Earticle

현대 사회의 유동성 증가로 인해 사람들의 삶의 반경은 국경을 넘어 더욱더 다양한 양상을 보이고 있다. 본 연구는 연구 참가자들의 내러티브를 통해서 한국인 해외 거주 가정의 언어 이데올로기와 가정내에서의 언어 정책에 대해 알아보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 다양한 해외 거주 경험과, 이민역사, 그리고 언어학습의 배경을 가진 다섯명의 한국인 해외 거주 여성들의 내러티브를분석했다. 이 연구는 다섯 여성들의 경험과 배경이 어머니로서 자녀들의 언어 학습과 이중언어에 대한 생각에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지에 중점을 두고, 그들의 미래에 대한 계획이 어떻게 현재의 가정내에서의 언어 사용에 영향을 미치는지에 대해 살펴 보았다. 마지막으로 연구 참가자들이 가정내에서의 언어 정책을 사용하고 발전시키는데 겪는 어려움이 무엇인지에 대한 논의를 통해 해외 거주 가정내 언어 정책에 대한 어머니의 역할에 대해 분석한다. 이 연구의 결과는 한국인 해외 거주 가정의 이중 언어교육 및 언어 정책에 시사하는 바가 크다.

Due to increased global connections and mobility, the life trajectories of transnational families become more diverse. This study investigates Korean transnational families’ language ideologies and family language policies (FLP) by analyzing their life narratives. Narratives were collected and analyzed from five Korean mothers with different transnational experiences, immigrant histories, and language learning backgrounds. We focus on how the mothers manage their children’s language education and ideas on bilingualism based on their own experiences and backgrounds. We also investigate how the future orientation for each family determines the families’ current language practices. The discussion on the challenges the mothers faced in implementing and developing different FLP follows after.

본문은 중국 조선족 사회의 변천 속에서 조선족의 언어유지 양상에 어떤 변화와 특징이 있는지를 사회언어학적인 시각으로 살펴보고자 한다. 조선족은 다양한 시기의 사회·경제·정치적 변화에 살아남기 위해 주류문화를 중심으로 적극적으로 순응하며 살아오면서 조선족 정체성이 형성되어 갔다. 1980년대 중반을 기점으로 기존의 민족집거지역을 떠나 다른 도시와 해외로 대거 재이동을 하였고, 2000년대 들어 강화된 한족 중심의 교육과 사회체제는 조선족 의 언어와 문화의 변화에 영향을 끼치고 있다. 조선족 이민 1세대는 비록 고국과 종족에 대한 강한 자긍심을 바탕으로 민족어 를 보존하였지만, 이민 3-4세대가 되면서 사회경제적 지위를 상승시키기 위해 기 존 거주지를 벗어나 한족들이 거주하는 대도시로 이주하였다. 그 결과 한족과 한 어에 둘러싸이고 민족어도 중요시하지 않음으로써 조선족 3-4세대는 언어는 물 론 풍습까지 한족의 그것에 동화되고 있다. 조선족 사회의 규모가 점차 줄어들고 분산되면서 주류사회로의 통합이 가속화 되고 있다. 조선족이 이루고 있던 기존의 소규모 언어공동체는 사회적으로나 수적 으로도 더 강력한 한어의 영향을 벗어나기 힘들 것이다. 이러한 요인들이 지속되 고 종합적으로 작용한다면 대부분의 조선족은 다음 세대로 이어질수록 자신들의 모어인 조선어를 유지하기 힘든 지경에 이르게 되고 점차 한쪽으로 기울어지는 현 상이 심화될 것이며 결국, 그들의 목표어인 한어로 점진적인 언어교체가 이루어질 가능성이 크다고 할 수 있다.

