Earticle

농업, 농촌경관은 다양한 생태계서비스 기능이 있지만 시설원예단지 개발은 환경보전에 대한 고려사항이 없어 단지를 조성 시 필요한 생태계서비스 기능 우선순위 분석을 실시하였다. 시설원예단지의 친환경적 조성을 위한 생태계서비스 기능 및 가중치 산정 방법은 총 3단계에 걸쳐서 진행되었다. 1차 조사결과 17개 기능을 개선방안으로 선정 하였고, 2 차 조사에서 5개 기능을 제외 한 12개 기능이 선정되었다. 최종적으로 1. 수질정화 대책, 2. 지하수함양 방안, 3. 지표 수저장 공간, 4. 홍수조절 대책, 5. 식생다양성 공간, 6. 탄소배출 저감 방안, 7. 수서곤충 서식 공간, 8. 양서파충류 서식 공간, 9. 경관 및 폐기물 대책, 10. 조류 서식 공간, 11. 열섬완화 방안, 12. 체험/생태교육 방안 순으로 고려할 것을 제안하였다. 기능 향상방법으로 수질정화 대책을 위해 수처리 시설의 구조, 유량, 용량, 유속, 배치, 형태 등 공학 적 세밀한 접근과 계획을 제안하고 수질정화 식물인 벼, 부들, 줄, 부레옥잠, 물상추 등의 투입을 고려할 것을 제시했으 며, 지하수ㅤ함양 대책을 위해 개발면적의 7-10%를 저류지 투입으로 제안하였다. 지표수 저장 공간과 홍수조절 대책 을 위해 우리나라 실정에 맞는 저류지 및 저장시설 구조 개발을 제시했으며, 탄소배출 저감과 열섬완화 방안을 위한 녹지공간을 확보를 제안하였다. 생물다양성관 관련된 식생다양성, 수서곤충, 양서파충류 서식을 위한 서식처와 양액배 출 관리를 제안하고 경관개선을 위한 녹지확보, 습지조성, 체험교육을 위한 시설투입을 거론하였다. 연구결과는 시설원 예단지의 개선방안으로 활용하고 새로운 단지 개발에 있어 정책결정 자료로 활용 할 것을 제안했으며, 이러한 연구를 지속시켜 국가 생물다양성 및 국토환경보전, 지속가능한 농업에 이바지하길 기대하였다.

Agricultural landscape has many ecosystem service functions. However, the development of the horticulture complex has no consideration for environmental conservation. Therefore, we analyzed the priorities of ecosystem service functions required for the composition. The study was conducted in three stages. As a result of the first survey, 17 functions were selected to be improved. In the second survey, 12 functions were selected excluding 5 functions. Finally, 1. Measures for water purification, 2. Groundwater recharge plan, 3. Surface water storage space, 4. Flood control measures, 5. Vegetation diversity space, 6. Carbon emission reduction plan, 7. Aquatic insect habitat space, 8. Amphibian reptiles 9. Landscape and Waste Management, 10. Bird Species Space, 11. Heat Island Mitigation Plan, 12. Experience / Ecological Education Plan. We proposed the structure, capacity, flow rate, arrangement and form of the water treatment facility to improve water quality by improving the function. We proposed a reservoir space of 7-10% for groundwater recharge. The development of reservoir and storage facilities suitable for the Korean situation is suggested for the surface water storage and flood control measures. And proposed to secure a green space for the climate cycle. Proposed habitat and nutrient discharge management for biodiversity. We propose green area development and wetland development to improve the landscape, and put into the facilities for experiential education. The results of the research can be utilized for the development and improvement of the horticultural complex.

An increasing number of advanced cities are establishing museums or museum cluster to stimulate economic development and local revitalization. Today, the museum in modern society has obtained a notably broader public role than its predecessors. Facing this new trend, the purpose of this paper is to discuss the urban development strategies promoted by museum or museum cluster. The paper examines how the museum's functions have changed in modern society, from the traditional view as partner in public education to more broad view as catalyst for urban development. The analysis concentrates on location factors of museum for promoting local economic development. The research suggests some policy implications for improving city brand and competitiveness in Korean cities by museum-led development.

