Earticle

Purpose : The purpose of this study is the magnification rates depending on the area of patient dose (DAP) and glass dosimeter see the change of the dose according to the dose characteristics of low-magnification aims to raise standards. Materials and Method : Direct DR equipment Sonialvision DAR-8000f, Shimadzu was used, the patient entrance dose measurements to the surface of the Rando Phantom of the neck and the abdomen was placed on the Xi unfors. glass dosimeter for measuring organ doses at the same time the Rando Phantom of the major organs in place by inserting a 9 ", 12", 15 ", 17" and 30 seconds for each magnification were measured according in fluoroscopy. DAP meter area of the patient dose was measured. Result : Esophagography at 17" 143% than 9"magnification the average area dose was increased. Organ dose of Esophagography at 17" was decreased 25.32% than 9" magnification. UGI at 17" was increased 129.73% DAP than 9" magnification. Organ dose of UGI at 17" was decreased 23.32% than 9" magnification. Where the major organs of magnification at 17" were decreased(lung -25.96%, stomach -33.09%, spleen -27.81%, liver -4.92%) than 9" magnification. Conclusion : Expected to get better quality image While using the proper magnification, and have recognition that difference Organ doses and DAP meter in fluoroscopy

Guided by research demonstrating the impact of social identity threat on physical health and the source magnification framework, we investigated how hate tweets from multiple sources, relative to hate tweets from a single source, influence target group members’ health-related behavior?specififically, food choice. We conducted an online experiment with a sample of Asian Twitter users in the United States. Participants were randomly assigned to view an identical set of anti-Asian hate tweets either from a single individual or from multiple individuals. Subsequently, in an ostensibly unrelated task masked as a marketing survey, participants customized a pizza by selecting toppings from a list presenting an equal number of healthy and unhealthy toppings. We found that participants exposed to multiple-source hate tweets selected a greater number of unhealthy toppings than those exposed to single-source hate tweets. We also found that group identification was a significant moderator, with those lower in group identification more likely to choose unhealthy toppings when exposed to multiple-source hate tweets. Our findings suggest that exposure to multiple-source hate messages, relative to single-source hate messages, may exert a detrimental influence on target group members’ health to a greater extent, while highlighting a possible buffering role of group identification.

본 연구에서는 혈관조영장비로 투시영상 및 비감산조영영상에서의 각 영상별 확대율에 따른 화질변화를 측정하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 MATLAB 프로그램을 통해 각 영상별 동일 크기의 관심영역을 설정하여 noise level을 측정하였으며, 평가인자로는 coefficient of variation(COV), contrast to noise ratio(CNR), 그리고 signal to noise ratio(SNR) 이 사용되었다. 결과적으로 투시영상에 비해 비감산조영영상에서 평균 COV는 약 4~7배 낮게 측정되었고, 평균 CNR은 약 2~3배 높게 측정되었으며, 평균 SNR은 약 3~7배 높게 측정되어 상대적으로 화질이 좋음을 확인하였다. 또한 두 영상 모두에서 영상을 최대로 확대시켰을 때, 투시영상의 경우 평균 COV는 약 4.9배 감소하였으며, 평균 CNR은 약 2.9배, 그리고 평균 SNR은 약 5.0배 증가하였고, 비감산조영영상의 경우 평균 COV는 약 3.9배 감소하였으며, 평균 CNR은 약 3.4배, 그리고 평균 SNR은 약 3.9배 증가하였다. 결론적으로 투시영상에 비해 비감산조영영상에서, 그리고 확대율이 높을수록 화질이 향상됨을 확인하였다.

In this study, an angiography equipment is used to measure changes in image quality in fluoroscopy and non-subtraction angiography images depending on the magnification of each image. For this purpose, the noise level is measured by setting a region of interest (ROI) of the same size for each image through the MATLAB program, and the evaluation factors are coefficient of variation (COV), contrast to noise ratio (CNR), and signal to noise ratio (SNR) was used. As a result, the mean COV was measured about 4 to 7 times lower, the mean CNR was measured about 2 to 3 times higher, and the mean SNR was measured about 3 to 7 times higher in the non-subtraction contrast image than in the fluoroscopy image. Also, for both images, when the intensifier size is set to the smallest (at maximum magnification), the mean COV is decreased by about 4.9 times, the mean CNR is increased by about 2.9 times, and the mean SNR is increased by about 5.0 times in fluoroscopy images. And in the case of non-subtraction angiography images, the mean COV decreased by about 3.9 times, the mean CNR increased by about 3.4 times, and the mean SNR increased by about 3.9 times. In conclusion, it was confirmed that the noise of the non-subtraction angiography image is less than that of the fluoroscopy image, and that the higher the magnification of both images, the better the image quality.

