Earticle

전술 C4I 네트워크를 허브(지휘소·중계소) 중심의 비 균일 토폴로지로 가정할 경우, 핵심 허브 침해가 전파 경로의 급격한 확대(감염 확산)로 이어질 위험이 커진다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 위상학적 취약성을 극복하고 지휘 본부의 생존 가능성을 높 이기 위해 Maskable PPO 기반의 자율 격리 의사결정 최적화 에이전트를 제안한다. 제안된 에이전트는 네트워크의 위상학적 특징을 인지하고 액션 마스킹을 적용해 비 유효 행동을 배제함으로써, 학습 수렴 안정성과 탐색 효율을 개선하였다. 실험 결 과, 제안 기법은 기존 중심성 기반 휴리스틱 대비 방어 효율이 약 47% 향상되었다. 특히 스트레스 테스트를 통해, 감염 확률 15% 구간에서 승률이 92%에서 10%로 급락하는 임계 전이(phase transition) 현상을 확인하였다. 이를 통해 제안 기법의 단독 운용이 가능한 성능 한계점을 정량적으로 도출하였다.

Modern tactical C4I systems often exhibit a scale-free, hub-centered network structure, which is highly vulnerable to rapid cyber-threat propagation when critical hub nodes are compromised. To mitigate these topological vulnerabilities and enhance Headquarters (HQ) survivability, this paper proposes a Maskable PPO-based autonomous quarantine decision optimization agent. By recognizing network topology and employing action masking to eliminate invalid actions, the proposed agent improves learning convergence stability and exploration efficiency. Simulation results show that the proposed method achieves approximately 47% higher defense efficiency than conventional centrality-based heuristics. In addition, the study identifies a phase transition phenomenon in which the win rate drops sharply from 92% to 10% at an infection probability of 15%, thereby quantitatively deriving the operational performance limit for the standalone use of the proposed agent.

We investigated the effect of the phase transition temperature (T$_{c}$) of phospholipid in liposomes on the stability of incorporated retinol. Two kinds of phospholipid which have different T$_{c}$, L- $\alpha$ -dimyristoyl phosphatidyl choline (DMPC, T$_{c}$=22$^{\circ}$C) and D,L- $\alpha$ -dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC, T$_{c}$=42$^{\circ}$), were used to prepare liposomes. Liposome with retinol was prepared as multilamella vesicles (MLVs) by the dehydration/rehydration method. The incorporation efficiency of retinol into liposomes prepared from DMPC and DPPC were 99.89$\pm$0.08% and 99.97$\pm$0.03, respectively. The average size of liposomes from DPPC were greater than that of DMPC. Two kinds of liposomes in phosphate buffer (10 mM, pH 7.0) were stored at 15, 30, and 5$0^{\circ}C$, and stability of incorporated retinol was analyzed. The stability of retinol in DMPC liposome was decreased, whereas the stability in DPPC liposome was increased as temperature increased, although the overall protection effect of liposome on the incorporated retinol was greater in DMPC liposomes than in DPPC liposomes.posomes.

Purpose Implementation of nurse navigators during cancer screening to the first treatment visit may facilitate early diagnosis and treatment. This study aims to demonstrate the evidence of the effects of nurse navigators during cancer screening in the first treatment phase. Methods Eleven electronic databases were searched, including PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), EMBASE, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PsycINFO, KoreaMed, KISS, RISS, and DBPIA. The final search was completed in August 2021. Two reviewers independently screened and selected studies, extracted data, and conducted a quality assessment. Data to evaluate the effects of nurse navigators was analyzed through meta-analysis and narrative summary. Subgroup analyses were performed. Results A total of 16 studies was included. With low to moderate quality of evidence, nurse navigators had favorable effects on improving the timeliness of care during screening during the first treatment visits (MD = 20.42, 95% CI = 8.74 to 32.10, p = .001). Additionally, 13.0% to 45.0% of nurse navigated patients were more likely to complete cancer care services, although insignificant effects were observed. Study participants from individual studies reported a high satisfaction to the nurse navigators. Subgroup analyses indicated that nurse navigators working as key members in multidisciplinary programs had the greatest effect on reducing waiting times. Conclusion Nurse navigators improve cancer patient outcomes by providing more timely care. Additionally, nurse navigators have the substantial potential to increase completion rates to cancer care services and patient satisfaction. For facilitating multidisciplinary care, the use of nurse navigators is highly recommended in the future.