This paper aims to examine from a sociolinguistic perspective what changes and characteristics exist in the social identity of Chinese-Korean and the aspect of language maintenance due to language selection in the transition of Chinese-Korean society in China. In order to survive the social, economic, and political changes of various periods, Chinese-Korean have lived by actively adapting to the mainstream culture, and through this process, the Chinese-Korean identity has been formed. Beginning in the mid-1980s, Chinese-Korean left the existing ethnic concentration areas and relocated in large numbers to other cities and abroad. In addition, the strengthened Han Chinese-centered education and social system in the 2000s is affecting the language and culture of Chinese-Korean. Although the 1st generation of Chinese-Korean immigrants preserved their national language based on strong pride for their homeland and race, the 3rd and 4th generations of immigrants moved out of their existing residence and moved to large cities where Han Chinese resided to improve their socioeconomic status. As a result, Chinese-Korean children who grew up in the city are assimilated into those of the Han Chinese, not only in language but also in customs, as they are surrounded by the Han people and the Chinese language and do not value the national language. As the size of Chinese-Korean society gradually shrinks and disperses, integration into mainstream society is accelerated, and the existing small-scale language community of Chinese-Korean will find it difficult to escape the influence of the Chinese language, which is more powerful socially and numerically. As these factors work comprehensively, most Chinese-Korean will find it difficult to maintain their native language, Chosun, as they pass on to the next generation, and the phenomenon of gradually leaning to one side will intensify. In the end, it can be said that there is a high possibility of a gradual language change to their target language, Han.

This study explores the current state of Korean language education in the United States. It aims to predict the future of Korean language use by future generations of Koreans. For this purpose relevant previous research is reviewed and relevant data is collected using the methodology from a survey conducted on more than 1,000 Korean-Americans. The analysis of the perception reveals that the 91% of participants responded positively about teaching Korean language to their children. This result implies that the majority of Korean-Americans realize that Korean proficiency is essential for family communication and successful career for their children. A significant number of participants from the 2nd and 1.5th generation immigrants whose Korean proficiency is relatively weak showed interest in learning Korean. Moreover, many of them responded that they would like to learn Korean even up to an advanced level. On the basis of the survey, this study proposes the following suggestions. Firstly, the goals and the principles of the Korean language education policy for Korean-Americans should be defined in multi-dimensional ways. Secondly, the expertise of the Korean language teachers needs to be improved. Lastly, the Korean government should consider assisting Korean Schools with professional teachers and appropriate materials in order to improve their educational environment. Therefore, this study contributes to Korean language education by reflecting the need of Korean-Americans to facilitate and reinforce the Korean language education in the US.

In order to predict and analyze the LCC during rolling stocks’ maintenance phase, provide the important support for the decision during rolling stocks’ design, production, operation and disposal, mitigate the risks for high expenditure, the LCC prediction software is developed with VBA programming language in Microsoft Excel environment based on various rolling stocks’ maintenance scenarios. This software can collect the LCC input and predict the LCC during rolling stocks’ maintenance phase. The data input is based on the history data and RAMS information for each system and approved by the engineers. This software is validated by several systems and a specific metro project. It shows very wide applicability for LCC prediction for comparing and analyzing for customer and design and friendly interface to the users.

This study examined language maintenance and language attitude of Korean immigrant families in the United States. The researcher conducted a qualitative of eight Korean parents. Data were collected from interviews and classroom observation. Findings showed that Korean American children faced conflicts with their Korean speaking friends due to different linguistic and cultural backgrounds. Their parents also had difficulties in maintaining their children’s Korean proficiency without a Korean language school. However, despite the urgent concerns about children’s Korean language loss due to the lack of exposure to practicing Korean, the Korean immigrant parents underestimated upcoming communication gap between generations in the future. Thus, Korean parents need to reconsider their role as a primary source to foster their children's heritage language practice.

This paper addresses the issues of language use, maintenance and attitudes towards the heritage language faced by Korean children in the Korean community in PR China. Despite a large number of Korean migrants and speakers settled in China’s major cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing since the establishment of diplomatic relations between Korea and China, the Korean community in China has not to date attracted much attention from sociolinguistic researchers. This study examines how Korean migrant children communicate in their daily life, whether and to what extent they have maintained their heritage language, and what perceptions they have towards Korean language and cultural identity. It also examines factors that have impacted on the maintenance (or shift or loss) of language and cultural identity, in what ways the students are attempting to maintain its heritage language and what community resources are utilised to that end. This study has utilised a qualitative case study method, and the data for this study was obtained through semi-structured telephone interviews. The interviews were conducted with five volunteer students who were enrolled in Primary, Middle and High Schools in South China. The paper presents an analysis of results and discusses implications for language maintenance and the formation of cultural identity.

