Earticle

21세기 정보통신기술의 발달은 주요기반시설의 제어시스템에 초연결성과 초지능성을 갖게 하여 운용 효율성을 높였 으나, 보안 취약점을 증가시켜 해킹 위협에 노출되고 있다. 그중에서도 일상생활에 필수적으로 사용하는 전력을 공급하 는 전력시스템은 국가 중요기반체계로서 사이버공격의 주요 표적이 되고 있다. 최근에는 전력시스템을 보호하기 위해 서 다양한 보안체계를 개발하고 실전형 사이버공방훈련을 통해서 전력시스템의 안정성을 유지하고자 한다. 하지만, 사 이버공격이 인공지능과 빅데이터 등의 첨단 ICT 기술과 접목되면서 기존의 보안체계로 지능화되고 있는 사이버공격을 방어하기가 쉽지 않게 되었다. 이러한 지능화되는 사이버공격을 방어하기 위해서는 지능형 사이버공격의 유형과 양상 을 사전에 파악하고 있어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 첨단 ICT 기술과 접목된 사이버공격의 진화에 대해서 분석하였다.

The development of information and communication technology in the 21st century has increased operational effic iency by providing hyper-connectivity and hyper-intelligence in the control systems of major infrastructure, but is a lso increasing security vulnerabilities, exposing it to hacking threats. Among them, the electric power system that s upplies electric power essential for daily life has become a major target of cyber-attacks as a national critical infras tructure system. Recently, in order to protect these power systems, various security systems have been developed a nd the stability of the power systems has been maintained through practical cyber battle training. However, as cybe r-attacks are combined with advanced ICT technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data, it is not easy to defend cyber-attacks that are becoming more intelligent with existing security systems. In order to defend against s uch intelligent cyber-attacks, it is necessary to know the types and aspects of intelligent cyber-attacks in advance. In this study, we analyzed the evolution of cyber attacks combined with advanced ICT technology.

This paper examines power-system risks under the climate crisis, clarifies the concepts of critical-infrastructure protection, vulnerability, and resilience, and develops a vulnerability-assessment framework that identifies asset weak links and emergency-response gaps. Using the 2021 Texas cold wave and the 2008 snow disaster in southern China as comparative cases, it shows that fuel shortages, fragile transmission, and governance misalignment are the principal drivers of systemic failure. Accordingly, it advances measures including equipment hardening and hazard-resilient design; higher climate-adaptation standards and investment; smart-grid development and the transition toward an energy Internet; enhanced early-warning systems and routine disaster drills; digitalization of emergency management; and strengthened national–local–enterprise collaboration. The overarching objective is to reinforce adaptive capacity and recoverability and to build a secure, intelligent, and sustainable modern power system.

This study analyzes the vulnerabilities of critical power infrastructure under extreme weather and proposes strategies to enhance resilience through comparative case analysis. As climate change accelerates, extreme events are becoming the “new normal,” triggering cascading failures that disrupt electricity supply and destabilize interdependent systems. Focusing on the 2021 Texas winter storm and the 2020 California heatwave, the research examines how extreme cold and heat stressed power systems differently but led to similar outcomes: severe supply-demand imbalances and socio-economic disruption. Through theoretical discussion, literature review, and case analysis, the study identifies controllable vulnerabilities (aging infrastructure, inadequate reserves, governance gaps) and uncontrollable risks (extreme weather, renewable volatility, cyber threats), along with shared weaknesses such as limited storage and fragile reserve margins. It concludes by proposing integrated strategies, energy diversification, smart grids, equipment upgrades, forecasting, coordinated governance, and climate-resilient planning, to strengthen electricity security and societal stability amid cascading climate risks.

