Earticle

본 연구는 간호학과 병태생리학 수업에서 발표 형식 선택과 인공지능(AI) 활용 가이드가 학습자의 학습 경험과 인식에 미치는 영향을 질적 사례연구를 통해 탐색하였다. 연구 대상자는 일개 대학교 간호학과 1학년 2학기 병태생리 학 교과목 수강생 중 발표 활동에 참여한 학생 6명으로, FameLab 형식 발표 경험자 3명과 일반 PPT 발표 경험자 3명 을 의도적 표집하였다. 성적 평가 종료 후 교수법 평가를 목적으로 포커스 그룹 인터뷰, 서면 응답, 개별보완 인터뷰 를 통해 자료를 수집하였으며, 주제분석 방법을 적용하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 발표 과제는 학습자가 자신의 이해 수준을 점검하고 학습 내용을 재구성하도록 유도하는 학습 촉진 요인으로 작용하였다. FameLab 발표는 개념의 내면화 와 설명 중심 학습 경험을 강조한 반면, 일반 PPT 발표는 학습 내용의 구조화와 복습 가능성을 강화하는 경험으로 인 식되었다. 또한 AI 활용은 학습을 대체하는 도구가 아니라 이해를 보조하고 학습 과정을 점검하는 수단으로 인식되었 으며, 교수자의 활용 가이드는 학습자의 비판적 사고를 강화하는 데 기여하였다. 본 연구는 병태생리학과 같이 개념적 난이도가 높은 교과목에서 발표 형식 선택과 AI 활용 가이드를 결합한 수업 설계의 교육적 가능성을 제시한다.

This qualitative case study explored nursing students’ learning experiences and perceptions of presentation format choice and artificial intelligence(AI) usage guidelines in a pathophysiology course. Participants were six first-year nursing students enrolled in a second-semester pathophysiology course at a single university. Using purposive sampling, three students who delivered FameLab-style presentations and three students who conducted conventional PowerPoint presentations were selected. Data were collected after course grading through focus group interviews, written responses, and follow-up individual interviews, and analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings indicated that presentation tasks functioned as learning facilitators by encouraging students to recognize gaps in their understanding and to reorganize learning content. FameLab presentations emphasized conceptual internalization and explanation-centered learning, whereas conventional PowerPoint presentations were associated with content structuring and opportunities for review. AI was perceived not as a substitute for learning but as a supportive tool for comprehension and self-checking. Instructor-provided AI usage guidelines, which emphasized source verification and conceptual accuracy, promoted students’ critical use of AI. These findings suggest that integrating presentation format choice with clear AI usage guidelines can be an effective instructional strategy for supporting learning in conceptually challenging courses such as pathophysiology. This study highlights the role of instructors as learning designers and learning consultants in AI-integrated nursing education.

Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) can be defined as an ectopic ossification in the tissues of spinal ligament showing a hyperostotic condition. OPLL is developed mostly in the cervical spine and clinical presentations of OPLL are majorly myelopathy and/or radiculopathy, with serious neurological pathology resulting in paralysis of extremities and disturbances of motility lowering the quality of life. OPLL is known to be an idiopathic and multifactorial disease, which genetic factors and non-genetic factors including diet, obesity, physical strain on the posterior longitudinal ligament, age, and diabetes mellitus, are involved into the pathogenesis. Up to now, surgical management by decompressing the spinal cord is regarded as standard treatment for OPLL, although there might be the risk of development of reprogression of ossification. The molecular pathogenesis and efficient therapeutic strategy, especially pharmacotherapy and/or preventive intervention, of OPLL has not been clearly elucidated and suggested. Therefore, in this review, we tried to give an overview to the present research results on OPLL, in order to shed light on the potential pharmacotherapy based on molecular pathophysiologic aspect of OPLL, especially on the genetic/genomic factors involved into the etiology of OPLL.