The purpose of this study is to seek the correlation between the language maintenance and language ideology of immigrants based on a review of the concepts of language loss, maintenance, and revitalization regarding language shift and reversing language shift. In order to understand what happens when two or more languages come into contact in a specific context, attention should be paid to three dimensions: language maintenance, loss, and language reactivation. Language maintenance refers to the continuous use of a specific language by a specific language community. Language loss means that a specific language-speaking group no longer uses the language. Language revitalization is an attempt to add a new language form or social function to minority languages with the aim of increasing the use of a specific language. Revitalization of language is related to reversing language shift. In considering the process of maintenance and revitalization of language, the issue of power relations is crucial. In order to understand the process of language shift and maintenance, it is necessary to understand the relationship of power. Also, in the study of language loss, maintenance, and revitalization, it is essential to understand the concept of language ideology alongside an awareness of the relationship of power. Language ideology can contribute to the legalization of the existing relations of power in which linguistic resources are verified in some societies and invalidated in others. The form of language ideology held by members of society can be formed by the existing relations of power.

This paper presents an analysis of the latest Australian census data regarding language maintenance and shift in the Korean community in Australia. This is a follow-up study of our previous research in which 2006 and 2011 Australian census data was analysed to examine the patterns of the community’s language shift to English and the factors and variables accounting for the observed patterns. The current study continues to explore the language shift patterns in the community as well as socio-demographic variables accounting for such patterns based on the 2016 census data in reference to the results of our previous research. It also investigates whether there has been any change in language shift between the previous census data and the latest data. The result of the analysis indicates that the level of language shifts has been characterised and affected by such factors as generation, gender, age, level of education, occupation and participation in religious activities in line with the findings from our previous research. Although no drastic change in language shift has been observed between the previuos research and the current study, intergenerational language shift has been noted to have continued and even intensified in the last ten years. However, a decrease in language shift among preschool children has been obversed, reflecting a positive change in language maintenance and shift in the community. Along with statistical analysis, the study offers discussions on what the statistics implies in terms of the language maintenance and shift in the Korean community in the Australian context.

本稿は、日系アメリカ人の間で保持・使用されている「継承語彙（heritage lexicon）」の研究を提唱する。継承語彙とは、多数派言語の使用環境において用いられる継承語由来の語彙項目であり、継承コミュニティへの志向や関係性と結びついた言語資源として位置づけられる。従来、継承語研究は主に言語能力や教育の観点から論じられてきたが、継承語の断片的保持としての語彙的側面も、言語的・文化的多様性を理解する上で重要である。本稿では、まず継承語彙の概念と研究の意義を論じた上で、カリフォルニア州の日系アメリカ人を対象としたパイロット調査の結果を報告する。調査は、語彙項目の収集とインフォーマントへのインタビューから構成され、継承語彙の保持、使用、変異の実態を記述した。 その結果、継承語彙には音韻的・形態的・意味的変化、英語との混成構造、婉曲表現としての使用など、多様な特徴が見られることが確認された。また、その使用は親密性や語彙的必要性に応じて段階的に分布しており、個人差や地域差、ジェンダー差などの影響も示唆された。これらの結果は、継承語彙が単なる語彙の残存ではなく、コミュニティにおける言語実践やアイデンティティと密接に結びついた動的な言語資源であることを示している。

This study aims to compare two Korean immigrant communities, namely, Korean community in Toronto and Korean community in Montreal in what it concerns the possible parental attitudes and behaviors linked to heritage language maintenance. Data collection took place over a two month period. The participants were 22 first generation immigrant parents of Korean communities in both cities (i.e., 9 participants from Toronto & 13 participants from Montreal). One-on-one in-depth semi-guided interviews were employed. The results of this study reveal that Korean immigrant parents’ expectations for their children’s proficiency level in the Korean language are very high in both cities and both groups of parents want their children to preserve the Korean language in order for them to maintain cultural and ethnic identity, have practical advantages with multilingual skills for their future career choices, and have better relationships with other Koreans and relatives. This study provides a picture of differences in linguistic environments that exist between linguistic conceptions, attitudes and expectations of members of different communities. Overall, this picture contribute to the understanding of a complex problem of heritage language maintenance in different linguistic environments.

Family provides the first and primary context of early learning and development. While parents play a critical role in cultivating children’s early language and literacy skills, their contributions to heritage language maintenance (HLM) in early childhood have remained understudied. This systematic review presents a coherent perspective on the critical attitudes and practices of multilingual and/or immigrant parents in supporting their children’s HLM in cross-national contexts. Findings suggest that parents shared deeply-rooted beliefs toward their children’s HLM and employed a wide range of practices to support their children’s HLM such as direct language input, parent-child storybook reading in Chinese, provision of literacy materials, and enrolling children in HL schools. Moreover, the paper examines the linkage between parental attitudes and practices in supporting children’s HLM, and concludes with recommendations for future research and implications for early childhood policy and practice.