The primary objective of this study is to deeply analyze the responsiveness of urban lifeline systems to climate change and explore effective strategies to enhance their adaptability to climate change. As the impacts of climate change become increasingly apparent, the stability of urban lifeline systems directly affects the sustainable development of cities and the quality of life of residents. The thesis first analyzes how cities can address these challenges through adaptive management, urban ecosystem, and social-ecological resilience theory frameworks. Subsequently, it details specific adaptive measures for various systems, including technological innovations and policy support, and provides a range of practical adaptation strategies. Finally, it presents a series of policy recommendations aimed at supporting urban decision-makers and planners to more effectively respond to climate change.

In the context of climate crisis, ensuring the resilience of South Korea's critical infrastructure is crucial for societal safety. This involves addressing vulnerabilities and aging management systems across various sectors, including general infrastructure, sustainable energy, information technology, national power and transportation, digital finance, public health, water management, cultural heritage safety, and international cooperation networks. Effective crisis management strategies are needed to redesign and build resilient infrastructure, fostering a sustainable and secure society. Emergency preparedness, encompassing natural and non-natural events, is essential for mitigating disaster impacts on people, environment, and business continuity. Additionally, ongoing research focuses on enhancing crisis management paradigm and adapting national infrastructure systems to climate challenges, particularly in radiological emergency preparedness of nuclear power plants in South Korea.

This article describes power supply infrastructure construction methods which are considered from U-City infrastructure. For the existing city and town, it is one the issue to find an economic method to construct outside infrastructure including ubiquitous service device. Because the economic construction method could minimize the construction budget which cost big portion of U-City. And the power supply infrastructure is the fundamental layer to keep network and service layer stable. This paper suggests several ways to construct methods with keeping pre-constructed underground power cable by attaching inexpensive power nodal controller working in Zigbee network and introduces how to monitor and manage the status of power supply to network and service device. Keywords: U-City, USN, Power Supply, Infrastructure, ELB

한국의 국가기반시설은 시설규모가 증가하고 밀집되어 강화된 북한의 국지도발, 테러공 격을 위한 풍부하고 매력적인 잠재적 표적으로 식별될 것이다. 또한 드론위협, 주 52시간 근무제도에 따른 경비병력 부족 등의 보안환경 변화에 따라 현 물리적 방호체계에 대한 유효성과 적절성을 재평가하고 전환을 고려할 시점으로 사료된다. 본 연구에서는 국가기반시설 중 원자력발전소의 외곽 물리적 방호체계에 집중하여 국가 기반시설 외곽 물리적 방호체계의 전환 방향과 개선방안을 운영개념 및 설계 방법론 측면 에서 연구하였다. 원자력발전소에 집중하는 이유는 원자력발전소는 피해 시 전기발전 중단 의 단기적인 피해와 함께, 방사능 물질 유출과 오염에 따르는 광범위하고 장기적인 피해가 발생하므로 가장 높은 보안수준을 필요로 하기 떄문이다. 개선방향 도출 목표로 국내 연구동향과 국내·해외 관련법을 종합 검토하고 한국의 특수 성을 고려하여, 과학화, 기동화, 유연성으로 운영개념을 재설정하고 체계전환의 기준을 수 립하였다. 새로운 외곽 물리적 방호체계의 기술적 성능개선을 위하여 개별설계에서 탈피, 고신뢰성·다방법론 기반의 통합설계 방법론 적용방안을 연구하고 구매제도 개선 및 해외 수출, 他국가기반시설로의 확대적용을 제언한다.

As the scales & density of the Korean national infrastructures have been increased, they will be identified as rich and attractive potential targets for intensified North Korea’s attack in the rear region and terrorism attack. In addition, due to changes in security environment such as drone threats and lack of security forces under the 52-hour workweek law, I think that it is the proper time point to reevaluate the effectiveness and appropriateness of the current physical protection system and its shift to a new system. In this study, the direction and improvement of the perimeter physical protection systems of the national infrastructures are to be studied from the viewpoints of its concepts of operations and design methodology, focusing on the nuclear power plant. The reason why we focus on nuclear power plants is because they cause wide-range and long-term damages caused by radioactive materials disperal and pollution, along with short-term damage caused by the interruption of electricity generation in the event of damage to nuclear power plants. With the aim of extracting improvement directions, as we will comprehensively review domestic research trends and domestic⋅overseas related laws, and consider Korea's specificity, we try to reframe the concept of operation - systematization, mobilization and flexibility -, and establish criteria on system change. In order to improve the technical performance of the new perimeter physical protection system, we study on high-fidelity⋅ multi-methodology based integrated design methodology, breaking from individual silo-type design methods, and I suggest improvement of government procurement, its expansion to export business and other national infrastructure.

