.11, p = .029) increased significantly. The difference between the intervention and control group was statistically significant in post-traumatic stress syndrome, resilience, and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation. Thus, the healing program of this study significantly reduced post-traumatic stress, and it improved both resilience and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation of cancer cancer survivors. Conclusion: The healing program is an effective psychosocial nursing intervention that helps cancer survivors feel better about their illness, and it helps them healthy transition from negative emotions to increased resilience and positive cognitive emotions.

Purpose: This systematic review aimed to investigate the effectiveness of home visiting programs targeting parents who have maltreated their children on the prevention of child maltreatment recurrence. Methods: Major databases were searched (Ovid-Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and RISS). The frequency of maltreatment was measured for the meta-analysis, which was conducted using Review Manager 5.2 software. The effect size was measured using odds ratios (ORs). Results: Six studies were included in the analysis, none of which were conducted in South Korea. The meta-analysis demonstrated that the risk of child maltreatment recurrence significantly decreased after a home visiting program was implemented (OR=0.45, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.29-0.68). Nurses were the most common intervention providers. Conclusion: Home visiting programs should be provided for families in which maltreatment has already occurred to prevent the recurrence of maltreatment and foster a home environment in which children can live safely. Since the rate of child maltreatment in Korea is increasing, further research is needed to develop and implement home visiting programs in which nurses play a major role in preventing the recurrence of child maltreatment.

Purpose: This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of medication self-management education programs (MSEP) for older adults by analyzing the core characteristics and reported outcomes of successful interventions. Guided by King’s Goal Attainment Theory, this study identifies which program elements, such as scope, provider, and duration, are associated with positive clinical and psychosocial outcomes, aiming to provide evidence-based recommendations for practice and future research amid rising polypharmacy and inappropriate medication use. Methods: A systematic review searched seven databases (up to September 3, 2024) for randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies of medication self-management education for adults 65+. Inclusion followed PICOTS-SD (Participants, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, Time, Setting, and Study Design). Quality was assessed (RoB 2.0, ROBINS-I). Data were narratively synthesized, mapping program characteristics to King’s theory (e.g., interaction, transaction) to analyze goal attainment pathways. Results: The 34 included studies demonstrated that MSEP are broadly effective in improving both clinical and psychosocial outcomes. Specifically, comprehensive, multi-session interventions were frequently associated with significant improvements in psychosocial outcomes such as quality of life and self-efficacy, particularly when delivered by multidisciplinary teams or nurses. In contrast, medication-specific programs (14 studies), often led by pharmacists, proved highly effective in enhancing key clinical outcomes, including medication adherence and the reduction of drug-related problems. Conclusion: MSEP effectively enhance adherence. In accord with King’s Goal Attainment Theory, effectiveness is achieved via a ‘transactional’ process. Programs strong in ‘interaction’ (multi-session, nurse-led) achieve psychosocial ‘goal attainment’, while ‘action’-focused programs (pharmacist-led, specific) achieve clinical ‘goals’. The theory may underscore the need for tailored interventions.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine effects of a multifactorial program for preventing the frailty of older adults and effects of a follow-up program applying a capacity building strategy. Methods: A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design was used for the nonequivalent control group. The follow-up group (n=75) and non-follow-up group (n=68) received the same multifactorial program comprising muscle strength exercise, cognitive training, and psychosocial programs for 12 weeks. After completion of multifactorial program, the follow-up group took follow-up programs applying the capacity building strategy for following 12 weeks. The data of physical function, cognitive function, and psychological function, and self-rated health were collected from both groups three times: before intervention, after intervention, and 12 weeks after intervention. The data were analyzed using x2 test and t-test. Results: In comparison with the non-follow-up group, the scores of Timed Up & Go Test, and physical activities energy expenditure were significantly improved in the follow-up group. Conclusion: These results indicate that a multifactorial program with follow-up adapting the strategies of capacity building for the older adults group is feasible to prevent the physical frailty in community.