We investigated the effect of Fe3O4 addition on the critical temperature of (Bi, Pb)-2223 polycrystalline samples. Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ + x wt. % Fe3O4 (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8) samples were prepared by using a solid-state reaction method. The analysis of X-ray diffraction data indicates that as Fe3O4 is added, dominant phase of the sample changes from Bi-2223 to Bi-2212 with an increasing Bi-2201 phase. The transition temperature of the samples drastically decreased with the Fe3O4 addition. The resistance data of samples with x = 0.2 and 0.4 showed a double transition indicating a coexistence of Bi-2223 and Bi-2212 phase while the samples with x = 0.6 and 0.8 showed a single transition with a semiconducting behavior. This phase transition may originate from changes in local structure of the Bi-2223 system by Fe3O4 addition. Analysis of the pair distribution function of the Cu-O pair in the CuO2 plane calculated from extended X-ray absorption fine structure data revealed that the oxygen coordination of copper ion changes from CuO4 planar type (x = 0.0 - 0.4) to CuO5 pyramidal type (x = 0.6, 0.8). The correlated Debye-Waller factor, providing information on the atomic disorder within the CuO2 plane, shows an inverse relation to the coordination number. These results indicate that addition of Fe3O4 changes the oxygen distribution around Cu in the CuO2 plane, causing a phase transition from Bi-2223 to more stable Bi-2212/Bi-2201 phases.

The magneto-resistivity and electric field-current density (E-J) curves were investigated up to a magnetic field 9 T in the optimally doped BaFe1.8Co0.2As2 single crystal with a superconducting temperature (Tc) of 24.6 K. The E-J Scaling behaviors below and above vortex glass transition temperature (Tg) were found, confirming the existence of the vortex glass phase transition. The critical exponents for the diverging spatial and time correlations at Tg, were obtained as ν = 1.1 ± 0.1 and z = 4.5 ± 0.3, respectively. The obtained critical exponents are in good agreement with the predicted values of ν ~ 1 – 2 and z > 4 within the 3D vortex glass theory.

Equilibrium swelling curves of N-isopropyl acrylamide(NIPA) gel and its ionized copolymer gels were obtained as a function of temperature. Discontinuous volume changes of the gels were observed. Phase transition temperature was increased with the ionized counter parts of the gels. Equilibrium swelling of ionized copolymer gel cylinder was found to depend strongly on their diameters. Crosslinking density of NIPA gel was adjusted by increasing N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide(BIS). Phase transition temperature was increased with the crosslinking density.

Purpose : This study aimed to find out the effects of treatments on the surface of Zirconia. Methods : To this end, we selected six treatments that have been used widely: steam cleaning, 2bar & 6bar sand blasting, grinding by green stone point, grinding by diamond bur, and grinding by diamond bur with water spray. Results : The results of our study showed that monoclinic rate increased from all six treatments. Monoclinic rate varied by treatments, ranged from 0.6% (steam cleaning) to 6.5% (6bar sand blasting). These values from all six treatments were below ISO 13356 standard, which is 25%. Also, we found that two treatments (green stone point and diamond bur) increased roughness of surface of Zirconia. Conclusion : This study concluded that phase changes of Zirconia were not significant by using six treatments we employed.

To understand the thermoresponsive volume phase transition of an N-isopropyl acrylamide(NIPA) gel on water, the solubility parameter of neutral NIPA gel was determined by swelling the gel with various solvents. Water was found not to be a good solvent for NIPA gel. Equilibrium swelling curves of NIPA gel were respectively obtained by immersing in pure water, ethanol, n-propanol and some mixed solvents. On adding a small amount of alcohols to water, volume phase transition of NIPA gel in water was changed. Phase transition temperature of this gel was decreased with the increase of the carbon number of alcohol.

N-substituted acrylamide hydrogel is reported to have the feature of bing transparent and sensitive enough to response to a temperature stimulus below the temperature of phase transition. Especially at the near of 35 C it becomes shrunk and opaque very quickly. It has also the characteristic of reversing swelling and shrinking. The experiment showed that it is possible to produce a functional gel of super water absorption with the process of free radical polymerizing PVA(polyvinylalcohol) and PAA(polyacrylamide), and crosslinking. The ratio of shrinking and swelling caused by copolymerization rises 10% to 80% at the each temperature of 20 C, 30 C, 40 C, respectively. Phase transition temperature of this gel by copolymerization is50 C while that of ordinary N-substituted acrylamides is between 32~35 C. This temperature reaches the rearing limit of animals and plants so that volumetric transition polymer gel can be ulilized in varying fields such as agriculture/gardening which are water-using field, on-off switch sensing temperature and volumetric variation, processing of liquid wastes and civil engineering works, architecture and electronics. We have no doubt that this material will be the high-functional resin in the hi-tech age of the near future.