본 연구에서는 시드니에 거주하는 한인 이민 자녀들이 그들의 모국어 내지 가족 언어인 한국어를 어느 정도로 사용하고 유지해왔는지를 알아보았다. 특히, 본 연구는 한인 자녀들이 어떤 방법으로 한국어를 유지하려고 노력하고 있는지, 그를 위해 한인사회내의 시설 자원 등이 어느 정도로 활용되는지 등과 한류가 모국어 유지와 문화적 태도에 영향을 주었는지 여부를 조사하였다. 조사 방법은 시드니에 거주하는 4학년에서 9학년 학생들을 대상으로 설문 조사하여 응답자 149명의 응답을 분석하였다. 분석결과 이들 한인 자녀들은 대화상대자와 상황에 따라 언어 즉, 한국어와 영어를 구별하여 사용하고 있었는바, 대화 상대자가 한인 어른일 경우는 한국어를 상당히 충실하게 사용하는 반면, 그 외의 거의 모든 상황에서는 한국어 사용의 ‘충성도’가 아주 낮았다. 본 연구는 이와 같은 응답자의 언어 사용, 선호도, 용이성 및 동기유발의 요인들을 논의하고, 한인 자녀들이 보다 넓은 활동 영역에서 한국어를 사용하고 한국어 유지에 대한 긍정적 태도를 갖게 해야 함을 주장한다.

In recent years, the relationship of language maintenance to culture and identity has received increased attention in the language acquisition and education fields. Korean immigrants in the U.S. form one of the biggest Asian groups and their language and cultural maintenance has been a major issue for both parents and ESL teachers. The present research is designed to investigate the cultural and social identities as well as the psychological investment factors that contribute to heritage language maintenance. Three Korean immigrant families in a small Midwest university town in the U.S. were surveyed and later interviewed. Issues and strategies concerning their children's Korean education in the U.S., coupled with the competing goal for the children to learn English were documented through parent interviews and interviews with school-aged focal children. Strategies and stances that facilitate or hinder both heritage and target language maintenance goals are presented along with participants' major reasons for heritage language maintenance in their homes and via Saturday schools. This work will assist ESL teachers and sociolinguists in situating both Korean student and parent goals in the context of shifting cultural and linguistic identities in countries where they have immigrated.

본고는 호주의 상황에서 계승어로서의 한국어가 어떻게 계발되고 유지되고 있는지 살펴보기 위해 그와 관련된 선행 연구를 검토하고 자료를 조사하여 이를 정규 교육제도, 한인 커뮤니티, 가족, 개인의 측면으로 나누어 논의한다. 이를 위해 호주의 정규 교육제도가 계승어로서의 한국어 학습자에게 어떤 교육의 기회를 제공하는지, 한인 커뮤니티가 어떤 한국어 사용 환경을 제공하고 계승어 계발과 유지에 어떻게 기여하는지, 계승어 습득의 출발점이자 계승어 계발과 유지의 주된 장으로서의 가정의 역할과 그 양상은 무엇인지, 계승어로서의 한국어에 대한 개인의 학습동기와 정체성 형성 간에 어떤 상관성이 있는지 등에 관련된 선행 연구를 비판적으로 고찰하고 비교, 논의한다. 본고는 다문화 다언어 호주 환경에서 계승어로서의 한국어 및 그 화자와 학습자에 대한 선행 연구가 부족했음을 지적하고 향후 그에 대한 관심과 연구의 필요성을 역설한다.

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This study examines the effects of forced displacement on the use of and attitudes toward Yucatec Maya in two communities in eastern Yucatan: Yokdzonot Presentado (community of origin) and Nuevo Tesoco (founded in 1995 by displaced migrants). Unlike other migratory processes, the displaced settled in a previously uninhabited location, allowing them to maintain social cohesion without pressure from a receiving society. Using the Bilingual Language Profile (BLP) applied to 47 Maya-Spanish bilingual speakers, four dimensions were analyzed: linguistic history, language use, perceived competence, and attitudes. Results reveal a marked generational pattern: while older speakers show dominance toward Maya, younger speakers?especially from Nuevo Tesoco?show clear preference for Spanish. Statistical analysis confirms significant differences between age groups (p < .01), regardless of community. Despite decreased use, attitudes toward Maya remain positive, evidencing dissociation between linguistic competence and identity loyalty. Although the absence of a preexisting receiving society could have favored Maya maintenance, language shift occurred nonetheless, suggesting that external factors such as social mobility expectations exert greater influence than settlement structure.

