Earticle

This study concerning the surface dose of eye and thyroid from panoramagraphy used thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) and photoluminescent dosimeter (PLD) to take measurements at ten hospitals in the Gwangju metropolitan area. The recommendations from ICRP 60 and ICRP 73 on the allowance standard for eye are 15 mSv and for thyroid is 1 mSv. The left eye TLD and PLD values are 0.19 mSv and 0.24 mSv respectively. The right eye TLD and PLD values are 0.23 mSv and 0.25 mSv respectively. Thyroid TLD and PLD values are 0.08 mSv and 0.25 mSv respectively and did not exceed the allowance standards(p<0.001). Also comparisons are made between TLD and PLD for each organ and PLD has higher dose measurements than TLD. There are statistically significant differences in left eye measurements and thyroid measurements (p<0.01). There is no significant difference in measurements for the right eye (p>0.05). The TLD and PLD measured dose from panoramagraphy instruments on eyes and thyroid from each hospital did not exceed the recommended dose from ICRP 60 for surface dose measurements. However, due to the probability of influence, consideration should be made for all levels of dose.

Various thin film deposition methods such as RCE-DR (Reactive Co-Evaporation by Deposition and Reaction), MOD(Metal Organic Deposition), MOCVD(Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition) and PLD(Pulsed Laser Deposition) have been used to fabricate 2G HTS (Second-Generation High-Temperature Superconducting) tapes. Especially, 2G HTS tapes fabricated by the PLD process show excellent electrical current conduction properties under high magnetic field and have recently become a popular research field worldwide. In this study, we have examined the substrate heating temperature, oxygen partial pressure, and pulsed laser conditions in vacuum, which are essential conditions for manufacturing 2G HTS tapes by pulsed laser process. we have optimized conditions for the continuous deposition of YBCO (YBa2Cu3O7-δ) superconducting layers using the reel-to-reel method on substrates coated with functional layers. The fabricated tapes were evaluated for their characteristics by analyzing biaxial alignment properties using XRD for 2-theta, in-plane texture, and out-of-plane texture and critical current measurement using the Hall-Ic method.

본 연구의 목적은 의료용 LINAC에서 방사선 에너지를 이용하는 열형광선량계(TLD), 형광유리선량계(PLD) 및 광자 극발광선량계(OSLD)의 에너지 의존성과 방향 의존성을 분석하여 방사선 서비스의 질을 향상시키는 것이다. 각 선량계 에 대하여 의존도가 낮은 우수한 선량계를 식별하여 우수한 선량계를 새 선량계로 사용할 수 있는 기초 자료도 제시하고 자 한다. 이를 위해 실험계획을 수립하고, LINAC HECK를 이용하여 31일 동안 매일 재현성을 평가하였다. 에너지 의존성을 알아보기 위해 선량계를 RANDO 팬텀 형태의 복부 조사야 끝에서 10 ~ 40 cm 간격으로 10 cm 단위로 두 가지 조건으로 두었다. 100 MU/min 단위로 100 MU/min에서 400 MU/min까지, 선량률을 400 MU/min으로 고정하고 선량을 1 Gy 증분 단위로 1에서 5 Gy로 변경하여 결과를 도출하였다. 또한 방향 의존성 실험을 위해 선량은 2 Gy로 고정하고 RANDO 팬텀의 복부 조사야로부터 40 cm 거리에서 0°에서 90°까지 15° 간격으로 좌우 전방향을 측정하였다. 실험 전 재현성 평가에서 각각의 변동계수(CV)는 허용한계 2%(0.02) 내에서 좋은 일치성을 보였다. 민감도 는 최고선량과 최저선량의 차이가 가장 작은 PLD 민감도가 10 cm, 20 cm, 40 cm, 1 Gy에서 우수하였으며 선량률은 100 MU/min으로 증가하였다. 30 cm에서 TLD 민감도는 최고선량과 최저선량의 차이가 가장 작다는 점에서 우수하였 다. 에너지 의존도 측면에서 TLD 값은 10cm, 20cm 및 30cm에서 가장 좋았으며 고정 선량률은 400 MU/min이고 선량은 1 Gy 단위로 1 ~ 5 Gy입니다. 방향의존성은 TLD, PLD, OSLD가 표면선량 0° ~ 90°에서 각각 48%, 74%, 86%의 감소율을 보였다. 이는 방향 의존성이 TLD, PLD, OSLD 순으로 증가함을 의미한다. 전반적으로 PLD는 우수한 감도를 보인 반면 TLD는 우수한 에너지 의존성을 보였다. 또한 방향 의존성은 TLD, PLD, OSLD 순으로 증가하였다.

