Earticle

본 연구는 현대판 Sokal’s Hoax Incident라는 실험, 즉 초거대 A.I. ChatGPT가 작성 한 가짜 논문의 작성과 학술지 투고 과정에서 나타나는 윤리적, 기술적, 그리고 학술적 이슈를 탐구하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 실험과정에서 나타난 논문출판의 이슈와 대응전 략은 다음과 같다. 먼저 ChatGPT가 작성한 ‘다문화가정 아동의 정신건강에 관한 연구 동향 탐색’이라는 제목의 가짜 논문은 복합학 분야 A학회지와 사회과학 분야 B학회지 의 심사과정을 거쳐 최종적으로 ‘게재가’를 승인받았다. 이 과정에서 도출된 미래이슈 는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 심사위원들은 심사과정에서 A.I.를 활용한 논문작성 여부를 인 지하지 못했다. 둘째, A.I.가 작성한 논문의 학문적 질과 창의성에 대한 문제가 제기되 었다. 셋째, 논문작성 과정에서 제시된 reference나 분석과정에서 제시된 주요 연구결 과의 진실성을 담보할 수 없었다. 이에 따른 대응전략은 다음과 같다. 첫째, A.I.가 논 문에 개입한 정도를 명시하여 심사과정에서 고려될 수 있어야 한다. 둘째, 논문의 품질 향상을 위해 연구자와 A.I.가 서로 보완하고 협력하는 관점에서 접근하는 것이 바람직 하다. 셋째, A.I.를 활용한 논문을 평가할 때에는 보다 명확한 기준을 설정해야 한다. 넷째, A.I.를 사용한 학술 연구에서의 윤리와 규범을 확립해야 한다. 본 연구결과는 미 래학자들이 경고한 특이점을 넘어, 곧 도래할 범용 인공지능(AGI, Artificial General Intelligence) 시대에 학계가 나아가야 할 방향성에 대한 시사점을 제공할 것이다.

This study explores the ethical, technical, and academic issues that emerge from a modern-day experiment, the Sokal’s Hoax Incident, where a fictitious paper was written and submitted to an academic journal by hyper-scale A.I., ChatGPT. The key issues and strategies identified during this experimental process are as follows: Firstly, a fake paper entitled ‘Exploring Trends in the Mental Health of Multicultural Family Children’, written by ChatGPT, was approved for publication after undergoing review processes in both a composite science journal and a social science journal. The future issues derived from this process include: firstly, the reviewers were unaware of the use of A.I. in the writing process during the review. Secondly, the question of academic quality and creativity of the A.I.-generated paper was raised. Thirdly, it was impossible to guarantee the truthfulness of the references or the key research findings presented in the analysis process. The response strategies to these issues are: firstly, the extent of A.I. involvement in the paper should be clearly indicated so that it can be taken into account during the review process. Secondly, a collaborative approach is desirable where researchers and A.I. complement each other to enhance the quality of the paper. Thirdly, clearer standards must be set for evaluating A.I.-generated papers. Fourthly, ethics and norms in academic research using A.I. should be established. The findings of this study will provide insights into the direction that our academia should take in the imminent era of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), beyond the singularity warned by futurologists.

본 연구는 현대판 Sokal’s Hoax Incident라는 실험, 즉 초거대 A.I. ChatGPT가 작성 한 가짜 논문의 작성과 학술지 투고 과정에서 나타나는 윤리적, 기술적, 그리고 학술적 이슈를 탐구하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 실험과정에서 나타난 논문출판의 이슈와 대응전 략은 다음과 같다. 먼저 ChatGPT가 작성한 ‘다문화가정 아동의 정신건강에 관한 연구 동향 탐색’이라는 제목의 가짜 논문은 복합학 분야 A학회지와 사회과학 분야 B학회지 의 심사과정을 거쳐 최종적으로 ‘게재가’를 승인받았다. 이 과정에서 도출된 미래이슈 는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 심사위원들은 심사과정에서 A.I.를 활용한 논문작성 여부를 인 지하지 못했다. 둘째, A.I.가 작성한 논문의 학문적 질과 창의성에 대한 문제가 제기되 었다. 셋째, 논문작성 과정에서 제시된 reference나 분석과정에서 제시된 주요 연구결 과의 진실성을 담보할 수 없었다. 이에 따른 대응전략은 다음과 같다. 첫째, A.I.가 논 문에 개입한 정도를 명시하여 심사과정에서 고려될 수 있어야 한다. 둘째, 논문의 품질 향상을 위해 연구자와 A.I.가 서로 보완하고 협력하는 관점에서 접근하는 것이 바람직 하다. 셋째, A.I.를 활용한 논문을 평가할 때에는 보다 명확한 기준을 설정해야 한다. 넷째, A.I.를 사용한 학술 연구에서의 윤리와 규범을 확립해야 한다. 본 연구결과는 미 래학자들이 경고한 특이점을 넘어, 곧 도래할 범용 인공지능(AGI, Artificial General Intelligence) 시대에 학계가 나아가야 할 방향성에 대한 시사점을 제공할 것이다.