This study explores Korean immigrant youths’ maintenance of Korean as a heritage language within the context of a Korean ethnic church in Montreal, Canada, where the Korean ethnic church serves as one of the major community institutions for the immigrant Korean population of this area. Data were elicited from qualitative interviews with 25 Korean immigrants including 11 students, 8 parents, 4 Korean language teachers, and 2 pastors, as well as participant observations of diverse church-related activities in the Korean ethnic church. The results show that the Korean ethnic church supports heritage language maintenance for the Korean immigrant youth. The most important factor in the maintenance of the heritage language in this study was the use of Korean in the church environment through interacting with others and participating in church-related activities both regularly and actively. The results also indicate that the church-run Korean language school needed improvement in order to play a more effective role in the youths’ Korean language maintenance. Overall, this study implies that more efficient ways of making full use of the resources in Korean ethnic churches should be developed to aid Korean immigrant youths’ heritage language maintenance.

In this paper, we focus on how changes in social conditions and values, such as the difficulties in face-to-face retail selling as a result of the covid pandemic, and the boycott of Japanese products under the "NO JAPAN" slogan, are reflected in language landscapes. In specific, our purpose is to examine the linguistic landscapes of shopping streets in Korea frequented by young people, from the perspective of the degree of "diversity" and the intensity of people’s feelings of intractability, in an effort to shine light on phenomena of changes and maintenance in Japanese usage. The results of our analyses may be summed up as follows. 1．In unique linguistic landscapes such as signs incorporating Japanese place names and regional specialties, those that utilize Japanese sentence structures, and those that use Japanese-style shop names and trademark logos, we find a great diversity in the use of kanji, hiragana, katakana, romaji, and hangul, revealing a strong particularity of attitudes. In particular, we find that attempts to produce a Japanese aura, as well as the use of imagery through store names and trademark logos play a strong symbolic role similar to that of pictograms. 2．With signs promoting a shop’s longevity such as “since 20xx”, and signs containing words targeted for eradication in the language purification movement, we find little diversity, but the former serve a practical purpose and the use of the latter in shop names reveals the strength of a desire to create a sense of authentic Japanese-ness. 3．Compared with the pre-covid era, we find a strong tendency towards signs that blindly and unquestioningly sought to purge hiragana on the one hand, and those which flexibly made use of Romanization or resourcefully disguised Japanese words as Korean by writing them in hangul (quasi-Korean signs). These opposing trends of “flexible resourcefulness” and “blindly following the crowd” demonstrate that change and maintenance of Japanese linguistic landscapes reflect its ability to interpret the zeitgeist and go with the flow. In conjunction with psychological and sociological factors, we conclude that from an economic standpoint, the use of Japanese is no longer useful in increasing sales.

The aim of this research is to analysis aspects of language maintenance and language shift among three generations of Japanese Brazilians in two different rural communities, Alianca and Fukuhaku Mura (city of Suzano), the first in the interior of Brazil and the second in the surroundings of an urban center. As for bilingualism among the second generation speakers, the research showed that these speakers are indeed bilingual in the Alianca community. However, in Fukuhaku Mura, bilingualism is already observed among first generation speakers who immigrated in an early age, while a tendency to be monolingual is observed among second generation speakers. As Portuguese is the major language in Brazilian society, folk bilingualism is observed in both communities and, for instance, language shift often occurs.

本稿はブラジル日系社会2世の日本語能力意識に焦点を当て、日本語能力の維持状況を明らかにし、日本語能力の維持に関わる要因について考察するものである。ブラジル日系社会のうち、大都市郊外の近郊農村地域と奥地農村の2地点における調査資料を用いて比較的に分析した結果は、次のようにまとめられる。まず、ブラジル日系社会の2世は、おおむね日本語能力を維持しているが、その度合いは奥地農村か近郊農村かというコミュニティーの社会的環境に左右される。すなわち、職業·学歴の違いやそれに伴う都市部への進出などといったコミュニティーの性格により日本語能力に差がみられる。次に、日系2世において日本語能力が備わるようになったことには、幼児期の家庭内での日本語使用および地域社会の友人との日本語使用が大きく影響し、また一部に年少期の日本語学校への通学経験の長さがかかわっている可能性がある。日本語能力を保持している2世は、家庭内および地域社会で日系人の友人とのあいだで日本語を使用し、NHKや日本語の新聞を利用するなど、現在も日本語による言語生活を営んでいる。