The aims of this study were to improve the quality of radiation services by analyzing the energy dependence and direction dependence of thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs), photoluminescent dosimeters (PLDs) and optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs) using radiation energy at a medical LINAC, comparing the results from statistical processing, and identifying an excellent dosimeter with a low dependence on the features above. This paper also presents basic data through which an excellent dosimeter can be used as a new one. To this end, an experimental plan was established, and the reproducibility was evaluated every day for 31 days using a LINACHECK. To examine the energy dependence, the dosimeter was placed at different distances from the end of the abdomen irradiation field of a RANDO phantom form 10 to 40 cm at 10 cm increments under two conditions: fixing the dose to 1 Gy and changing the dose rate from 100 MU/min to 400MU/min at 100 MU/min increments; and fixing the dose rate at 400 MU/min and changing the dose from 1 to 5 Gy at a of 1 Gy increments. In addition, for an experiment of direction dependence, the dose was fixed to 2 Gy, and the left and right omnidirections were measured at 15° intervals from 0° to 90° at a distance of 40 cm from the abdomen irradiation field of the RANDO phantom. In the reproducibility evaluation before the experiment, each coefficient of variation (CV) showed good coincidence within a tolerance limit of 2 % (0.02). In terms of the sensitivity, the PLD sensitivity, whose difference was the smallest between highest and lowest doses, were excellent at 10 cm, 20 cm and 40 cm, at 1 Gy with the dose rate increased at 100 MU/min. At 30 cm, the TLD sensitivity was excellent in that the difference was smallest between highest and lowest doses. In terms of energy dependence, the TLD values were best at 10 cm, 20 cm and 30 cm, at a fixed dose rate of 400 MU/min and a dose of 1 - 5 Gy in 1 Gy increments. In terms of the direction dependence, TLD, PLD and OSLD showed a reduction rate of 48 %, 74 % and 86 %, respectively, at a surface dose of 0° to 90°. This suggests that the direction dependence increases in the order of TLD, PLD and OSLD. Overall, the PLD showed excellent sensitivity, whereas the TLD showed excellent energy dependence. In addition, the direction dependence increased in the order of TLD, PLD and OSLD.

중증외상 환자 CT(Computed Tomography)검사 시 검사 보조자의 방사선 피폭경감을 위하여 새로운 융합적 모델의 망토 차폐체를 제작하여 그 유용성을 평가하고자 한다. 실험 방법으로 뇌혈관 CT 검사와 동일한 조건에서 두부 팬텀과 인체 팬텀을 이용하여 기존 차폐체와 새롭게 개발된 망토 차폐체를 이용하여 심장, 양쪽 액와부 그리고 갑상샘 부위를 유리선량계로 피폭선량을 측정하였다. 새롭게 개발된 차폐체가 기존의 차폐체 보다 방사선 차폐율이 심장 61.9 %, 좌측액와부 46.2 %, 우측액와부 69.8 %, 그리고 갑상샘 71.1 % 로 각각 높게 측정되었다. 새롭게 개발된 망토 차폐체가 방사선 피폭을 감소시키는데 매우 유용하며 향후 새롭게 개발된 융합적 모델의 망토 차폐차가 방사선 피폭을 감소시키는데 있어 큰 기여를 할 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of a newly fusion model designed cloak shield to reduce the radiation exposure of the assistant during CT(computed tomography) of severely injured patient. Radiation dose was measured in the heart, both axillary and thyroid areas using newly designed cloak shield and existing shield with head phantom and human phantom under the same conditions as brain vascular CT scan. The newly designed cloak shield was measured higher for radiation shielding rate than the existing shields, 61.9 % for heart, 46.2 % for left axillary, 69.8 % for right axillary and 71.1 % for thyroid gland, respectively. a newly developed fusion model of cloak shields are useful for reducing radiation exposure. It is expected to make a significant contribution to reduction of radiation exposure.