현재 신안군에는 약 3,470 헥타의 염전이 있고 이중 가동면적은 2,415 헥타로 현재 약 70%가 가동 중에 있다. 우리나라 천일염산업은 국민의 식생활과 산업분야에 필요한 재료의 공급이라는 역할을 수행하였음에도 불구하고, 구조조정 과정에서 경제적․산업적 측면이 강조된 나머지 갯벌이나 천일 염전자체가 가지고 있는 다원적 기능에 대한 고려가 거의 이루어지지 않았다. 이러한 사실은 천일염 산업의 구조적 문제점을 부각시켰고, 부실화를 가속화시키는 결과를 초래하였다. 이러한 문제의 해결책은 먼저 신안군 염전지역에 있는 자연자원의 가치를 객관적으로 파악하는 데서 찾아낼 수 있을 것이다. 자연자원의 수요자․공급자가 자원의 가치를 재인식하고 이용을 촉진시킬 필요가 있다. 본고에서는 이러한 관점에서 신안군의 자연환경 및 염산업의 현황을 개관하고, 자연환경보존과 지역개발의 양립가능성을 검토한 후, 그 전개방향의 하나로서 신안군 천일염전의 자연생태환경을 이용한 에코투어리즘의 가능성을 고찰한다.

Shinan Gun has presently about 3,470 hectares salt pans and approximately 70% of 2,415 hectares salt pans is currently being operated. Although the solar salt industry in Korea played an important role in supply of essential resources for dietary life and many industries, multifunctionality the foreshor or the natural saltern itself has that wasn't taken into consideration because its economic and industrial side was too emphasized during the restructuring process. These facts raised structural problems and eventually resulted in fueling weakness of the solar salt industry. In order to solve these problems, first of all, the value of th natural resources of the salterns in Shinan Gun should be realized objectively. Suppliers and demanders of the natural resources need to have a new understanding of the value of resources and to promote effective utilization of resources. This study takes a general view of nature environment and the present status of industries in Shinan Gun and then investigates compatibility between nature environment preservation and local development. Lastly. as development direction, eco-tourism possibilities by utilizing ecologic environment of the natural saltern in Shinan Gun will be studied.

While agriculture and rural society suffer from losing viable economic value in terms of labor market and economic goods and services, recent resurgence of rurality is widely regarded as a salvage for it's revival. Such multifunctionality of agriculture and rural area as agricultural landscape and cultural heritage values, environmental outputs, rural viability and employment, food security is best known as the rural renaissance. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the value of landscape of rural society, which is less cultivated in the study of multifunctionality. We applied CVM(contingent valuation method) to evaluate the value of landscape of rural society. This study found that the value of landscape of rural society in annum is about ₩1.32 trillion. While the value implies that sustaining rural landscape is regarded as important one for people in Korea, the value has been diminished a lot comparing the results of the previous studies that have been carried out 2-3 years ago. We suspect that losing market competence of agricultural goods and rural society may be key factors that explain this abatement. We conclude with some policy implications and suggesting future studies.

The multiple functions of mushrooms are production of antibiotics, fodder for animal stock, organic fertilizers, food nutrients, favorite food, physiologically active materials, and decomposing organic matters, and cleaning environmental pollutants. Of these first three functions were evaluated. The value of the muti- functions of mushrooms were estimated to be 112 trillion 922 one hundred million Won, and if non-evaluated ones added the estimation would be doubled. This value is similar to multi-functions value of rice, 100 trillion Won. Especially, the industrial value of antibiotics from B-glucans is estimated to be 112 trillion Won, while animal stock fodder value is 618 one hundred million Won, organic fertilizer 56 one hundred million Won and decomposer of ecology 360 one hundred million Won.