Autophagy is an important degradative pathway that eliminates misfolded proteins and damaged organelles from cells. Autophagy is crucial for neuronal homeostasis and function. A lack of or deficiency in autophagy leads to the accumulation of protein aggregates, which are associated with several neurodegenerative diseases. Compared with non-neuronal cells, neurons exhibit rapid autophagic flux because damaged organelles or protein aggregates cannot be diluted in post-mitotic cells; because of this, these cells exhibit characteristic features of autophagy, such as compartment-specific autophagy, which depends on polarized structures and rapid autophagy flux. In addition, neurons exhibit compartment-specific autophagy, which depends on polarized structures. Neuronal autophagy may have additional physiological roles other than amino acid recycling. In this review, we focus on the characteristics and regulatory factors of neuronal autophagy. We also describe intracellular selective autophagy in neurons and its association with neurodegenerative diseases.

Fatty acids (FAs) are highly diverse in terms of carbon (C) chain-length and number of double bonds. FAs with C>20 are called very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). VLCFAs are found not only as constituents of cellular lipids such as sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids but also as precursors of lipid mediators. Our understanding on the function of VLCFAs is growing in parallel with the identification of enzymes involved in VLCFA synthesis or degradation. A variety of inherited diseases, such as ichthyosis, macular degeneration, myopathy, mental retardation, and demyelination, are caused by mutations in the genes encoding VLCFA metabolizing enzymes. In this review, we describe mammalian VLCFAs by highlighting their tissue distribution and metabolic pathways, and we discuss responsible genes and enzymes with reference to their roles in pathophysiology.

Objective To evaluate the pathophysiological mechanism of hemifacial spasm (HFS), we performed electrophysiological examinations, such as supraorbital nerve stimulation with orbicularis oris muscle recording and lateral spread tests, after suppressing the patient’s central nervous system by administering intravenous diazepam.Methods Six patients with HFS were recruited. Supraorbital nerve stimulation with orbicularis oris muscle recording and the lateral spread test were performed, followed by intravenous application of 10 mg diazepam to achieve facial motor neuron suppression. Subsequently, we repeated the two electrophysiological experiments mentioned above at 10 and 20 minutes after the patients had received the diazepam intravenously.Results Orbicularis oris muscle responses were observed in all patients after supraorbital nerve stimulation and lateral spread tests. After the diazepam injection, no orbicularis oris muscle response to supraorbital nerve stimulation was observed in one patient, and the latencies of this response were evident as a slowing tendency with time in the remaining five patients. However, the latencies of the orbicularis oris muscle responses were observed consistently in all patients in the lateral spread test.Conclusion Our results suggest that ectopic excitation/ephaptic transmission contributes to the pathophysiological mechanisms of HFS. This is because the latencies of the orbicularis oris muscle responses in the lateral spread test were observed consistently in the suppressed motor neuron in our patients.

Active calcium transport is carried out by calcium channel proteins, cytosolic buffering or transfer proteins, and pump proteins. Several components of this transport system have recently been determined using gene knockout (KO) models. The calbindin‐ D9k/28k and calbindin‐D9k/TRPV6 double KO mice were generated and reported that induction of expression of some duodenal calcium transport proteins can compensate for the CaBP‐9k gene deficiency. In CaBP‐9k KO mice, the levels of these hormones differ between the KO and wild‐type (WT) mice. The induction of TRPV6 in the duodenum was observed in adult KO male mice but induction was not modified by physiologic doses of 1,25(OH)2D3 and compensatory gene induction was not affected by PTH. Duodenal TRPV6 transcription in WT and female KO mice were modulated by 1,25(OH)2D3 in a dose‐dependent manner. Under calcium‐deficient dietary conditions, in DKO mice, serum calcium levels and bone length were decreased. The intestinal and renal expression of TRPV6 mRNA was significantly decreased in DKO mice fed a calcium‐deficient diet as compared to CaBP‐28k KO or WT mice, and DKO mice died after 4 weeks on a calcium‐deficient diet. Body weight, bone mineral density (BMD) and bone length were significantly reduced in all mice fed a calcium and 1,25‐(OH) D3‐ eficient diet, as compared to a normal diet, and none of the mice survived more than 4 weeks. Using microarray analysis, NCKX3 was identified as a gene that was differentially expressed in the kidneys of female and male mice. Although any hormones did not alter NCKX3 expression, however, aldosterone and hydrocortisone did down‐regulate renal NCKX3 expression in female mice. Taken together, these results indicate that deletions of CaBP‐9k and 28k has a significant effect on calcium processing under calcium‐deficient conditions, confirming the importance of dietary calcium and 1,25‐(OH)2D3 during growth and development