This study explores the ethical, technical, and academic issues that emerge from a modern-day experiment, the Sokal’s Hoax Incident, where a fictitious paper was written and submitted to an academic journal by hyper-scale A.I., ChatGPT. The key issues and strategies identified during this experimental process are as follows: Firstly, a fake paper entitled ‘Exploring Trends in the Mental Health of Multicultural Family Children’, written by ChatGPT, was approved for publication after undergoing review processes in both a composite science journal and a social science journal. The future issues derived from this process include: firstly, the reviewers were unaware of the use of A.I. in the writing process during the review. Secondly, the question of academic quality and creativity of the A.I.-generated paper was raised. Thirdly, it was impossible to guarantee the truthfulness of the references or the key research findings presented in the analysis process. The response strategies to these issues are: firstly, the extent of A.I. involvement in the paper should be clearly indicated so that it can be taken into account during the review process. Secondly, a collaborative approach is desirable where researchers and A.I. complement each other to enhance the quality of the paper. Thirdly, clearer standards must be set for evaluating A.I.-generated papers. Fourthly, ethics and norms in academic research using A.I. should be established. The findings of this study will provide insights into the direction that our academia should take in the imminent era of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), beyond the singularity warned by futurologists.

지역의 관광산업은 지역경제 활성화 및 지역 이미지 개선의 효율적인 수단이다. 이것을 활성화 시키기 위하여 지역적으로 특화된 관광 상품을 만들고, 고유문화와 전통을 살리기 위한 노력이 필요하 다. 이 중 관람객들에 대한 정보 수집 및 관광 콘텐츠 내용의 질적 경쟁력 확보는 문화관광축제의 잠재 력을 키우는데 매우 중요하다. 본 논문은 방문객의 관광 욕구 및 만족도를 제고하기 위하여 특정 지역 의 축제 관련 데이터를 수집, 정제, 처리하여 이 데이터와 관광산업과의 연관성을 시각적으로 표현하고 자 한다. 특히 지역에서는 축제에 대한 분석 의지는 높으나 데이터 수집을 위한 별도의 인프라가 없는 상태에서 외부 통신사 및 카드사의 데이터에 의존 할 수밖에 없었다. 이로 인한 행정 예산의 부담이 가 중되고 있었으며, 이를 조금이나마 해소하고자 공공데이터 및 인터넷에 존재하는 데이터들을 수집하여 분석하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 분석하고자 하는 지역의 공공데이터 및 주변에서 쉽게 접할 수 있는 지역 뉴스 데이터를 활용하여 지역 축제에서 이슈가 되었던 부분을 키워드로 도출할 수 있는지에 목적 을 두고 연구하였다.

Regional tourism is an effective means of revitalizing the local economy and improving the image of the region. In order to revitalize this, efforts should be made to create regionally specialized tourism products and to preserve the unique culture and traditions. Among them, gathering information about visitors and securing the quality competitiveness of the contents of tourism contents are very important to increase the potential of cultural tourism festival. This paper collects, refines, and processes the festival-related data in a specific area in order to enhance the visitor's tourism needs and satisfaction. In particular, negative words and positive words raised during the festival were analyzed through big data visualization using word cloud.

이 논문은 금융 남용과 그 법적 함의에 대한 최초의 연구한 것이다. 이에 대한 연구는 금융 남용이 얼마나 해로운 정서적 학대의 형태인지 보여주었지만, 때때로 대상 개인들, 대부분 여성들에 의해서는 그렇게 인식되지는 않았다. 금융 남용은 다른 개인에 속하는 자금, 재산 또는 자원의 무단 사용 및 부적절한 사용이며, 도난, 사기 및 착취, 유언장과 관련된 압력, 재산, 상속 또는 금융 거래, 재산, 저축, 자본 또는 편익의 오용 또는 유용을 포함한다. 금융 남용은 빈곤과 관련된 스트레스를 통해 그리고 불확실한 재정적 인 미래에 직면함으로써 정서적·신체적 건강에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 금융 남용은 흔하 지만 거의 이야기되지 않으며 말레이시아에서도 마찬가지다. 이 논문의 목표는 금융 남용이 발생할 경우의 법적 위험을 조사하는 것이다. 법적 위험 중에는 부실에 빠지는 것과 재산의 압류도 포함된다. 금융 남용의 그러한 법적 의미는 그것이 영향을 미치는 위험을 최소화하기 위해 통제되고 관리되어야 한다. 이 논문에 사용된 방법론은 학술지 기사, 당국의 간행된 보고서, 입법 및 관련 자료, 인터넷 및 관련 자료를 통한 법률 기록 등을 토대로 한 도서관이다. 본 논문은 인식 프로그램과 조기 발견이 점진적으로 금융 남용 결과를 이해하는 데 도움이 될 수 있음을 시사할 것이다.