The safety of the product becomes one of the most important elements in modern corporate management. Therefore, there are increasingly many countries that are enforcing the product liability(PL) act to ask the responsibility for the supply of the safe products. In relation to the activities of small and medium sized companies, which are playing important role in domestic industry, to effectively cope with PL in their pursuing their administrative activities, this paper is intended to find out how effectively the medium and small companies should be adapted to PL circumstances by reviewing the literatures. And it will help to seek the realistic improvement points in constrictions and operations of PL.

Among Fe-based superconductors, potassium doped BaFe2As2 is favorable for applications because of its relatively high transition temperature and low anisotropy. To study the superconducting properties and the applicable aspects, high quality thin films of potassium doped BaFe2As2 should be fabricate. However, the high volatility of potassium makes it difficult to fabricate thin films of this compound. In this paper, we discuss the details of the experimental conditions used to fabricate Ba1-xKxFe2As2 films by ex situ PLD method. In the first set of samples, barium ratio in the target was controlled to make films with various potassium doping rate. However, in the second set of samples, the amount of potassium was controlled to find out optimal conditions for making high quality Ba1-xKxFe2As2 films.

LASAR (logic automated stimulus and response) 소프트웨어는 디지털 전자 회로 카드에 대한 로직 기능시험 및 고장검출을 위한 자동점검프로그램 개발도구이다. LASAR 소프트웨어는 소자의 논리회로 기능 및 입·출력 정의된 정보가 필요하다. 소자 정보가 없으면 정상적인 부품 모델링이 불가능하다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 소자 정보가 없는 PLD (programmable logic device) 소자를 역설계 방법을 통하여 부품 모델링을 수행한다. 개발된 LASAR 프로그램은 고장 시뮬레이션 결과와 단일 고착 고장삽입 방법을 통해 고장 검출율을 확인하였다. 고장 검출율은 기존의 제한적인 모델링은 91%, 역설계를 통한 모델링은 94%로 3% 상승하였다. 또한, EP 310 PLD 소자에 대한 입·출력핀에 대한 22가지 고착결함의 경우 100% 검출하여 양호한 성능을 확인하였다.

Logic automated stimulus and response (LASAR) software is an automatic test program development tool for logic function test and fault detection of avionics components digital circuit cards. LASAR software needs to the information for the logic circuit function and input and output of the device. If there is no component information, normal component modeling is impossible. In this paper, component modeling is carried out through reverse design of programmable logic device (PLD) device without element information. The developed LASAR program identified failure detection rates through fault simulation results and single-seated fault insertion methods. Fault detection rates have risen by 3% to 91% for existing limited modeling and 94% for modeling through the reverse design. Also, the 22 case of stuck fault with the I/O pin of EP310 PLD were detected 100% to confirm the good performance.

본 논문에서는 디지틀 회로를 PLD 소자로 설계하는 PLD 설계용 툴인 PLD Designer 을 개발하였다. PLD Designer는 FSM(finite state machine)의 상태수가 제한적(20개 미만)일 경우, 상태표로부터 부울식을 추출할 수 있는 상태 그래픽 편집기(state graphic editor)와 상태 그래픽 편집기에서 생성된 부울식에 적합한 PLD 소자 (PAL 16R4, PAL22V10, GAL16V8 등)를 선정하여 핀 할당을 실현하는 핀 맵 편집기(pin map editor)로 구성되어 있다. 또한 핀 맵 편집기는 fuse map, checksum, JEDEC화일을 생성하며 PLD 디바이스 구현에 사용한다. 생성된 부울식을 검증하기 위해 테스트 벡터 (test vector) 생성 알고리즘을 개발하였으며 PLD Designer에 의해 생성된 JEDIC화일 과 PALASM의 JEDEC화일과 비교한 결과 동일함을 입증하였다.