Compression peripheral neuropathy is relatively common but its pathophysiology in human has not been well known because of the likelihood of permanent nerve damage in vivo human experiments. Many animal models have developed to understand the pathophysiology of compression neuropathy. According to the many animal models and a few human studies, compression neuropathy involves abnormality of intraneural microcirculation, axonal transport and connective tissue (mesoneurium, epineurium, perineurium, endonurium) as well as nerve fiber itself. Low magnitude nerve compression of short duration can initiate neural structural changes which persist for at least one month. Chronic nerve compression with loose ligatures or short tubes around nerve for about weeks or months caused a break-down in blood nerve barrier and perineurial edema, followed by epineurial and perineurial fibrosis, demyelination and finally Wallerian degeneration. Recent studies tell us that compression neuropathy is likely to be a combination of Schwann cell mechanosensitivity to shear stress and acute and/or chronic ischemia. Responding to shear stress, Schwann cells decrease myelin sickness and increase in number and make phenotype switching of neurons of DRG (dorsal root ganglion) by GDNF (glial fiber neurotrophic factor) expression.

To provide adequate management for upper esophageal dysfunction, one must first understand the physiology of the swallowing. The oropharyngeal swallow involves a rapid, highly coordinated set of neuromuscular actions beginning with lip closure and terminating with opening of the upper esophageal sphincter. The review will describe the pathophysiology and evaluation of the upper esophageal dysfunction in the view point of gastroenterologist. (JKDS 2012;2:43-45)

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of nursing students in Korea who used concept mapping for understanding pathophysiology. Methods: The data were collected using an open-ended questionnaire from 83 sophomore nursing students after studying concept mapping in pathophysiology class. Each group consisted of five nursing students submitting four concept maps regarding cell injury, inflammation, infection, and neoplasm. After familiarity with concept mapping, the participants wrote their experiences anonymously on sheets of paper. The submitted materials were analyzed via qualitative content analysis. Results: The collected materials were classified into 3 themes, 8 categories, and 18 subcategories. Three themes emerged: (1) awareness of capabilities, (2) difficulties of completion, and (3) benefits of application. Conclusion: The study revealed that participants experienced self-capabilities, and the difficulties and benefits of concept mapping. Concept mapping also provided the opportunity for nursing students to realize communication skill improvement by active group discussion within a group.

The purpose of this study was to identify knowledge and the Need of pathophysiology, perceived connectivity between knowledge of pathophysiology and clinical practice, and confidence and satisfaction with clinical performance by applying the knowledge to clinical practice, and to analyze the correlation between the knowledge, perceived connectivity, and confidence and satisfaction of clinical nurses. Methods: Subjects consisted of 149 clinical nurses who work at 7 general hospitals and 6 university hospitals located in Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi province in Korea. Those who learned pathophysiology during their undergraduate program were recruited by using a convenient sampling. The data were collected between April 23 and May 24 in 2012. Participants responded to self-administered questionnaires about knowledge and the need of pathophysiology, and the perceived connectivity between knowledge and clinical practice, and confidence and satisfaction with clinical performance by applying knowledge to clinical practice. Results: Mean scores of knowledge and the need of pathophysiology were 2.88±0.34 and 2.33±0.39 each. Scores of knowledge and the need of 3 units such as fluid and electrolyte imbalance, acid-base imbalance, and alterations in the respiratory system were high among 23 units while that of adolescent disorders was the lowest. The mean score of perceived connectivity between knowledge and clinical practice was 7.32±1.57, and those of confidence and satisfaction with clinical performance by applying the knowledge to clinical practice were 7.66±1.66 and 7.42±1.67 respectively. Knowledge of pathophysiology was positively correlated with the perceived connectivity between knowledge and clinical practice, and confidence, and satisfaction with clinical performance. Conclusion: The results indicate that knowledge and the need of pathophysiology in clinical nurses is above average,and that knowledge of pathophysiology is important in promoting perceived connectivity with clinical practice and increasing confidence and satisfaction with clinical performance by applying knowledge to clinical practice.