Background: The morphological characteristics of sperm are essential for assessing sperm quality, which partially influences reproductive efficiency variables such as litter size in sows. Recently, deep-learning-based object detection algorithms have been explored to detect and classify sperm morphological features, with the training of these models requiring sperm microscopy image data. The performance of these models in detecting morphological features was significantly affected by the size of the dataset and the image quality of the images. Methods: This study proposed a deep-learning-based super-resolution (SR) algorithm to enhance the quality of sperm microscope images. The model was trained using a dataset consisting of high-resolution (HR) original and low-resolution (LR) images generated by downscaling the original images through bicubic interpolation. The SR results of the test dataset were compared with those of the original HR images to evaluate their performances using the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index measure (SSIM). Statistical analyses were conducted to examine the performance differences based on the training models and dataset types. Results: This study indicated that the SR images showed no significant differences in PSNR (p = 0.9740) and SSIM (p = 0.9864) compared with the original HR images in same magnification. Moreover, increased processing speed was observed with reductions in model hyperparameters. While processing SR images improved spatial resolution across various microscopic magnifications, the overall image quality did not exceed that of the original HR images. Conclusions: SR models applied to sperm microscopy images outperformed conventional SR algorithms. These findings suggest that SR algorithms hold promise for improving the quality of LR microscopic images in future deep-learning-based object-detection algorithms.

The use of intravenous catheters are occasionally complicated by intravascular fragments and swelling of the catheter fragments. We present a patient in whom an intravenous catheter fragments was retrieved from the dorsal metacarpal vein following its incidental CT examination detection. The case of demonstrates the utility of microscopy and multi‐detector CT in localizing small of subtle intravenous catheter fragments as a human error. A case of IV catheter fragments in the metacarpal vein, in which reproducible and microscopy data allowed complete localization of a missing fragments and guided surgery with respect to the optimal incision site for fragments removal. These reproducible studies may help to determine the best course of action and treatment for the patient who presents with such a case.

축하중을 받는 상태에서 지진이나 바람 등 횡방향 하중에 의하여 발생되는 철근 콘크리트 장주의 기하학적 비선형성은 일반적으로 $P-{\Delta}$ 방법 등의 2차 구조해석으로 고려되고 있다. 2차 구조해석은 복잡한 해석과정이 컴퓨터 프로그램에 의하여 극복된다 하더라도 고도의 공학적 판단이 요구되는 입력정보가 필요하기 때문에 실무 설계에서는 널리 사용되고 있지는 않다. 2차 구조해석의 대용으로 건설부 콘크리트 표준시방서와 미국 시방서에서는 상대적으로 해석과정이 간단한 모멘트확대법을 채택하고 있으나, 경우에 따라 너무 안전측의 설계결과를 가져온다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 실험치와 비교함으로써 시방서에 규정된 모멘트 확대법의 정확도를 수치적으로 검토하고 정확도를 높일 수 있는 대안을 제시한다.

Geomrtric nonlinearity of axially and laterally loaded reinforced concrete slender columns has been generally considered by use of second order analysis such as $P-{\Delta}$ method. Complex procedure in second order analysis may not be a difficult problem with computer aid, however it has been seldom used in design offices because of the need of carefully decided input data. In lieu of second order analyses, the Korean and the American concrete codes have adopted the moment magnifier method. It is known, however, that this method results in too conservative design in some cases. Accuracy of the moment magnifier method to the experimentally obtained data has been reviewed and an improved method has been proposed for better result.

영상, 통신 기술의 발전으로, 전문관제인력의 부족, 지방 소규모 공항의 경제성, 관제탑 구축·운영 비용과 같은 현실적 문제를 극복할 원격관제 분야에 대한 요구가 점차적으로 증대되고 있다. 또한 도심형 항공 모빌리티의 상용화에 맞추어 버티포트, 물류배송점 등과 같은 소규모의 거점에서의 비행 통제 효율성 요구에 따라 영상감시기법 적용을 요구하고 있다. 본 연구는 원격 관제가 필요한 상황에서 활용될 수 있는 영상감시기법 적용 기술을 다루고 있다. 이 기법은 탐지대상의 크기와 거리에 따라 필요한 영상의 해상도 및 배율의 조건을 분석하여 거리별 영상의 조건을 정량적으로 산출하는 방법을 제시하고, 이를 국내 공항 관제탑에서 모니터링하는 시계비행항공기 보고지점을 대상으로 적용하여 감시대상을 식별하기 위해 필요한 해상도 및 배율을, 정량화 할 수 있는 방안을 제시 하였다.