최근 MaaS(Mobility as a Service)에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 한국은 MaaS 도입에 유리한 여건을 가지고 있지만, 현재 1~2단계에 머물러 있다. 따라서, 본 연구는 MaaS 2단계와 3단계 서비스 간의 전환에 있어 가치로 느껴지는 요인을 파악하고, 요인들 간 혜택과 희생의 상쇄 (Trade-off)를 통한 상대적 가치 요소가 전환 의도에 미치는 영향 분석을 통하여 사용자들로 하 여금 MaaS 3단계 서비스로의 전환을 유도하는 전략을 도출하는 목적을 가지고 있다. 본 연구 는 가치기반수용모델(VAM)을 기반으로 구조방정식 모형을 설계하였으며, 전환혜택(비교금전 가치, 비교우위, 비교장기적가치)과 전환희생(절차상, 재정적, 관계적 전환비용)으로 요인을 구 분하고, 지각된 전환가치를 매개변수, 전환의도를 종속변수, 혁신성과 거주지역을 조절변수로 설정했다. 연구 결과, 금전적 효익과 장기적 이익을 주고, 전환 시 발생하는 금전적인 비용이 적을수록 MaaS 3단계 서비스 전환에 가치를 느끼고 전환 의도로 이어지는 것을 확인하였다. 반면 MaaS 3단계 서비스의 우수한 기능과 품질과 더불어 전환 시 발생하는 시간과 노력, 그리 고 심리적인 비용은 전환에 있어서 중요한 작용을 하지 않는 것을 확인하였다. 혁신성과 거주 지역에 따라 전환 요인에 차이가 나타났으며, 이를 바탕으로 MaaS 3단계 확산과 상용화 전략 을 제시했다. 본 연구는 MaaS 단계 간 비교를 통해 개인의 전환의도에 영향을 미치는 요인을 실증적으로 규명하고, 지역별 특성을 고려한 전략을 제시했다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

The interest in Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is rising, with South Korea in the early stages. This study identified key value factors in transitioning from phase 2 to phase 3 MaaS services and analyzed the impact of benefits and sacrifices on users' transition intentions. Using the Value-based Adoption Model (VAM), the factors were categorized into benefits (monetary value, comparative advantage, and long-term value) and sacrifices (procedural, financial, and relational costs). The perceived transition value was the mediator, with innovativeness and residential area being the moderating variables. Higher monetary benefits, long-term advantages, and lower financial costs increased the perceived value and transition intentions towards phase 3 MaaS, while functionalities, quality, and psychological costs had a smaller impact. The differences based on innovativeness and residential area suggest strategies for promoting phase 3 MaaS. This study empirically identified the factors influencing the transition intentions and proposed region-specific strategies.

The transition to clean energy is gaining speed amid growing concern about climate change. However, far too little attention has been paid to the effect of energy transition on local economies and local communities. This study aimed to seek the ways of mitigating inequitable effects potentially caused during the coal-phase out policy implementation. To fulfil the objective, this research analyzed the process of Just transition in Chungcheongnam-do by comparing it with North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany. The outcomes revealed that not only is an institutional framework not properly established, but Just transition fund is also insufficient to complete all the processes involved in the transition and to meet the demands of stakeholders. More in-depth public debates and practical measures that go beyond declaratory provision are urgently required. This study presented theoretical and practical implications by expanding the scope of existing discussions and suggesting a direction for a Just transition in Chungcheongnam-do.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the kinematical variables in different phases of alpine snowboarders’ carving turn. Moreover, the study aims to improve the athletic performance and prevent injury through comparative analysis of different kinematical factors. To achieve the purpose of the study, four alpine snowboarders from Korean National Team for 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics were chosen. For those time duration, distance, velocity and angular variables were calculated. The following conclusions were drawn: The overall elapsed time appeared to have greater significance in P1 than in P2. The displacement in the CM per event increased as a whole in medial-lateral displacement from E1 to E3. Forward-backward displacement results appeared similar in all of the subjects. Increasing trend in upward-downward displacement appeared in all the subjects. Furthermore, in E2 peak point in displacement could be observed which gradually decreased later. Velocity of CM in each event appeared to be the fastest in medial-lateral velocity and Forward-backward velocity in E2. Upward-downward velocity appeared the fastest in E3. The board’s velocity appeared the fastest in E1 however its velocity appeared the lowest in E2. Angle of ankle joint and angle of knee joint per event appeared the lowest in E2. Angle of hip joint and the angle of board- hip and shoulder’s twist appeared the lowest in E3.

In this work we have studied the multilayer stepwise adsorption of gases on solid adsorbents based on the previously developed theory. It is shown that stepwise adsorption isotherms emerge from our theory if an ad hoc adsorption regarding the degree of occupation for each successive layer is abolished and the effect of lateral intermolecular interactions among adsorbate molecules is included. In addition to these the effect of vertical interactions has also been taken into consideration. It seems that the vertical interaction plays a role in deciding the shape and the position of steps in resulting isotherms. It is evident from this research that it is the lateral interaction that is responsible for stepwise adsorption as long as the adsorbent surface is uniform and temperature is sufficiently low.