Purpose: Caring for patients with dementia is a challenging issue entailing heavy responsibility. Many interventions for caregivers have been developed, but their effectiveness is not clear. This study aimed to examine how, why, and under what circumstances interventions for dementia caregivers affected their burden of caring. Methods: Authors used a realist review approach to explore the evidence for how different interventions reduce the burden of dementia caregivers. We completed the literature review about the burden of dementia caregivers and extracted the theoretical concepts to explain context-mechanism-outcome configuration why an intervention may be effective in some situations and not others. Six databases were searched for experimental or quasi-experimental studies conducted from 2008 to 2017. Of 1,225 screened studies, 10 studies were eligible for inclusion. Results: None of the studies included all the derived contexts while explaining in detail the mechanism of the intervention effectiveness. Among contexts, the variable of other family members requiring care was not included in all studies. Among the analyzed studies, no studies have applied repeated intervention. Most studies included only some variables of context and mechanism, and these variables did not directly explain the effectiveness of intervention. The effect of outcome variables was significant for each study, and the effects of research intervention and national services could not be separately described. Conclusion: Authors conclude that Korean culture's emphasis on relationships with others increases the burden of care. In context, Confucian norms and traditional femininity of Korea were reflected in the core. It is necessary to check the homogeneity of participants and the design of intervention to verify the effectiveness of the outcome variable of psychological burden.

The present study investigated the effects of varying durations of nursery diets differing in percentages of milk products on growth performance of pigs during the nursery phase (NP) and subsequent grow-finish phase (GFP) to find the feasibility of reducing the use of nursery diets containing costly milk products. A total of 204 21-d-old weanling female and castrated male pigs were subjected to one of three nursery phase feeding programs differing in durations on the NP 1 and 2 and GFP diets containing 20%, 7%, and 0% lacrosse and 35%, 8%, and 0% dried whey, respectively, in 6 pens (experimental units) for 33 d: HIGH (NP 1, 2 and 3 diets for 7, 14, and 12 d), MEDIUM (NP 2 and 3 for 14 and 19 d), and LOW (NP 2 and 3 and GFP 1 for 7, 14, and 12 d). Subsequently, 84 randomly selected pigs [14 pigs (replicates)/pen] were fed the GFP 1, 2 and 3 diets during d 54-96, 96-135, and 135-182 of age, respectively. The final body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) of nursery pigs did not differ among the HIGH, MEDIUM, and LOW groups (14.8, 13.3, and 13.7 kg in BW and 273, 225, and 237 g in ADG, respectively). The average daily feed intake during the nursery phase was greater (p <0.01) in the HIGH group than in the MEDIUM and LOW groups, whereas the gain:feed ratio did not differ across the treatments. The BW on d 182 and ADG during d 54-182 were greater in the HIGH and MEDIUM groups vs. the LOW group (110.0, 107.6, and 99.6 kg in BW, respectively; p <0.01). The backfat thickness and carcass grade at slaughter on d 183 did not differ across the treatments. In conclusion, the MEDIUM program may be inferior to the commonly used HIGH program in supporting nursery pig growth. Nevertheless, the former appears to be more efficient than the latter in production cost per market pig whereas the LOW program is thought to be inefficient because of its negative effect on post-nursery pig growth.

Purpose Strong predictors for the risk of cardiovascular disease in older adults include levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which can be modified by dietary behavioral changes and regular physical exercise. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in perceived dietary behaviors, food intake, and serum lipid profiles after providing a nutrition education and exercise program to elderly women living in residential homes. Methods The nutrition education classes and supervised Korean dance exercise classes (four times per week) were provided for 10 weeks to 64 elderly women from residential homes in Korea. Subjects were interviewed to assess perceived dietary behaviors, food intake by 24-hour recall, and fasting blood samples were obtained before and after the program and at a 3-month follow-up. Results Initially, the intakes of vitamin A, vitamin C, riboflavin and calcium of our subjects were insufficient. After the program, the actual food intake and perceived dietary behaviors were significantly improved, but had declined back to baseline levels by the 3-month follow-up. The index of nutritional quality and serum lipid profiles were significantly improved after the program, and they remained significant at the 3-month follow-up. Conclusion The nutrition education and exercise program for institutionalized elderly women was effective in leading to positive changes shortly after the program, but the effects only partially remained at the 3-month follow-up. A health promotion program designed for an elderly population should consider strategies of motivating them to initiate a healthy lifestyle and subsequently maintain improvements in dietary behavior-related health in the long term.