본 연구는 인터넷 중독의 발생에 영향을 주는 요인을 알아보기 위해 이루어졌으며 목적은 자기노출 및 신체불만족과 인터넷 중독과의 관계에서 현실 공간과 가상 공간에 대한 자아정체감 불일치가 미치는 매개효과를 알아보는데 있다. 남자대학생 174명과 여자대학생 228명에게 자기노출척도, 외모평가척도, 신체부분 만족도척도, 성인 인터넷 중독 자기보고용척도, 한국형 현실 공간 자아정체감척도, 한국형 가상 공간 자아정체감척도를 사용하여 설문을 실시하였다. 두 공간에서의 자아정체감 차이는 가상 공간에서 현실 공간 자아정체감을 뺀 값으로 구했으며, 자료는 상관 분석과 경로분석을 통하여 결과를 도출하였다. 기존 연구와 마찬가지로 자기노출과 인터넷 중독과 부적인 상관이 있었으며, 둘 사이의 관계를 현실 공간과 가상 공간의 자아정체감 차이가 부분 매개 한다는 것이 새로이 밝혀졌다. 또한 신체 불만족이 인터넷 중독에 영향을 준다는 선행 연구와는 달리 둘 사이의 상관이 없어서 매개 모형은 유의미하지 않았다. 그러나 신체 불만족이 있는 사람이 현실과 가상 공간 자아정체감 차이가 클 수 있으며 이것은 인터넷 중독에 빠지게 할 수 있다는 경로모형이 유의미하다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 이 연구의 결과는 기존의 연구가 현실 공간 자아정체감에만 초점을 둔 것과는 달리 가상 공간 자아정체감의 중요성을 일깨워줬으며 앞으로의 인터넷 중독 예방과 치료에 도움을 줄 것이라고 생각한다. 끝으로 본 연구의 의의와 한계점 및 앞으로의 연구방향이 논의되었다.

This study examined the effect of self-disclosure and body dissatisfaction on internet addiction with mediating effect of the discrepancy between real ego-identity and cyber ego-identity to find out the cause of internet addition. Participants consisted of 174 male and 228 female college students. The difference between the real and cyber world ego-identity is to subtract the real world ego-identity from cyber-space one and the result is analyzed by correlation and path analysis. Like prior studies, self-disclosure brings inverse correlation on internet addiction and the discrepancy between real and cyber ego-identity showed partial mediation effect between self-disclosure and internet addiction. There is no correlation between body dissatisfaction and internet addiction in this study. We could not apply mediating effect model of the identity discrepancy between body dissatisfaction and internet abuse. Though we found that the more body dissatisfaction brings about the more identity discrepancy and it causes the more problematic internet use.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to review the curriculum on biological nursing: structure and function of the human body, clinical microbiology, pathophysiology, and function and effect of drugs. Methods: Data was collected by searching and reviewing internet websites of 102 nursing schools or universities which provide 4 years nursing education in the Republic of Korea. The 74 curriculum on biological nursing science were available and analyzed by title, credits, hours, types of major (core or selective), offering semester, and laboratory practice. Results: The titles of 4 courses were diverse and were offered as core major (core requisites) or selective major. Structure and function of human body was offered in priority with more credits. Laboratory practice was poorly established in most courses. Biological nursing science courses were mostly taught in the second semester of the first year and the first or second semester of second year nursing education courses. Conclusion: There is a need to standardize the curriculum on biological nursing science and to expand the use of titles proposed by academic society. Also further research is necessary to identify curriculum details and to reflect the needs of professors.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop standard syllabuses of 4 subjects (Structure and Function of Human Body, Pathogenic Microbiology, Pathophysiology, Mechanisms and Effects of Drug) of bionursing. Methods: We developed standard syllabuses of 4 subjects through 3 step discussions and analysis. At first each committee for 4 subjects made the syllabus, after then all researchers discussed together. Finally each committee concluded final one. Committee members consisted of professors who teach that subject at nursing college. Results: Standard syllabus for Biological Nursing I-1 or Structure & Function of Human Body I consisted of 3 parts and 9 themes and for Biological Nursing I-2 or Structure & Function of Human Body II was 3 parts and 9 themes. Standard syllabus for Biological Nursing II or Pathogenic Microbiology consisted of 8 themes and Biological Nursing III or Pathophysiology consisted of 2 parts and 19 themes. Standard syllabus for Biological Nursing IV or Mechanisms & Effects of Drug consisted of 2 parts and 13 themes. Conclusion: The standard syllabuses and titles of 4 subjects of bionursing need to be disseminated to all the nursing college by Academy of Korean Biological Nursing Science. Further researches to investigate curriculum for bionursing and to identify the effects of 4 standard syllabuses were recommended.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop syllabuses of basic nursing science subjects (Structure and Function of Human Body, Pathogenic Microbiology, Pathophysiology, and Mechanisms and Effects of Drug) based on learning outcomes. Methods: We developed a 3-phase plan to develop the syllabuses. In the first phase, The Korean Society of Biological Nursing Science (KSBNS) held a workshop in May, 2013 in which professors who are in charge of basic nursing science subjects shared opinions about learning outcomes. As a result, initial prototype syllabuses came out. In the second phase, revised syllabuses based on learning outcomes were presented and discussed in the conference held by KSBNS in November, 2013. In the last phase, a research team who taught basic nursing science subjects finalized the syllabuses during the meetings. Results: Syllabuses of 4 basic nursing science subjects were developed. Conclusion: These syllabuses of 4 subjects need to be disseminated throughout nursing colleges. Further revision needs to be made according to the circumstances and context of each school.

