Earticle

The main purpose of this research is to investigate high-pressure diesel oil sprays generated by a common-rail system through small nozzle holes. High-speed photography, phase Doppler particle analyzer (PDPA), and a combination of data obtained with high-speed photography and PDPA, based on the light extinction principle within sprays are used to deal with the objective. The sprays are characterised in an environment, which simulates in-cylinder air density of the actual diesel engine when the injection starts. However, it must be pointed out that isothermal condition at room temperature is considered and no-evaporation of drops occurs. A wide parametric study has generated evidence needed to quantify the influence of the common-rail pressure, nozzle hole diameter and environment gas density on the macroscopic evolution of sprays (spray tip penetration, and spray cone angle) as well as microscopic behaviour (spatial and temporal evolution of drop size, drop velocity and drop concentration distributions).

Detections of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during ectomycorrhiza establishment between Rhizopogon roseolus (shoro) and Pinus thunbergii were made microscopically using a nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) staining. Roots of P. thunbergii were aseptically infected with R. roseolus mycelium by using a Petri dish technique. From 2- to 4-week period after inoculation, initial mycorrhizal formation could be observed. Lateral root tips were treated with NBT and then observed under a light microscope. Depositions of blue formazan indicating O2- accumulation were detected mainly hyphal cells contacting with the roots surface. Observations of transverse section of the root revealed that depositions of blue formazan were also detected at the plasma membranes of the epidermal cells where the fungal hyphae were adhesively contacted. In the non-inoculated P. thunbergii roots, depositions of formazan were observed in root hair cells but not in epidermal cells. From 4- to 8-week period after inoculation, dichotomous mycorrhizas and extraradical mycelia were clearly observed. A section from the mycorrhiza treated with NBT showed that root tissue was surrounded by fungal mantle sheath, in which highly intensive reaction with NBT was demonstrated. The reactive formazan complexes were apparent in Hartig net hyphae between epidermal and cortical cells of the root. After 16 weeks following inoculation, morphology of mycorrhizas became variable, viz., initial, dichotomous and browned mycorrhizas. The browned mycorrhizas were characterized by wrinkled surfaces and sparse extraradical mycelia. The browned mycorrhizas were collected and treated with NBT. A section from the specimen showed that depositions were slightly observed only in the part of extraradical mycelia. These results suggest that O2- generations from both fungus and plant are involved with the early establishment of ectomycorrhizas between R. roseolus and P. thunbergii.

The microscopic characteristics of brown layers in oak sawdust cultivation bed of Lentinula edodes was investigated with scanning electron microscope. Parenchymatous cells became thinner and the middle layers of the cells degraded in the oak sawdust bed at a plastic cultivation shed in four months. L. edodes hyphae penetrated into the pit and profusely branched within the bassal tube cells. Pit pores of ray parenchymatous cell in the decomposed sawdust became larger than in the uncolonized cells and were circular or irregular. The brown layer producing fruit body was 0.34㎜ thick and 0.67㎏/㎠ in hardness with especially 0.20㎜ thick layer of highly dense hypahe. On the other hand the brown layer without fruit body was 1.17㎜ thick, 0.94㎏/㎠ in hardness, and 0.80㎜ thick with smooth surface of highly compact dense hypae. This nonfruiting brown surface was heavily colonized with contaminating fungal hyphae and bacterial cells. We conclude that physical and biological characteristics of brown layer can affect fruiting of L. edodes.