With advancements in imaging and communication technologies, the demand for remote tower has been steadily increasing as a means to address practical challenges such as the shortage of professional controllers, the economic limitations of small regional airports, and the high costs of constructing and operating control towers. Furthermore, the commercialization of urban air mobility has created a growing demand for efficient flight management at small-scale nodes, including vertiports and logistics distribution points. This study examines a video-based surveillance technique that can be applied in situations requiring remote tower. The proposed approach analyzes the required image resolution and magnification according to the size and distance of the detection target, and presents a method for quantitatively deriving distance-dependent imaging requirements. By applying this to the reporting point of watch aircraft monitored by the domestic airport control tower, a plan was proposed to quantify the resolution and magnification required to identify the monitoring target.

This paper proposes a new method for measuring the power of spherical and cylindrical lens with 6 points light source, which is composed of a LED and six holes, and magnification ellipse fitting algorithm. Each measured diagonal length of 6 points light source is determined by the target lens power. After finding the center position of each light point with threshold method, 3 axis-diagonal lengths were calculated. The long axis and short axis power of cylindrical lens can be calculated by using magnification ellipse fitting algorithm with the magnification relationships between the initial diagonal lengths and the measured diagonal lengths changed by lens power.

This paper proposes a profilometry system for precise surface contouring of 3D objects using a direc- tionally magnified image of a laser light stripe. The resolution of this system can be improved several times comparad with that of conventional systems without loss of spatial resolution and depth of measurement. A pair of cylindrical lens(a convex lens and a concave lens) are used for a directionally magnified image of a laser light stripe maintaining the same focal plane. Also, image processing procedures for image reconstruc- tions are described.

Errors resulting from magnification variations of a optical system are largely generated in three-dimensional shape measurements based on depth-from-focus. In the case of measuring the surface morphology of tiny objects based on DFF, images are acquired with a very small interval so that magnification changes can be minimized. However, the magnification variations are actually existed in the acquired images and so focus measures are wrongly or ambiguously extracted. In this paper, a methodology with linear magnification calibrations, based on DFF, is proposed to make more accurate measurement in surface morphology with high depth discontinuity, compared with previous ones. Several experiments show that the proposed method outperforms existing ones without magnification calibrations.

In order to demonstrate the value of long-distance radiography, we have studied how distance affects images in chest frontal radiography and compared short-distance and long-distance images in chest lateral radiography. Cardiothoracic ratio(CTR %) of 50 patients with no disease in the chest(10 each at the age of 20~60) were evaluated in Supine AP(100 cm), Sitting AP(100 cm), Sitting AP(180 cm), and Erect PA(180 cm). In lateral radiography, we evaluated and compared left lateral radiography(100 cm and 180 cm) of the patients based on the horizontal maximum of the heart. The average value of CTR(%) were 0.48 in Erect PA(180 cm), 0.52 in Supine AP(100 cm), 0.50 in Sitting AP(100 cm), 0.49 in Sitting AP(180 cm), which were Supine AP(100 cm) > Sitting AP(100 cm) > Sitting AP(180 cm) > Erect PA(180 cm). The average value of Maximum transverse diameter of left of the cardiac(MLD), which showed how much axis of spine was slanted to the left, was 90.67 mm in Erect PA(180 cm), 103.92 mm in Supine AP(100 cm), 93.54 mm in Sitting(100 cm), 89.84 mm in Sitting AP(180 cm), 58.11 mm in the minimum value and 118.79 mm in the maximum value. The average value of Maximum transverse diameter of right side of the cardiac(MRD), which suggested how much axis of spine was slanted to the right, was 47.18 mm in Erect PA(180 cm), 48.12 mm in Supine AP(100 cm), 44.98 mm in Sitting AP(180 cm), and the minimum value 26.84 mm and the maximum value 65.30 mm. There was no standard method to calculate; therefore, the horizontal maximum of the heart was used for lateral radiography. The average value was 121.07 mm in 100 cm and 109.76 mm in 180 cm. Sitting AP(180 cm) among the types was closest to C-PA(180 cm). As a result, during C-AP radiography, long-distance radiography lessened shadow of the heart more than that of short distance, Sitting position more than Supine position.