Purpose: This study is a quasi-experimental study to investigate the effect of case-based learning (CBL) on critical thinking disposition, communication ability, problem solving ability and self-directed learning ability of nursing students in a pathophysiology course. Methods: The development of 3 CBL scenarios of pathophysiology were conducted by nursing faculties & clinical nurses before CBL began. Among the sophomore nursing students who were taking a pathophysiology course, the intervention group (n=43) was the nursing students who hope to participate in an extra-CBL program with usual pathophysiology lessons and the control group (n=36) was the nursing students who wanted to receive the usual pathophysiology lessons. The intervention group received additional CBL using 3 different scenarios for 1 hour per week during 4 weeks from May to June, 2016. Data were analyzed by a chi-square test, t-test and ANCOVA using SPSS WIN 18.0 Results: The mean score of critical thinking disposition (F=11.60, p=.001), communication ability (F=4.24, p=.043), and self-directed learning ability (F=4.75, p=.032) were significantly higher in intervention group than those in control group. But there was no significant difference between the two groups in problem solving ability (F=1.59, p=.211). Conclusions: The application of a CBL program during a pathophysiology course was effective in improving the critical thinking disposition, and the self-directed learning ability of sophomore nursing students.

This study was designed to examine effects of Korean Acer tegmentosum Maximowocz extract, which has traditionally been used for the treatment of liver damages in fat diet-induced obese rats. 40 male SD rats were divided into three groups: normal diet (Control group, n=10), 40% fat diet-induced obese rats (Obesity group, n=15), and Acer tegmentosum Maximowoczextract diet with 40% fat diet-induced obese rats (ATM group, n=15). Hematological and biochemical variables were measured. Histological examinations of liver and adipose tissues were performed with hematoxylin & eosin stain. Total leukocyte, neutrophil, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, erythrocyte, platelet, hemoglobin, and red distribution width levels were significantly higher, whereas monocyte levels were lower in obesity group than in control and ATM group. Glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, AST, ALT, and BUN levels in obesity group were significantly greater than those of ATM. ATM group showed significantly lower liver fatty degeneration (steatosis) than obesity group. ATM group exhibited regular morphology of adipocytes and adipocyte sizes are smaller than obesity group, whereas obesity group showed larger and irregular shapes of adipocytes than ATM and control groups. These results suggest that Korean Acer tegmentosum Maximowocz exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity effects.