Purpose: This meta-analysis aimed to analyze the effects of smoking prevention programs for young adolescents at early smoking stages to identify the appropriate characteristics of prevention programs for this population. Methods: Searches of health-related databases and Google Scholar were conducted, and 23 randomized studies were included in the analysis. The main outcome variable was smoking behavior. The analysis was conducted using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software (version 3.0). Results: Smoking prevention programs significantly reduced smoking behaviors (OR=0.85, 95% CI=0.77~0.93). School-based programs (OR=0.79, 95% CI=0.75~0.83), programs by trained teachers or educators (OR=0.77, 95% CI=0.71~0.83), high-intensity programs (OR=0.82, 95% CI=0.75~0.91), and programs in an in-school setting (OR=0.82, 95% CI=0.74~0.90) had the most significant effect on reducing smoking behavior. Conclusion: For young adolescents, smoking prevention programs are most effective when they are school-based or highintensity programs, and when conducted by teachers or educators with proper training. Further studies are required since there was insufficient research to explore the effect of web-based programs or family-centered programs on adolescent smokers.

본 논문은 주정부 위임의 의무적 치료정책의 효과성을 평가하기 위해 남성 가정폭력 가해자 교정 프로그램을 분석한 다섯 개의 연구들을 평가하였다. 이러한 평가는 특히 캘리포니아 주의 의무적 치료정책에 초점을 맞추어 이루어졌다. 평가에 이용된 다섯 개의 연구 중 세 개의 연구는 실험설계를 시도하였고, 두 개는 준실험설계 또는 관찰연구를 시도하였다. 연구설계나 연구에 활용된 치료방법에 상관없이 이 모든 연구에서 남성 가정폭력 가해자 재범행의 장기적 감소가 통계적으로 유의미하지 않게 나타났다. 또한 모든 연구들은 타당성과 일반화를 확보하기에는 방법론적 한계를 가지고 있었다.본 논문에서는 주정부 위임의 의무적 치료정책이 소개되었고, 각 연구의 분석을 위한 방법론적 고려 및 각 연구에 대한 개별적인 분석이 이루어졌으며, 이를 기초로 전체적인 논의 및 장래 연구를 위한 권고가 제시되었다.

A Comparative Analysis of State-Mandated Batterer Intervention Programs Five studies of male batterer intervention programs are evaluated to assess the effectiveness of state-mandated treatment policies, with special reference to California’s. Three of these studies attempt experimental designs, while two are quasi-experimental or observational studies. Regardless of the design or protocol, none of the studies demonstrates statistically significant long-term reductions in recidivism for male batterers. In addition, all of the studies contain methodological limitations that compromise their validity and generalizability. State policies are outlined, general methodological considerations are discussed, and each study is individually critiqued. Overall issues are discussed, and recommendations for future research are offered. Keywords: domestic violence, male batterer, Duluth model, cognitive behavioral therapy, recidivism

Objective To investigate the effect of virtual reality (VR) and a tetra-ataxiometric posturography (Tetrax) program on stroke patients with impaired standing balance.Methods Thirty acute stroke patients with impaired standing balance were recruited and randomly assigned to a VR, Tetrax, or control group. All patients received conventional balance training as a baseline; and VR and Tetrax patients received VR or Tetrax treatment, in addition. The primary outcome measures to evaluate the overall standing balance were the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and the falling index (FI). The secondary outcome measures were the stability index (SI) and the weight distribution index (WDI), which were used to evaluate the balance status according to specific body positions. The FI, SI, and WDI were measured using the Tetrax instrument.Results The BBS and FI scores were improved in all groups, with no significant differences between groups. In open-eyed positions, the VR group showed significantly greater improvement in SI and WDI scores than the control group (p<0.017). In closed-eyed positions, the Tetrax group showed significantly greater improvement in SI and WDI scores than the control group (p<0.017).Conclusion The inclusion of VR and Tetrax programs did not lead to an overall benefit in balance. VR and Tetrax did, however, demonstrate a benefit in specific positions. A Tetrax program may benefit patients with abnormal proprioceptive function, whereas a VR program may benefit patients with normal sensory function.

This study compares how regional mid-to-low-tier universities in Korea and Vietnam, facing declining school-age populations and demands of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, efficiently operate short-term ICT education programs. Korea’s model, primarily government-supported, focuses on cultivating digital literacy and close instructor-student management, as exemplified by M University, with the goal of obtaining nationally recognized certifications. In contrast, Vietnam’s strategy, exemplified by D University, prioritizes immediate job placement by providing practical training that meets global corporate standards through an enterprise-led ‘Enterprise in Campus’ model. The study clearly highlights the differences between the two countries’ operating entities (government vs. enterprises) and objectives (degree/literacy vs. certification/practicality). Ultimately, the study proposes that Korean regional universities should become central pillars of local innovation ecosystems by adopting a GLocal specialization strategy: incorporating education tailored to corporate needs while combining dedicated guidance methods suited to student levels.