수환경 내 다양한 유해물질의 위해성에 대한 관심은 환경 매체 내 물질의 농도뿐만 아니라 복잡한 먹이단계를 통한 어류 체내의 축적과 어류를 통한 인체 위해성으로 이어진다. 국내의 경우 2016년 이후 생활에서 사용되고 있는 화학제품(생활화학제품) 기인 위해 우려물질의 관리를 위한 등록과 평가 등에 관한 법률 개정과 함께 이들 물질의 환경 배출이 주목받게 됨에 따라 수생태계 내 잔류여부에 대한 조사도 수행되기 시작했다. 최근에는 이러한 물질의 관리를 위한 생태계 내 분포 조사 및 배출 계수 산정을 위한 연구사업이 수행되고 있는데 해당 연구 사업에서는 세정제, 접착제, 염색제, 방향제 등을 비롯한 화장품이나 세제 등에 포함되는 성분과 살균·소독제를 대상으로 영양단계 내 축적과 전달을 이해하기 위한 물질의 축적과 확대를 포함한다. 본 논문은 최근 발표된 생활화학제품기인 유해물질의 수환경 유입 및 분포에 대한 연구 결과를 정리하고 그 과학적 의미를 제시하며 또한 국내외 수행되고 있는 수환경 모니터링 기법에 대한 연구의 예를 바탕으로 현재 유해화학물질의 수환경 내 잔류 농도 및 분포, 생태계 모니터링을 위한 연구의 방향을 제안하고자 한다. 특히 어류를 대상으로 하는 조사에서 국내 수역에 서식하는 주요 어류조사 및 이를 바탕으로 한 대상 어류 선정의 필요성과 인체 위해성 연구의 필요성 등 시기적으로 요구되는 연구를 위한 영양단계 해석과 생물확대계수 연구의 방향을 소개하며 향후 국내에서 수행되고 있는 생물상 모니터링과 화학물질 연구에 대한 제언을 포함한다.

The risk of various hazardous substances in aquatic environment comprises not only the concentration of substances in the environmental medium but also their accumulation in fish through complex food web and the health risks to humans through the fish. In Korea, the monitoring of residual toxicant in aquatic ecosystems began in 2016 following the enforcement of the Acts on registration and evaluation for the management of chemicals used in daily life (consumer chemical products), and attention has been paid to potentially hazardous substances attributed to them. Recently, studies have been carried out to investigate the distribution of these hazardous substances in the ecosystem and calculate their emission factors. These include the accumulation and transport of substances, such as detergents, dyes, fragrances, cosmetics, and disinfectants, within trophic levels. This study summarizes the results of recently published research on the inflow and distribution of hazardous substances from consumer chemical products to the aquatic environment and presents the scientific implication. Based on studies on aquatic environment monitoring techniques, this study suggests research directions for monitoring the residual concentration and distribution of harmful chemical substances in aquatic ecosystems. In particular, this study introduces the directions for research on trophic position analysis using compound specific isotope analysis and trophic magnification factors, which are needed to fulfill the contemporary requirements of selecting target fish based on the survey of major fish that inhabit domestic waters and assessment of associated health risk. In addition, this study provides suggestions for future biota monitoring and chemical research in Korea.

Background Microsurgical techniques are considered standard procedures in reconstructive surgery. Although microsurgery by itself is defined as surgery aided by optical magnification, there are no guidelines for determining in which clinical situations a microscope or loupe should be used. Therefore, we conducted standardized experiments to objectively assess the impact of optical magnification in microsurgery. Methods Sixteen participants of microsurgical training courses had to complete 2 sets of experiments. Each set had to be performed with an unaided eye, surgical loupes, and a regular operating microscope. The first set of experiments included coaptation of a chicken femoral nerve, and the second set consisted of anastomosing porcine coronary arteries. Evaluation of the sutured nerves and vessels were performed by 2 experienced microsurgeons using an operating microscope. Results The 16 participants of the study completed all of the experiments. The nerve coaptation and vascular anastomoses exercises showed a direct relationship of error frequency and lower optical magnification, meaning that the highest number of microsurgical errors occurred with the unaided eye. For nerve coaptation, there was a strong relationship (P<0.05) between the number of mistakes and magnification, and this relationship was very strong (P<0.01) for vascular anastomoses. Conclusions We were able to prove that microsurgical success is directly related to optical magnification. The human eye's ability to discriminate potentially important anatomical structures is limited, which might be detrimental for clinical results. Although not legally mandatory, surgeries such as reparative surgery after hand trauma should be conducted with magnifying devices for achieving optimal patient outcomes.