This Leishmaniasis is common skin lesion parasitic disease caused by Leishmania protozoan parasites on exposed body and its polymorphic nature complicates to diagnosis because the lesion may create confusion with other dermatoses likewise fungi, bacteria and non-infectious diseases. The molecular techniques, microscopy, culture, and rapid diagnostic test are conventional methods that are timeconsuming, expensive, susceptible to errors with limited resources in health care services. Early diagnosis with timely identification of multifaceted Leishmaniasis is aided to selection of therapy and provide comfort to patient to combating with it. The promising integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with medical diagnostics has efficacy in numerous fields of identification of diseases as in Dermatology research. The fast, efficient and automatic diagnosing of leishmaniasis with microscopic images of lesion's seamer with VGG-16 deep learning (DL) model is the approach to reach the objective of this designed research to identify the negative and positive results. The exceptional performance of designed VGG-16 is achieved with accuracy of 88.14%, precision 100%, sensitivity 77.42%, specificity 100%, F1-score 0.87%, and ROC curve 97%. The proposed modified VGG-16 model is more precise, swift, reliable, efficient, effectual, economical and user-friendly substitute to address all key factors than human resource to find the leishmaniasis affected that may support medical care services.

Background/Objectives: A 64 year old male patient was scheduled to receive microscopic laryngeal polypectomy to remove a mass located anterior vocal cord (0.3 × 0.5 cm ). Methods/Statistical analysis: A 5.5 french wired anode tube was tried to intubate but the airway anatomy was not suitable to intubation (short chin and protruded maxilla ) and large size epiglottis so intubation was failed. Jet injector was performed through vocal cord posterior wall and injector was intubated but worried tracheal trauma. Findings: The surgery was started and polypectomy was successfully completed, but subcutaneous emphysema, pneumothorax occurred. we tried to prevent life threatening events such as upper airway obstruction, tension pneumothorax, pneumopericardium, mediastinitis might be possible immediately tracheostomy was performed. Improvements/Applications: after that we find the reason of subcutaneous emphysema and we find mucosal perforation of below vocal cord area located in upper airway.

Background: The morphological characteristics of sperm are essential for assessing sperm quality, which partially influences reproductive efficiency variables such as litter size in sows. Recently, deep-learning-based object detection algorithms have been explored to detect and classify sperm morphological features, with the training of these models requiring sperm microscopy image data. The performance of these models in detecting morphological features was significantly affected by the size of the dataset and the image quality of the images. Methods: This study proposed a deep-learning-based super-resolution (SR) algorithm to enhance the quality of sperm microscope images. The model was trained using a dataset consisting of high-resolution (HR) original and low-resolution (LR) images generated by downscaling the original images through bicubic interpolation. The SR results of the test dataset were compared with those of the original HR images to evaluate their performances using the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index measure (SSIM). Statistical analyses were conducted to examine the performance differences based on the training models and dataset types. Results: This study indicated that the SR images showed no significant differences in PSNR (p = 0.9740) and SSIM (p = 0.9864) compared with the original HR images in same magnification. Moreover, increased processing speed was observed with reductions in model hyperparameters. While processing SR images improved spatial resolution across various microscopic magnifications, the overall image quality did not exceed that of the original HR images. Conclusions: SR models applied to sperm microscopy images outperformed conventional SR algorithms. These findings suggest that SR algorithms hold promise for improving the quality of LR microscopic images in future deep-learning-based object-detection algorithms.

The use of intravenous catheters are occasionally complicated by intravascular fragments and swelling of the catheter fragments. We present a patient in whom an intravenous catheter fragments was retrieved from the dorsal metacarpal vein following its incidental CT examination detection. The case of demonstrates the utility of microscopy and multi‐detector CT in localizing small of subtle intravenous catheter fragments as a human error. A case of IV catheter fragments in the metacarpal vein, in which reproducible and microscopy data allowed complete localization of a missing fragments and guided surgery with respect to the optimal incision site for fragments removal. These reproducible studies may help to determine the best course of action and treatment for the patient who presents with such a case.

Silk fibers excavated at Fujinoki mounted tomb, Shimoikeyana mounted tomb and Kuriyama site were examined using FT-IR microscope and two peaks called amide I and II present in modern silk fibers were compared with those of excavated fibers. It was found that amide ground in a polymer molecule decreased with the progress of degradation and peak intensity of amide group in infrared spectrum decreased correspondingly. The advantages of FT-IR microscopy for the analysis of organic remains in archaeological view point were evaluated and it was concluded that the systematic investigation of spectral change due to the degradation of respective material is essential.