Recently, great efforts have been devoted to expanding the genetic code for the in vivo biological incorporation of non-canonical amino acids (NCAA) into proteins. Current approaches such as reassignment of sense (residue specific incorporation) and non sense codon (site specific incorporation) provide non natural amino acid as a new set of building blocks for the Eukaryotic and prokaryotic translational machinery. Even though, these methods successfully alter the protein functionality, the limitations of above methods is that they allow only incorporation of a single unnatural amino acid into the recombinant protein. This single protein exhibited two different novel functionalities acquired from the genetically incorporated NCAA, which is an interesting and not an inherent property of the protein. To incorporate two different NCAA, we developed a promising alternative approach by coupling both the residue-specific and site-specific incorporation of NCAA into a single protein. To explore the feasibility for MUAA incorporation, a model protein, green fluorescent protein (GFP), was selected. GFP has five methionine (Met) residues, which will be reassigned with Met surrogate L-homopropargylglycine (L-Hpg). Simultaneously, the tyrosine (Tyr) analogue, 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-Dopa), will be site specifically incorporated into K15 by evolved Methanococcus jannaschii tRNA/synthetase pairs (mutant TyrRS). The successful incorporation of L-DOPA further facilitates the selective chemical cross-linking of protein-polysaccharide interaction in vitro. GFP protein has Dopa residue were oxidized upon sodium periodate (NaIO4) which lead to the formation an orthoquinone intermediate that is subsequently attacked by nucleophilic side chains of amine group interacting polysaccharide, through either Michael addition or Schiff base formation. Further the Met analogue L-Hpg whose functionality can be chemoselectively modified with specific alkyne bearing reagent by means of a copper mediated azide-alkyne cycloaddition. This is the first study to demonstrate that the protein has multi-functional property through combination of expanding and engineering the genetic code of amino acids. This approach will drive us toward a post proteomics era as well as it will also open a new door for synthetic biologist to generate multi characteristic proteins.

Several fabrication processes, corresponding nanostructural features and multifunctionality as well has been investigated for oxide ceramic based nanocomposites with metal nanodispersion (i.e., ceramic/metal nanocomposites). Transition metal (Ni, Co, etc) dispersed alumina and zirconia based nanocomposites have been synthesized by reducing and hot-press sintering of ceramic and metal oxide mixtures prepared by several method. Improved fracture strength (1.1 and 1.9 GPa for $Al_2O_3/Ni$ and $ZrO_2/Ni$ nanocomposites, respectively) of these composites have been achieved according to their nanostructures. In addition, ferromagnetic characteristic has been kept. The variation of magnetization with an applied stress has found to be more sensitive as smaller as the magnetic metal dispersion is. This result thus suggests the possibility of fracture and/or stress sensing of the composites by simple magnetic measurement.

We examine policy implications of including rural viability to the notion of multifunctional agriculture. We assume that rural viability refers predominantly to the number of people living in rural areas to keep the infrastructure and living conditions at good state for a good life. The economic core of viability is employment in agriculture and agriculture serving sectors. Viability benefits are modelled with the help of a viability valuation function. We demonstrate that rural viability entails adjusting fertilizer tax and buffer strip subsidy below their environmental first-best Pigouvian levels to reflect the direct and indirect employment effects of agricultural production. Moreover, when non-agricultural land use is present, an additional, non-agricultural instrument is needed to adjust the amount of land allocated to agriculture to its socially optimal level. Thus, inclusion of rural viability creates distortions in multifunctional policies. Theoretical results are illustrated with Finnish data to examine how the inclusion of rural viability to multifunctionality relates to the true socially optimal agri-environmental multifunctionality. We also assess welfare loss from promoting rural viability in the case where there is no base on viability benefits.

This article addresses two broad objectives: (i) reviewing the concept of the multifunctional agriculture in the context of the U.S. and key issues associated with operationalizing and valuing the concept, and (ii) analyzing public preferences about the multifunctionality using a national survey of registered voters. Data analysis shows that registered voters consider the multifunctionality of agriculture as an important issue relative to other public issues and 53 percent of respondents were in favor of increasing government expenditures to support farmland preservation. Regression analyses show that the public's willingness to pay for the multifunctionality is heterogeneous across individual characteristics (e.g., political orientation, ethnicity, and demographics) and geographic regions. Further, the two decisions (whether or not to pay and the intensity of willingness to pay) are shaped by different sets of factors.