The power infrastructure defense system monitor and control a power system with parameters of a power system such as voltage, phasor angle, frequency and power flow which are measured at the same instance. For this, synchronized phasor measurement based on the GPS(Global Positioning System) is necessary. PMU(Phasor Measurement Unit) measures synchrophasor and transmits it to the power infrastructure defense system. For this communication, IEEE H37.118 defines a communication message format and measurement concept and we extend the protocol to transmit disturbance data. The synchrophasor data can be sent at various rates and there are several options for phasor information sent in the synchrophasor message. In this paper, we develop software that simulate communication between the power infrastructure defense system and PMU to annalize the traffic.

Bangladesh, as a newcomer country, is expecting to start her nuclear power journey by 2022. Due to evident reasons, newcomer nuclear countries face several key challenges concerning the development of national nuclear safety infrastructure. The paper investigates the status of the 7 key safety infrastructure issues out of the 19 and readiness of the supportive organizations, laboratories, and workforces following the International Atomic energy Agency's status evaluation guide at milestone 3 and foreign countries' practice. Much progress has been achieved at phase 3 regarding the establishments of a few Acts, a regulator, and an operator. However, comprehensive regulatory frameworks, skilled workforces, establishments of a few supportive organizations, and laboratories for managing environmental radioactivity, radiological accidents, and radioactive wastes are yet to ready. Several suggestions are made for establishing and expediting radiation monitoring laboratories, a radiological emergency management center, a radioactive waste management company, and technical support organizations for the safety infrastructure. To avoid perceived risks, policymakers and competent authorities need to emphasize creating an optimized safety infrastructure before commissioning and operating the 1^st nuclear power plant safely, securely, and cost-sustainably.

By examining party-switching decisions among members of Japan's Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), this article shows how distributive policy programs exclusively available to the governing party attract incumbents to the party in power. In a stable electoral environment where the government party is likely to stay in power, legislators elected from infrastructure-poor constituencies are effectively tied to the party. However, when the party's electoral prospects are uncertain, legislators behave more sincerely and switch parties to match their policy preferences. It is also found that defectors elected from infrastructure-poor constituencies tended to return to the LDP once the party installed a stable surplus coalition.

Quality of Service (QoS) Guarantees grant ways for service providers to establish service differentiation among subscribers. On the other hand, service subscribers are also assured the level of service they paid for. In addition, the efficient level of service quality can be selected according to the subscribers' needs thus ensuring efficient use of available bandwidth. While network utility optimization techniques assure certain QoS metrics, a number of situations exist where some QoS goals are not met. The optimality of the network parameters is not mandatory to guarantee specified QoS levels. This paper proposes a joint data rate and power control scheme that guarantees service contract QoS level to a subscriber using Goal Programming. In using goal programming, this paper focuses on finding the range of feasible solutions as opposed to solving for the optimal. In addition, in case no feasible solution is found, an acceptable compromised solution is solved.

It is necessary for the stabilized operation of the power system even if a severe condition in system operation takes place. There is the need to develop the intelligent Power grid Monitoring System. In this system, the PMU(Phasor Measurement Unit) measures the synchrophasor and transmits it to the PIDS(Power Infrastructure Defense System). The IEEE PC37.118 protocol defines the message format to implement the communication both the PMU and the PIDS. In this paper, We measure and analyze the network traffic from simulated the PMU to simulated the PIDS according to network routing. And, We present the finest network routing in developing the intelligent Power grid Monitoring System.