PURPOSES : The fundamental diagram provides basic information necessary in the analysis of traffic flow and highway operation. When traffic flow is congested, the density-flow points in the fundamental diagram are widely scattered and move in a stochastic manner. This paper investigates the pattern of density-flow point transitions and identifies car-following behaviors underlying the density-flow transitions. METHODS : From a microscopic analysis of 722 fundamental diagrams of NGSIM data, a total of 20 transition patterns of fundamental diagrams are identified. Prominent features of the transition patterns are explained by the behavior of the leader and follower. RESULTS : It is found out that the average speed and the speed difference between the leader and the follower critically determine the density-flow transition pattern. The density-flow path is very sensitive to the values of vehicle speed and spacing especially at low speed and high density such that most fluctuations in the fundamental diagram in the congested regime is due to the noise of speed and spacing variations. CONCLUSIONS : The result of this study suggests that the average speed, the speed difference between the leader and the follower, and the random variations of speed and spacing are dominant factors that explain the transition patterns of a fundamental diagram.

In order to measure surface roughness profile, stylus type equipments are commonly used, but the stylus keeps contact with surface and damages specimens by its tip pressure. Therefore, optics based measurement systems are developed, and light phase interferometer, which is based on light interference phenomenon, is the most noticeable research. However, light interference based measurements require translation mechanisms of nano-meter order in order to generate phase differences or multiple focusing, thus the systems cannot satisfy the industrial need of on-the-machine and in-process measurement to achieve factory automation and productive enhancement. In this research, we focused light reflectance phenomenon rather than the light interference, because reflectance based method do not need translation mechanisms. However, the method cannot direct]y measure surface roughness profile, because reflected light consists of several components and thus it cannot supply surface height information with its original form. In order to overcome the demerit, we newly proposed an image processing based algorithm, which can separate reflected light components and conduct parameterization and reconstruction process with respect to surface height information, and then confirmed the reliability of proposed algorithm by experiment.

A mathematical formulation is presented to model anisotropy from the deformation textures developed in a forming process. In this work, a micro-mechanical-based polycrystalline analysis is implemented into a consistent finite element method for the anisotropic, viscoplastic deformation of polycrystalline metals. As suggested by Taylor, the deformation of each grain in an aggregate is assumed to be same as the macroscopic deformation of an aggregate or a macro-continuum point. Algorithms are developed to represent the plastic anisotropy, such as the anisotropic yield surface and R-value, from the predicted deformation texture. As applications, the evolution of texture in rolling, upsetting and drawing/extrusion processes are simulated and the corresponding changes of mechanical properties such as yield surface and R-value are predicted.

PURPOSES : The aim of this study was to compare the performance of the QUEENSOD method and the gravity model in estimating Origin-Destination (O/D) tables for a large-sized microscopic traffic simulation network. METHODS : In this study, an expressway network was simulated using the microscopic traffic simulation model, VISSIM. The gravity model and QUEENSOD method were used to estimate the O/D pairs between internal and between external zones. RESULTS: After obtaining estimations of the O/D table by using both the gravity model and the QUEENSOD method, the value of the root mean square error (RMSE) for O/D pairs between internal zones were compared. For the gravity model and the QUEENSOD method, the RMSE obtained were 386.0 and 241.2, respectively. The O/D tables estimated using both methods were then entered into the VISSIM networks and calibrated with measured travel time. The resulting estimated travel times were then compared. For the gravity model and the QUEENSOD method, the estimated travel times showed 1.16% and 0.45% deviation from the surveyed travel time, respectively. CONCLUSIONS : In building a large-sized microscopic traffic simulation network, an O/D matrix is essential in order to produce reliable analysis results. When link counts from diverse ITS facilities are available, the QUEENSOD method outperforms the gravity model.