This study investigates the multifunctionality of the discourse marker way in Present Day Korean through a corpus-based analysis of its occurrence in naturally occurring spoken discourse. Originally an interrogative adverb meaning ‘why,’ way has evolved into a versatile discourse marker with functions that extend beyond its conventional role in eliciting reasons. An alysis of the Sejong Spoken Corpus reveals at least seven primary functions of way: eliciting collective recall, seeking agreement, facilitating topic shifts, mitigating face-threatening acts, signaling defiance or resistance, filling gaps, and at times, carrying dual roles. These findings underscore way’s dual interpersonal and textual functions, aligning with grammaticalization and (inter-)subjectivity theories. The study’s corpus-based approach offers a comprehensive, empirically grounded view of way’s usage in everyday communication, diverging from most prior intuition-based analyses. Notably, way frequently co-occurs with other discourse markers and deictic elements, contributing to its fluidity and multifunctionality in conversational contexts. This research aims to enhance understanding of way and contributes broadly to discourse marker studies by highlighting the grammaticalization of interrogatives into discourse markers, a pathway commonly observed across languages.

Through an examination of the discourse marker yang in Jeju dialect, a branch of Korean, the present paper explores how this linguistic device functions in authentic materials. The main focus is the understanding of the multifunctional properties of yang in discourse contexts. Looking into the discoursal aspects of yang, it is shown that procedural interpretations play an important role in deciding its linguistic functions. The data suggest that it has played a significant role in establishing an interpersonal and textual relationship and even softening utterances, as discourse markers do in general. As a result, yang as a discourse marker serves various functions such as attention-caller, holding the floor, politeness strategies, etc.

This paper presents an empirical analysis of the sentence-final conjunctive particle "Keredo," drawing data from the Japanese Daily Conversation Corpus: Casual Chat. The study carefully examined the characteristics of words preceding "Keredo," investigated variations in its usage patterns across different speaker demographics (age, gender, and occupation), and explored its various contextual functions. The analysis revealed that "Keredo" predominantly serves four distinct functions: opinion adjustment, emotional expression, information addition, and topic introduction. A particularly noteworthy finding was that within the "opinion adjustment" function, "Keredo" exhibited a high co-occurrence rate with negative forms. This strongly suggests that its primary role is to soften utterances, allowing speakers to avoid direct assertiveness. Furthermore, the study uncovered interesting trends related to speaker attributes. Young male university students, for instance, were observed to overuse negative forms when engaging in opinion adjustment, often conveying speculation or a reserved sense of confidence. In contrast, middle-aged male office workers frequently employed negative forms even in contexts of information addition, characterized by a cautious approach to presenting information. Conversely, middle-aged and older women demonstrated a lower rate of negative co-occurrence in opinion adjustment, instead showing a tendency to use positive "Keredo" when recounting personal experiences or describing events. An in-depth analysis of co-occurring parts of speech further clarified that the principal usage patterns of "Keredo" involve its combination with verbs expressing thought, existence, or communication?such as "suru" (to do), "omou" (to think), "aru" (to exist), and "iu" (to say)?as well as non-autonomous verbs indicating continuity or result, like "-teiru" (to be doing), and the negative auxiliary verb "nai" (not). Collectively, these findings compellingly suggest that "Keredo" transcends its conventional role as a mere conjunctive particle signifying contrast. Instead, it operates as a sophisticated, multifunctional device that actively reflects and facilitates diverse communicative strategies, often tailored to the speaker's specific social attributes. Its functions extend to softening speech, adeptly adjusting interpersonal relationships, and enabling a variety of modes for presenting information.