In this paper, we have developed a PLD Designer which is a design tool for digital circuits design using PLD device. PLD designer consists of a state graphic editor to extract boolean equations from state table within 20 states of FSM and a pin map editor to assign pin map for PLD device(PAL16R4, PAL22V10, GAL16V8, etc), which is suitable for extracted boolean equations. Also pin map editor generates a necessary JEDEC file to implement PLD device by using fuse map and checksum algorithm. To verify extracted boolean equation, we have developed simulation test vector generation algorithm. The results of JEDEC files generated by PLD designer is same with the results of JEDEC files generated by PALASM.

본 논문은 상용 툴인 OrCAD에서 생성한 디지털 회로의 EDIF 네트리스트를 이용하여 디지털 회로를 PLD로 구현하기 위한 PLD 설계 툴을 개발하였다. EDIF 네트리스트를 이용하여 디지털 회로를 PLD로 구현하기 위해 각 셀(cell)간의 연결정보를 추출하는 연결정보 추출기(JIE)오 피드백(feedback)의 존재여부를 검색하는 피드백 노드 검출기(FND), 부울식을 생성하는 등의 알고리즘(BEG)들을 제안하였다. 또한 생성한 부울식을 최소화한 후, 최소화한 부울식의 입출력 변수 개수와 OR 텀의 수와 출력 특성을 고려하여 적합한 PLD 소자를 자동 선정하는 Auto select 기능과 상용 툴인 MyPLD에서 현재 제공하고 있는 PLD들 보다 용량이 큰 EPLD 타입의 GAL6001과 GAL6002의 JEDEC 파일 생성알고리즘도 제안하였다.

In this paper, the PLD design tool which realizes a digital circuit as PLD, by using EDIF netlist of the digital circuit designed at OrCAD have been developed. This paper is proposed the following algorithms: JIE(Joined Information Extractor) which extracts the connecting information between both cells in order to realize the digital circuit as PLD using the EDIF netlist, FND(Feedback Node Detector) which look into whether feedback exists or not, BEG(Boolean Equation Generator) which generates a boolean equation, and so on. Also, this paper is developed auto-select function which selects the PLD element with consideration of number of I/O variables of the minimized boolean equation, and algorithm generation JEDEC file of GAL6001 and GAL6002, having a forms of EPLD which is bigger than PLD.

본 연구는 현재 법령 개인선량계인 PLD와 TLD의 선량 분석을 통해 성능 차이를 알아보고자 하였다. 자동판독장치를 이용해 PLD와 TLD의 적산선량을 판독 후 선량 교정 과정을 거친 두 소자의 값은 70kVp, 200mA, 0.012sec와 42kVp, 100mA, 0.012sec의 각각의 촬영조건에서 TLD는 PLD 측정 시와 통계적 차이를 나타냈다(각각 p<0.001, p<0.001). DAP와 두 소자의 측정값 차이는 70kVp, 200mA, 0.012sec 촬영조건에서 TLD는 DAP 평균값보다 $44.2mGy{\cdot}cm^2$이 낮은 값이 나타났고, PLD는 DAP 평균값에 $15.5mGy{\cdot}cm^2$이 낮은 $246.8mGy{\cdot}cm^2$으로 나타났다. 42kVp, 100mA, 0.012sec 촬영조건에서는 TLD는 DAP 평균 값의 $17.9mGy{\cdot}cm^2$이 낮은 값을 보였으며, PLD는 DAP 평균값에 $7.6mGy{\cdot}cm^2$이 낮은 $82.6mGy{\cdot}cm^2$으로 나타나 PLD가 DAP에 더 근접한 값을 보였다. 또한 PLD에 비해 TLD는 10개의 각 소자마다 측정된 선량 값에서 소자 상호간의 편차가 크게 나타났고, 1개의 소자를 반복 측정한 재현성 실험에서 PLD는 ${\pm}1%$ 이내로 TLD ${\pm}2%$ 보다 낮게 나타났다. 따라서 PLD가 TLD에 비해 선량 측정 능력면에서 더 우수한 결과가 나타났고, 진단용 방사선영역에서 방사선작업종사자의 개인피폭 관리에 PLD가 더욱 적합하고 유리함을 확인할 수 있었다.