본 연구는 태양광 에너지 수용 경험이 혜산 지역 북한 청년의 일상 세계를어떻게 변화시키는지를 현상학적으로 탐구하였다. 탈북 청년 6명의 심층인터뷰와 시계열 위성영상 자료를 기반으로, 해석학적 현상학과 포스트현상학을 통합한 다층적 분석을 실시했다. 연구 결과, 태양광 에너지 수용경험의 본질은 국가 권력에 예속되었던 일상의 주도권을 스스로 되찾아오는 ‘행위주체성의 재구성’ 과정으로 규명되었다. 이는 기술 매개를 통해국가가 독점하던 ‘전력 인프라의 불투명성을 해체’함으로써 가능해졌으며, 청년들은 능동적인 신체 실천을 통해 시공간을 전유하고 대안적인사회 질서를 가시화했다. 그러나 날씨에 대한 재종속과 에너지 계층화라는 ‘불완전한 해방’의 한계를 동시에 보였다. 본 연구는 기술 매개가 북한청년의 생활세계를 상향식으로 재편하는 역동적 과정을 입체적으로 규명했다는 점에서 학술적 의의가 있다.

This study phenomenologically explores how the adoption of solar energy transforms the lifeworld of North Korean youth in Hyesan. Drawing on in-depth interviews with six young North Korean defectors and time-series satellite imagery, a multi-layered analysis was conducted by integrating hermeneutic phenomenology and postphenomenology. The findings reveal that the essence of the solar energy adoption experience lies in the process of “reconstructing agency,” wherein North Korean youth reclaim autonomy over their daily lives previously subordinated to state power. This was made possible through technological mediation, which helped deconstruct the opacity of the electricity infrastructure previously monopolized by the state, enabling the youth to appropriate time and space through active bodily practices while rendering an alternative social order visible. However, this experience simultaneously revealed the limits of an “incomplete liberation,” marked by re-subjection to weather conditions and emerging energy stratification. The study makes a scholarly contribution by offering a multidimensional account of the dynamic process through which technology mediation reconfigures the lifeworld of North Korean youth from the bottom up.

본 연구는 국제협력기금의 메커니즘을 이해하고 이를 토대로 체제전환국 베트남의 국제협력 사례가 주는 시사점 분석을 통해 북한의 체제개방 이후 전력인프라 조성을 위한 국제협력 방안을 제시하는데 목적을 두고 연구하였다. 연구결과, 베트남은 국제협력을 통해 전력인프라를 구축함으로서 경제성장을 이루어낸 모범국가로 평가받고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구에서는 선행연구에서 다룬 체제전환국의 국제협력을 위한 주요 요인인 국제협력 유형과 전력개발사업 방식, 그리고 국제사회의 요구 준수를 분석의 틀로 하여 베트남 사례가 주는 시사점과 북한 전력인프라 구축을 위한 방안을 논의하였다. 베트남의 국제협력 사례가 주는 시사점을 통해 본 연구에서 주장하고자 하는 국제협력 방안은 첫째, 북한 전력인프라 구축을 위한 국제협력자금 활용이다. 이를 위해 체제전환과 국제사회의 신뢰를 받을 수 있도록 자체적인 노력이 필요하다. 둘째, 남한 주도하에 북한의 미흡한 행정역량을 강화하면서 국제협력을 추진하는 전력인프라 구축모델이다. 북한은 한국과의 특수관계를 고려해 볼 때 국제협력에 있어 베트남보다 유리한 상황으로 평가된다. 셋째, 막대한 초기 재원이 필요한 북한 전력개발의 속성을 고려한, 비용대비 효과가 큰 사업과 민간투자방식(BOT)이다. 베트남의 경우도 민간투자방식을 통해 공급규모에 맞는 전력인프라를 구축할 수 있었다. 한국의 국제적 지위와 국가역량을 고려해 볼 때 북한의 국제협력을 강화하기 위해서는 체제전환 직후에 한국의 전략적 지원이 필요하다. 이는 한반도의 안정과 평화유지는 물론 남북교류협력을 활성화하여 남북관계를 획기적으로 발전시킬 수 있는 현실적인 방안이자 가치 있는 재시발점이 될 수 있을 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to present international cooperation measures for the establishment of electric power infrastructure after North Korea's opening of the regime through implications from the case of international cooperation in Vietnam, a country in transition. Vietnam recognized electricity as the most important infrastructure of Vietnam's economy, and implemented radical reform and opening measures to build electricity infrastructure through international cooperation. In order to finance infrastructure construction, it actively accepted the demands of the international community, which is a condition for attracting foreign capital, and expanded the power infrastructure by utilizing the official development assistance (ODA) of international financial institutions. In addition, a market-oriented system was established for foreign investment attraction (FDI), and a free economic zone was created to promote investment attraction. Through the implications of these cases in Vietnam, the international cooperation plan to be asserted in this study is as follows. First, in order to establish the North Korean power infrastructure, the use of international cooperation funds is essential, and for this, North Korea's own efforts to gain trust from the international community are essential. Second, considering the insufficient North Korean administrative capabilities, a model for establishing a power infrastructure that promotes international cooperation while supporting North Korean administrative capabilities is needed. Considering that North Korea has a special relationship with South Korea, it can be viewed as a more favorable situation than Vietnam in terms of international cooperation. Third, due to the nature of power development, the scale of support is insufficient compared to the enormous resources required to build the North Korean power infrastructure, so it is necessary to first review projects and private investment methods (BOT) that have a high cost-effectiveness. In the case of Vietnam, it was also possible to build a power infrastructure suitable for the scale of supply through private investment. Considering North Korea's international position and national capabilities, North Korea's strategic support will be necessary for North Korea's international cooperation, and such support can be used as a useful tool for realizing inter-Korean cooperation.