This paper analyses the present situation of Japanese-Brazilian second generation’s Japanese language proficiency and maintenanceand discusses the factors related to language maintenance based on a survey on language attitude. The data was collected in tworural communities, one in the surroundings of urban centers and the other in the interior of Sao Paulo State. The results of thecomparative analysis of the data in each of the communities can be summarized as showed below. Japanese language maintenance is observed among Japanese-Brazilian 2nd generation speakers. The proficiency level varieswhether the speakers live in rural areas in the interior or in rural areas in the surroundings of urban centers. In other words, thesocial environment is a factor as important as profession and educational level. Another major factor which contributes to the 2nd generation speakers’ high proficiency is the use of Japanese in the familiarenvironment during their childhood. The experience of attending school also has some effect on the language proficiency. however itdoes not seem to be a major factor. The results of the survey showed that 2nd generation speakers who have a high languageproficiency use Japanese in their daily life with their family members and within their social community.

본고는 2012년~2013년에 인터뷰 조사하고 2014년도에 발표된 연구 논문 􋺷한국 내 일본인 국제결혼 가정의계승어 교육-M-GTA를 이용한 성공 프로세스의 해석을 중심으로-􋺸의 참가자들을 대상으로 하여 그들의 청소년기 자녀들의 계승일본어 능력에 관하여 추적 조사하였다. 참가자들의 7~8년 동안의 계승어 능력 변화를 알아보고, 어머니들의 계승어 인식 및 언어 환경과의 관련성, 그리고 바이리테럴(biliteral)과 모노리테럴(monoliteral)의 양상에 관하여 분석하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 언어 능력 자가 평가를 실시하여 비교 분석한 결과, 5명의 자녀들은 모두 과거와 대동소이한 계승 일본어 능력을 유지하고 있었다. 4기능을 중심으로 보았을 때 5명 중, 1명이 한일 양 언어로 읽고 쓰기가 가능한 바이리테럴이었으며, 2명은 듣고 말하기만 가능한 회화형, 그리고 2명은 듣기만 가능한 청각형 이중언어 화자로 모노리테럴로 성장하고 있었다. 또한, 인터뷰 내용을 통하여 이들은 대부분 가정 내에서 이루어지는 계승어 교육에 의지하고 있었으며, 읽고쓰기가 가능한 계승어 교육을 위해서는 어머니들의 계승어에 대한 인식과 교육 의지, 그리고 학습자 본인의 계승 문화에 대한 관심과 능동적・자발적 학습 의지가 깊이 관여하고 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 한국에서 출생한다문화 자녀에 대한 한국어와 계승어 교육이 균형 있게 이루어지기 위해서는, 그들 개인의 노력에만 의존하는것이 아니라 읽고 쓰기 능력 향상을 위한 교육적 뒷받침이 적극적으로 필요하다고 할 것이다.

In this study, language abilities in the adolescents of the subjects in the paper “Heritage Language Education in Japanese Married Immigrant Families in Korea ? Focused on Analysis of Success Process Using M-GTA” published in 2014 based on the interviews conducted in 2012 and 2013 were investigated. Changes in their heritage language abilities for 7-8 years, the relationship between the mothers’ awareness of heritage language and the language environment, and biliteral and monoliteral patterns were analyzed. Language ability self evaluation was performed and analyzed. Five adolescents maintained similar heritage Japanese language abilities, whereas one was a biliteral capable of reading and writing in both Korean and Japanese and two were conversational types capable of only listening and speaking. The remaining two adolescents were growing as monoliterals and they were auditory bilinguals capable of only listening. The interview contents showed that they mostly depended on heritage language education performed at home. It was found that mothers’ awareness of heritage language, their education will, and learners’ interest and active/spontaneous learning motivation in heritage culture are important for heritage language education that enables reading and writing. For multicultural children born in Korea to receive balanced education on the Korean and heritage languages, it is necessary to provide them with active educational support to improve their reading and writing capabilities rather than solely depending on their individual efforts.