The results of analyzing the difference between performances of individual dosimeters on this research subjecting the PLD and TLD, which are the official personal dosimeters, through dosimetry are as follows. After scanning the integral dose using an automatic scanner, the values of two devices that went through dose adjustment process had a statistical difference in TLD and PLD measurements under each filming conditions which were 70kVp, 200mA, 0.012sec and 42kVp, 100mA, and 0.012sec (p<0.001 and p<0.001 respectively). As for the difference of measurement value between DAP and the two particles under 70kVp, 200mA, 0.012sec filming condition, TLD had a value lower than DAP average value by $44.2mGy{\cdot}cm^2$ and PLD had a value of $246.8mGy{\cdot}cm^2$ which was lower than DAP average value by $15.5mGy{\cdot}cm^2$, while under 42kVp, 100mA, 0.012sec filming condition, TLD had a value lower than DAP average value by $17.9mGy{\cdot}cm^2$ and PLD had a value of $82.6mGy{\cdot}cm^2$ which was lower than DAP average value by 7.6$mGy{\cdot}cm^2$. Also, compared to PLD, each of 10 devices measured dose value in TLD had a larger deviation between the particles, and for a reproducibility test which repeatedly measured one particle, PLD had ${\pm}1%$ which was lower than TLD's ${\pm}2%$. As such, PLD had a superior performance result in dose measurement capacities aspect compared to TLD, and therefore we could verify that PLD is more appropriate and advantageous in managing radiation-related task performing worker's personal radiation exposure management in the diagnostic radiation field.

Superconducting layers deposited on the metal substrate using the pulsed laser deposition process (PLD) play a crucial role in exploring new applications of superconducting wires and enhancing the performance of superconducting devices. In order to improve the superconducting property and increase the throughput of superconducting wire fabricated by pulsed laser deposition, high temperature heating device is needed that provides high temperature stability and strong durability in high oxygen partial pressure environments while minimizing performance degradation caused by surface contamination. In this study, new heating device have been developed for PLD process that deposit and growth the superconducting material continuously on substrate using reel-to-reel transportation apparatus. New heating device is designed and fabricated using ironchromium- aluminum wire and alumina tube as a heating element and sheath materials, respectively. Heating temperature of the heater was reached over 850 ℃ under 700 mTorr of oxygen partial pressure and is kept for 5 hours. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the developed heating device system in maintaining a stable and consistent temperature in PLD. These research findings make significant contributions to the exploration of new applications for superconducting materials and the enhancement of superconducting device performance.

Titaniun di-oxide (TiO2) hasmany excellent physical properties such as high dielectric constant a strong mechanical and chemical stability. Tio2 has high refractive index and good insulating properties, as a result it is widely used as protective layer for very large scale integrated(VLSI)circuits and for manufacture of optical elements.Additionally TiO2 films have potential uses for a number of electroniuc device applications such as dye-sensitized photovoltaic celles as well as anti reflective (AR) coatings, gas sensore, electro chromic displays, and planar waveguides. The nanomaterilas were characterized using x-ray diffraction,UV-visible reflectance spectroscopy.In this paper, we have discussed the groth of the High quality Titanium di oxide (tio2) material and study their optical and lectriacl properties.

Phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) catalyzes hydrolysis of phospholipids resulting phosphatidic acid (PA) and alcohols. PLD catalyzes alcohol head group exchanging reaction known as transphosphatidylation reaction in presence of appropriate alcohol. Because of transesterification propensity, PLDs are proved to be bioindustrially important and a significant attention is being given in the search for such enzymes from wide variesties of sources, especially from microbes. More importantly, it produces scarce and commercially important phospholipids such as phosphatidylserine. Although there are a huge number of literatures found dealing with purification of extracellular PLD, only a few are from intracellular PLD. a membrane-bound phospholipase D was partially purified from the strain using sequential chromatographic steps after ammonium sulfate precipitation. The enzyme activity was found maximum at pH 8.0 and 60 °C. It was highly stable at or below 60 °C and between pH 8.0 and 10.0, indicating that it is an alkaline thermostable enzyme. Almost all detergents, except, Triton X-100 and CHAPS, suppressed the enzyme activity by various extents. Metal ions and detergents showed varied effect in the enzyme activity. Triton X-100, slightly enhanced the activity at 0.25%, however, beyond this concentration it suppressed the in concentration dependent manner.

This paper outlines the ubiquitous healthcare technology and trends for patient location data (PLD) application. The field of healthcare became more sophisticated, and purpose of u-healthcare technologies is to provide convenient healthcare service to both caregivers and patients, and to make it easy to analyze user's health condition by a caregiver. Along with that the interest of the remote-treatment has also been increasing. Systems are being developed that can check the health status of a patient and treat them in a distance in a real time. A system is proposed to improve the effectiveness of u-healthcare by process and manage data at the hospital or emergency room in a distance by transferring bio-data such as ECG data, pulse data, and which can detect the location of patients through the portable-equipment based on wireless communication network.

[ $BaZrO_3$ ], nanopowder was added to YBCO powder to make ($BazrO_3)_x(YBCO)_{(100-x)mol.-%}$ ($BZO_x$-YBCO) ($0{\leq}x{\leq}10$) composite targets fur pulsed laser deposition of superconducting layer in order to investigate the effect of the addition of BZO nanopowder in the YBCO target on the flux pinning properties of $BZO_x$-YBCO thin films. All the $BZO_x$-YBCO thin films were grown on single crystal STO substrate under similar conditions in the PLD chamber. The effect of YBCO targets doped with BZO on the flux pinning properties of $BZO_x$-YBCO thin films has been investigated comparatively. The isothermal magnetizations M(H) of the films were measured at temperatures between 5 and 80 K in fields up to 5 T, employing a PPMS. The optimal amount of BZO nanopowders in $BZO_x$-YBCO thin films to obtain the strongest flux pinning effects at high magnetic fields is about 6 mol.-%.

In order to investigate the possibility of using mixed rare earth $(Nd_{1/3}Eu_{1/3}Gd_{1/3})Ba_2Cu_3O_{7-x}$ (NEG123) as the superconducting layer of the HTS coated conductor, the NEG123 thin film was deposited epitaxialy on LAO(100) single crystal and IBAD_YSZ metal templates by pulsed laser deposition. Systematic studies were carried out to investigate the influences of deposition parameters of PLD on the micro structure, texture and superconducting properties of NEG-123 coated conductor. Deposition at oxygen partial pressure of 600 mTorr was needed to routinely obtain high quality NEG123 films with $J_c$'s (77K) over 2 MA/$cm^2$ and Tc's over 90K (${\Delta}T{\sim}2\;K$). We verified from magnetization study that the NEG123 has an improved in-field Jc as the field increases at temperatures between 10 K and 77 K compared with Gd123. The $J_c$ (77K, self field) and the value of onset $T_c$ of NEG123 thin film on LAO substrate was $4.0MA/cm^2$ and 92K, respectively. This is the first report, to the best of our knowledge, of coated conductors with NEG123 film as the superconducting layer which have Ic and Jc over 40 A/cm-width and 1.6 MA/$cm^2$ at 77K, self field. This study shows the possibility of using NEG123 film as the superconducting layer of the HTS coated conductor which can be used in high magnetic field power electric devices.