Introduction: Achilles tendinopathy is a common musculoskeletal condition that significantly impairs gait and overall mobility, ultimately reducing the quality of life. It is characterized by activity-induced pain, swelling, and functional limitations, and is often caused by repetitive microtrauma, increased mechanical load, or reduced vascular supply. Without appropriate treatment, abnormal gait patterns such as medial collapse may occur, leading to long-term biomechanical imbalances. Despite available conservative and surgical options, no clear consensus exists regarding optimal management, and many patients fail to respond adequately. These limitations highlight the need for novel pathophysiology-based therapeutic approaches. Case Presentation: A 49-year-old restaurant worker experienced chronic left heel pain for five years and was diagnosed with chronic Achilles tendinopathy accompanied by calcific tendinitis. Previous treatments, including nine triamcinolone-lidocaine injections and ten platelet-rich plasma sessions, resulted in minimal improvement, and surgical intervention was recommended. She received a total of 12 treatment sessions over a 47-day period. The patient underwent a four-stage ultrasound-guided acupuncture protocol. The protocol included the following: (1) management of paratenonitis, (2) fascial release between the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles using pharmacopuncture, (3) removal of neovascularization via high-volume injection, and (4) periosteal pecking technique (also called dry needling, and referred to as Golmak-Jaktak-beop in traditional Korean medicine) and high-frequency electroacupuncture targeting the Achilles tendon insertion. Post-treatment color Doppler ultrasonography showed reduced intratendinous neovascularization. The patient's Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) subscales demonstrated consistent improvement throughout treatment and at the two-month follow-up. Conclusion: This case suggests that a four-stage ultrasound-guided acupuncture approach may be a potential nonsurgical treatment option for chronic Achilles tendinopathy, especially in patients unresponsive to conventional therapies.

As for temporomandibular joint arthritis (TMJ OA), managing the contributing factors at an early stage through accurate diagnosis is necessary to prevent irreversible bone changes. TMJ OA, which is a multi-organ disease caused by various pathophysiological mechanisms, is developed mainly due to mechanical overload. It is a disease characterized by degeneration of articular cartilage and subchondral bone as a low-level inflammatory arthritis condition developed by dysregulation of catabolic and anabolic activity of chondrocytes. Age, mechanical overload sensing of cartilage, chondrocyte apoptosis, catabolic enzymes, inflammatory factors, abnormal remodeling of subchondral bone, and estrogens may be involved in the pathogenesis of arthritis. Therefore, a comprehensive evaluation is needed to diagnose and manage progressive cartilage degeneration, subchondral bone remodeling, and associated symptoms of TMJ OA.

The gut is a complex organ that has played an important role in digestion, absorption, endocrine functions, and immunity. The gut mucosal barriers consist of the immunologic barrier and nonimmunologic barrier. During critical illnesses, the gut is susceptible to injury due to the induction of intestinal hyperpermeability. Gut hyperpermeability and barrier dysfunction may lead to systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Additionally, gut microbiota are altered during critical illnesses. The etiology of such microbiome alterations in critical illnesses is multifactorial. The interaction or systemic host defense modulation between distant organs and the gut microbiome is increasingly studied in disease research. No treatment modality exists to significantly enhance the gut epithelial integrity, permeability, or mucus layer in critically ill patients. However, multiple helpful approaches including clinical and preclinical strategies exist. Enteral nutrition is associated with an increased mucosal barrier in animal and human studies. The trophic effects of enteral nutrition might help to maintain the intestinal physiology, prevent atrophy of gut villi, reduce intestinal permeability, and protect against ischemia-reperfusion injury. The microbiome approach such as the use of probiotics, fecal microbial transplantation, and selective decontamination of the digestive tract has been suggested. However, its evidence does not have a high quality. To promote rapid hypertrophy of the small bowel, various factors have been reported, including the epidermal growth factor, membrane permeant inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase, mucus surrogate, pharmacologic vagus nerve agonist, immune-enhancing diet, and glucagon-like peptide-2 as preclinical strategies. However, the evidence remains unclear.