Purpose: The objective of the present article is to determine whether there are differences in vertical enlargement ratio among various sites within both jaws in a panoramic radiograph. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and seventy-threeimplant sites in panoramic radiographs were evaluated by two observers. Magnification ratios at various sites in both jaws were calculated and compared with each other. Result: The average vertical enlargement ratio in the panoramic radiograph was 1.264 and this value was larger than original ratio 1.250. Although vertical magnification ratio of maxillary molar area was higher than that of mandibular molar area, every group showed similar magnification ratio in clinical respect. Conclusion: Vertical magnification ratio of the maxillary molar area is statistically higher than that of the mandibular molar area in the panoramic radiograph, but it is clinically negligible.

Current microlensing follow-up observations focus on high-magnification events because of the high efficiency of planet detection. However, central perturbations of high-magnification events caused by a planet can also be produced by a very close or a very wide binary companion, and the two kinds of central perturbations are not generally distinguished without time consuming detailed modeling (a planet-binary degeneracy). Hence, it is important to resolve the planet-binary degeneracy that occurs in high-magnification events. In this paper, we investigate caustic-crossing high-magnification events caused by a planet and a wide binary companion. From this study, we find that because of the different magnification excess patterns inside the central caustics induced by the planet and the binary companion, the light curves of the caustic-crossing planetary-lensing events exhibit a feature that is discriminated from those of the caustic-crossing binary-lensing events, and the feature can be used to immediately distinguish between the planetary and binary companions.

We propose a diagnostic that can resolve the planet/binary degeneracy of central perturbations in caustic-crossing high-magnification microlensing events. The diagnostic is based on the difference in the morphology of perturbation inside the central caustics induced by a planet and a wide-separation binary companion. We find that the contours of excess exhibit a concentric circular pattern around the caustic center for the binary-lensing case, while the contours are elongated or off-centered for the planetary case. This difference results in the distinctive features of the individual lens populations in the residual of the trough region between the two peaks of the caustic crossings, where the shape of the residual is symmetric for binary lensing while it tends to be asymmetric for planetary lensing. We determine the ranges of the planetary parameters for which the proposed diagnostic can be used. The diagnostic is complementary to previously proposed diagnostics in the sense that it is applicable to caustic-crossing events with small finite-source effect.

Purpose: To investigate the causes of varicocele recurrence and assess the use of embolization and subinguinal varicocelectomy in its treatment in patients with angiography and subinguinal varicocelectomy. Materials and Methods: The present study involved 15 patients with recurrent varicoceles. The mean patient age was 21.2 years (range: 12-42 years). Preoperative angiography was performed in 11 patients. Embolization was used in patients with patent internal spermatic veins (ISVs). Patients without patent ISVs or preoperative angiography underwent magnification-assisted subinguinal varicocelectomy which included testicular retrieval and ligation of all collateral veins except arteries and deferential veins. Results: Seven among 11 patients (64%) which had preoperative angiography had patent ISVs and underwent embolization and 8 patients underwent subinguinal varicocelectomy. Of those 8 patients,6 had dilated ISVs and external spermatic veins (ESVs), one had dilated ISVs and gubernacular veins, and one had dilated ISVs, ESVs and gubernacular veins. No patient experienced recurrence or testis atrophy. Conclusion: Patent ISVs or collateral veins may be the cause of recurrence after varicocelectomy. Angiographic embolization was successful in 64% of recurrent varicoceles patients with patent ISVs. However, microscope-assisted subinguinal varicocelectomy may be the best overall treatment for patients with recurrent varicoceles.

Nondestructive testing, which can monitor a product's interior without disassembly, is becoming increasingly essential for industrial inspection. Computed laminography (CL) is widely used in this application, as it can reconstruct a product, such as a printed circuit board, into a three-dimensional (3D) high-magnification image using X-rays. However, such high-magnification scanning environments can be affected by minute vibrations of the CL device, which can generate motion artifacts in the 3D reconstructed image. Since such vibrations are irregular, geometric corrections must be performed at every scan. In this paper, we propose a geometry calibration method that can correct the geometric information of CL scans based on the image without using geometry calibration phantoms. The proposed method compares the projection and digitally reconstructed radiography images to measure the geometric error. To validate the proposed method, we used both numerical phantom images at various magnifications and images obtained from real industrial CL equipment. The experiment results confirmed that sharpness and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were improved.