The real time monitoring of the power systems covering wide area are essential for the stable operation and control of the power system. Synchronized phasor measurement is a key for the precise monitoring and control of the power systems. In this paper, to suggest an appropriate network topology of Power Infrastructure Defense System(PIDS) and to estimate the maximum network bandwidth with using the network analyzer, we simulate a PIDS and analyze the network traffic.

최근 글로벌 기술패권 경쟁의 심화와 첨단산업의 중요성 증대로 인해, 국가 차원에서바이오, 이차전지, 반도체와 같은 첨단전략산업의 경쟁력 강화를 위한 전력 인프라 확충 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 본 연구는 용인 반도체 클러스터를 중심으로 첨단전략산업에 안정적이고 비용 효율적인 전력공급을 지원하기 위한 방안을 제안하고자 하며, 송배전망 구축의 현황과 문제점을 검토하여 구체적인 인프라 확충 방안을 논의한다. 특히첨단산업의 에너지 수요 증가에 따라 발생하는 송전망 건설의 지연 문제와 주민 수용성확보의 중요성을 다루며, 전력망 인프라 구축을 위한 해외 사례를 참조하여 합리적인대응 방안을 모색한다. 미국, 캐나다, 영국 등에서는 투명한 소통 체계와 기존 인프라활용을 통해 갈등을 줄이고 있으며, 본 연구는 이러한 사례를 바탕으로 국내 적용 가능성을 검토한다. 또한 전력망 구축에 필요한 비용을 회수할 수 있는 요금 체계 개편의필요성을 강조하며, 일본과 유럽 국가들의 발전사업자 비용 분담 방식을 참고하여 현실적이고 지속 가능한 비용 회수 방안을 제시한다. 본 연구의 결과는 국가 첨단산업 육성과 에너지 전환을 지원하기 위한 전력 인프라 구축 과정에서 실질적인 시사점을 제공할수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

In light of increasing global competition in advanced industries, the need to enhance the competitiveness of key strategic sectors, such as biotechnology, secondary batteries, and semiconductors, has become critical. This study aims to propose effective and stable power supply solutions for supporting advanced industries, with a focus on the Yongin Semiconductor Cluster. The research examines the current state and challenges of power grid construction, highlighting issues related to construction delays and the importance of gaining public acceptance for transmission projects. Drawing from international case studies in the U.S., Canada, and the U.K., the study explores solutions for minimizing social conflicts through transparent communication systems and leveraging existing infrastructure. Furthermore, the research emphasizes the need for a restructured electricity pricing system to effectively manage infrastructure costs, referencing cost-sharing practices for transmission networks observed in Japan and European countries. This study’s findings provide practical insights for building robust energy infrastructure to support national advanced industries and facilitate energy transition goals.