고대 중국어의 상호성 표지 ‘相’은 상호적 상황 외에도 집단적 상황, 연쇄적 상황, 수동자 지시 상황, 대칭적 상황을 나타내는 등 다기능적이지만, 이후 중국어의 이음절화 경향에 따라 출현한 ‘互相’은 상호성 전용 표지이다. 이처럼 상호성 표지가 상호적 상황 외에도 다양한 상황을 나타낼 수 있는 다기능성이 있고, 이후에 출현하는 상호성 표지는 상호성 전용 표지가 되는 현상은 범언어적인 관점에서 볼 때 중국어에만 보이는 특수한 현상이 아니고 보편적인 현상이다. 상호성 전용 표지 ‘互相’이 출현한 후에도 ‘相’의 상호성 기능은 여전히 남아 있어서 기능상 중복되지만, 술어가 단음절일 때는 ‘相’을 사용하고 술어가 이음절일 때는 ‘互相’을 사용하여 술어의 음절수에 따른 상보적 분포 현상이 보인다.

The Chinese reciprocal marker “Xiang” in Classical Chinese is multifunctional, indicating not only reciprocal situations but also collective, sequential, patient-reference, and symmetric situations. However, with the emergence of the bisyllabic form “Huxiang” in accordance with the trend of disyllabization in Chinese, “Huxiang” has become a marker exclusively used for reciprocity. The phenomenon of a multifunctional reciprocal marker becoming one exclusively for reciprocity is not a unique occurrence in Chinese, but rather a universal phenomenon from a cross-linguistic perspective. Even after the emergence of the exclusively reciprocal marker “Huxiang”, the reciprocal function of “Xiang” remains, leading to functional redundancy. However, when the predicate is monosyllabic, “Xiang” is used, and when the predicate is disyllabic, “Huxiang” is used, showing a complementary distribution based on the number of syllables in the predicate.

“有”、“是”存在句是汉语中存在句的常见表现形式，本文以R语言软件为工具，采用多重对应分析方法，从多重概念变量特征的角度对二者的互换性进行了深入探讨。研究发现，“有”和“是”存在句原型用法区分清晰，“有”字句的核心变量是“内在参照框架”，“是”字句的核心变量是焦点与背景的量值“相等”。通过置信椭圆图可知，在实际的语言使用中，二者互换可能性较大。其中，“空间”维度和“内在参照框架”对“有”和“是”存在句互换的驱动力最大，而“时间”维度和焦点与背景的量值“未知”关系对二者互换性的驱动力相对较小。

The 'You/Shi' existential constructions are common expressions in Chinese existential sentences. This study investigates the interchangeability of these constructions through the lens of multiple conceptual variables, employing Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) via R language software. The findings suggest that 'You' and 'Shi' existential sentences are used differently according to their prototypical functions. In 'You' existential sentences, the internal reference frame serves as the core variable, whereas in 'Shi' existential sentences, the primary variable is the equivalence in quantity between the focus and background. The confidence ellipse demonstrates considerable interchangeability between the two types of sentences in practical language use. Moreover, the key factors driving this interchangeability are 'spatial aspects' and the 'intrinsic reference frame,' while the unclear relationship between 'temporal aspects' and 'focus-background quantity' has a comparatively lesser influence.

Rice-farming is not only a most important source of Korean farmers’ income but also the basis for multifunctionality such as food security, environmental protection, ecological conservation, clean air free of green-house gas, and preservation of cultural diversity. In recent years, global warming is accelerating and concerns over climate change are gaining momentum. This paper focuses on the multifuntionality of rice-farming in conjunction with climate change. We evaluate monetary value of various attributes of alternatives for improved rice farming, by using choice experiments. A total of 200 households residing in Seoul or Gyeonggi Province were surveyed, where multinomial logit and mixed logit models were used to analyze the benefit of rice-farming multifuntionality to each household. The result was utilized to get at the estimated benefit of rice-farming multifuntionality to total paddy field and total population in Korea. This paper is expected to provide the agricultural policy makers with useful methodological framework and quantitative information as regards the significance of climate change in the future of rice-farming.

The aim of this study is to estimate economic value of the multifunctionality of agriculture. A monetary valuation of the multifunctionality was conducted using a contingent valuation method. The study sets up three scenarios depending on the level of agricultural protection. The monetary values per year estimated are 6,503.8 billion won, 4,335.8 billion won and 2,168 billion won for scenarios 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Women generally revealed high willingness to pay (WTP) to compare with men, and those who travels frequently to rural area showed higher preference to the multifunctionality.