With the paradigm changes of electric power industry, such as deregulation, CO2 Trade, TBT so on, new requirements of power market force to develope fusion power technology. Korea power industry, which is much dependent on international trade, needs to build stretegic infrastructure to meet the energy shortage and digital society era. This Paper suggests the mid-long term target to build power industry infrastructure to adapt the new paradigm of power world.

본 논문에서는 802.11b 무선 LAN환경에서 전송 전력을 제어함으로써 통신에 소비되는 전력을 절약할 수 있는 방법을 제안한다. 먼저 실험을 통해 전송 전력의 조절이 성능과 전력 소비 면에서 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 이를 기초로 하여 TCP의 혼잡 제어 기법과 유사하게 재전송 비율을 암시적인 피드백으로 사용하여 단계적으로 적정 전송 전력을 찾는 방법을 제안하였다. 제안한 방법은 리눅스 시스템에서 구현하여 실험을 하였으며, 실험 결과를 통해 제안한 전송 전력 제어 방법의 타당성 및 실효성을 보였다. 제안한 방법은 통신 성능의 저하 없이 전송 전력을 제어함으로써 전력 소비를 줄일 수 있었다

This paper describes a transmission power control method for power saving in 802.11b wireless LANs. We have first explored how much effects reducing transmission power has on communication performance. Then we propose a power control algorithm, whose approach is similar to that of TCP congestion control, determining an appropriate transmission power level by monitoring the retransmission rate. We have implemented an utility software on a Linux-based system and made several experiments to validate the proposed method. The results show that it is possible to save energy consumption by controlling transmission power without sacrificing communication performance.

국내에서 태양광 발전설비 설계 시 설계 단계에서의 태양광발전소의 발전량 예측은 국내 현장임에도 불구하고 PVsyst, PVWatts 등 해외 발전량 예측 프로그램과 해외 기상 자료를 이용하여 발전량을 예측하는 경우가 대부분을 차지하고 있는 실정이다. 본 논문에서는 기상정보를 활용한 발전량 예측 비교 연구를 위하여 현재 운영중인 2개 지역의 국내 태양광발전소를 대상지로 선정하였다. 발전량 예측 프로그램인 PVsyst를 활용하여 Meteonorm 7.1과 NASA-SSE의 해외 기상정보를 이용한 발전량 예측값과 국내 기상청 (Korea Meteorology Administration) 기상정보를 활용한 발전량 예측 정확성을 비교하였다. 추가적으로, 기상자료 비교 분석을 통한 발전량 예측 개선 방안을 연구하고, 최종적으로 실제 발전량과의 비교 분석을 통해 기후요소가 고려된 태양광 발전량 예측 수정 모델을 제시하였다.

When designing photovoltaic power plants in Korea, the prediction of photovoltaic power generation at the design phase is carried out using PVSyst, PVWatts (Overseas power generation prediction software), and overseas weather data even if the test site is a domestic site. In this paper, for a comparative study to predict power generation using weather information, domestic photovoltaic power plants in two regions were selected as target sites. PVsyst, which is a commercial power generation forecasting program, was used to compare the accuracy between the predicted value of power generation (obtained using overseas weather information (Meteonorm 7.1, NASA-SSE)) and the predicted value of power generation obtained by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). In addition, we have studied ways to improve the prediction of power generation through comparative analysis of meteorological data. Finally, we proposed a revised solar power generation prediction model that considers climatic factors by considering the actual generation amount.