우리의 농업부문은 원천적으로 부족한 농업부존자원 등 농업생산여건의 어려움으로 국제경쟁력이 취약하기 때문에 다자간 무역협상 또는 세계 여러 나라와의 자유무역협정(FTA) 등에 의한 농산물 시장 개방 움직임은 우리 농업을 크게 위축시킬 것이다. 우리나라가 이러한 상황에서 수출국들이 주장하는 대로 농업 부문을 개방하여 우리나라 농업이 붕괴된다면 농업의 고유한 기능(식량 생산 등) 뿐만 아니라 농업･농촌의 유지를 통해 창출되는 다면적 기능은 없어 질 것이다. 향후 이러한 다면적 기능을 다시 되찾기 위해서는 사회 및 경제적으로 더 많은 비용을 지불해야 할 수도 있다. 따라서 일본의 경우와 같이 농산물 개방과 관련된 협상 시 다면적 기능을 농업에 대한 지원을 정당화하는 유력한 근거로 삼아 협상에 임할 필요가 있다. 이를 위해 「농업･농촌 및 식품산업기본법」에 다면적 기능을 보다 명확히 할 필요가 있고, 이에 대한 이론적 논리의 마련이 필요하다.

For the purpose of providing a stable supply of safe agricultural products and high quality foods and promoting the sustainable development of the agricultural industry and rural economies,「Framework Act on Agriculture, Rural Community, and Food Industry」enacted. However, despite these efforts, both laws do not provide enough support regarding the multifunctionality of agriculture. On the other hand, advanced countries in agriculture have reflected justifications regarding the need to support agriculture and rural communities in its laws to maintain multifunctionality in agriculture and rural communities. Based on such laws, these countries have continually cultivated greater national understanding and have utilized such consensus building practices as an impetus for further supporting agriculture and rural communities. In particular, in the case of Japan, based on its 1999 enactment of the 「Framework Act On Food, Agriculture, and Rural Communities」, the multifunctionality of agriculture and rural communities have been maintained and strengthened through a number of policies. In light of this, Japan, considered a country having similar climates and national land conditions to South Korea, was selected for further review of its handling of the issue of multifunctionality, and its implications for South Korea were further suggested in this study. A summary of this is as follows. First, in Japan, related laws clearly recognize and promote the multifunctionality of agriculture and rural communities that have not been recognized in the past. Specifically, the laws emphasize the multifunctionality of agriculture associated with the functions of conserving national land, developing sources of water, conserving the natural environment, forming favorable scenery, and passing down culture. The laws also stipulate the need for the ‘continual development of agriculture based on things that maintain and promote natural cycling functions.’ In reference to this, South Korea must revise its regulatory framework to reflect and promote aspects regarding multifunctionality and the public benefit. Second, in Japan, when the Framework Act on Food, Agriculture, and Rural Communities was established, the law provided a means for the development of specific policies. In reference to this, South Korea, should not limit its regulations to provide abstract ideologies or directions regarding multifunctionality, but establish regulations that entail legally binding measures. Third, in the case of South Korea, Basic Plans are not required and because of this, the development of comprehensive and systematic policies is not being undertaken. In light of this, regulations that require the establishment of a Basic Plan are needed at least for the purposes of acquiring greater transparency of the policies. Fourth, the Japanese system of direct payment is considered an effective means of appropriately maintaining agricultural production activities and thus is a means of contributing to maintaining multifunctionality. For the purposes of providing a stable supply of food to the people and in consideration of the contribution of agriculture on land conservation, environmental protection, and flood prevention functions, such multifunctional aspects need to further be promoted through direct payment systems. Fifth, as it is the case in Japan, during negotiations regarding the opening of agricultural markets, the concept of multifunctionality needs to be utilized as a reason for providing great support to agriculture. In order to do so, multifunctionality must be clearly established in related laws and further efforts to uncover the theoretical basis for doing so need to be undertaken.