This paper is an initial exploration on the issue of financial abuse and its legal implications. Studies have shown how financial abuse as a sinister form of emotional abuse, but was sometimes not recognized as such by targeted individuals, mostly women. Financial abuse is an unauthorised and improper use of funds, property or any resources belonging to another individual and includes theft, fraud and exploitation, pressure in connection with wills, property, inheritance or financial transactions, misuse or misappropriation of property, assets, possessions, savings, capital or benefits. Financial abuse may affect psychological and physical health through the stress associated with poverty and facing an uncertain financial future. Financial abuse is common but rarely talked about and the same applies in Malaysia. The objective of this paper is to explore the legal risks if financial abuse happens. Among the legal risks include falling into insolvency and foreclosure of property. Such legal implications of financial abuse should be controlled and managed to minimise the risks it impacted. The methodology used for this paper is a library based-research on journal articles, published reports from the authorities, legislations and legal historical records via the library, internet and the relevant materials. This paper will suggest that awareness programmes and early detection could progressively help to understand the consequence of financial abuse.

Maintenance projects, such as redevelopment or reconstruction are in the interests of the many. So, there are easy occurring between the two. I took 82 cases of regeneration projects and 73 cases since July 2003 for the basis of my work. Therefore, this study focuses on two main purposes. First, Maintenance and related business litigation case and law relating to the revision of the review. To find out what It was Reflected in institutional improvement. Second, to suggest policy implications through a step-by-step analysis of litigation and urban regeneration law reform with the causal relationship

The current research undertook in-depth interviews with 13 undergraduates majoring in communication to explore how they understood qualitative research methods and how they perceive the value of the methods after taking a qualitative research methods course. Thematic analysis of the data showed that students identified in-depth interviews as valuable tools that provided honest answers from the people of interest. Students came to understand the strengths and uniqueness of each data-gathering method with their perception changed after taking the course. However, they still found qualitative research methods to be difficult and challenging. The findings suggest that contextual factors negatively influenced the students’ evaluation of qualitative methods; nonetheless, participants still wanted to learn qualitative methods well to boost their skills for the job market. Interviews also revealed that the knowledge and skills in quantitative research methods influenced students’ understanding and evaluation of the methods. Based on these findings, the current study suggests ways in which instructors could strengthen qualitative methods courses to gain more leverage in undergraduate programs. Topics for follow-up studies are suggested and their implications are discussed.

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Sandplay practice is governed by ethical principles designed to both protect clients and recognize their right to self-determination and to guide the actions of sandplay therapists. Sandplay therapists are also responsible for adhering to the ethical guidance provided by their professional associations. This article provides an overview of governing ethical principles, as well as common issues arising in the context of therapy, including sandplay therapy. These include the informed consent process, confidentiality and disclosure of client information, dual relationships, conflicts of interest, boundary crossings, and boundary violations.

Purpose: Recent advances in computer and mobile technologies have brought increasing usages of IT technology in nursing research across nursing fields. Despite the increasing usages, there has been little discussion on methodological issues involved in nursing research using IT technology. This is a discussion paper to identify methodological issues in IT technology-based nursing research. Methods: An analysis was done using content analysis on research team meeting minutes and research team members’ research diaries in a clinical trial that tested the efficacy of a technology-based intervention. First, several major categories of IT technology-based nursing research are concisely summarized. Then, the method that was used for this analysis is presented. Results: The findings are presented as themes reflecting methodological issues in IT technology-based research: (a) difficulties in recruitment due to necessary technology literacy; (b) facilitating recruitment through allowing the use of multiple languages; (c) participants’ preferences for specific IT technology; (d) efforts needed to ensure technological security; (e) participants’ preferences for design; and (f) necessary considerations on timing. Conclusion: Finally, future directions for nursing research using IT technology are proposed based on the identified issues.

The population of adults diagnosed with cerebral palsy (CP) is increasing along with the survival rate of children born with the disability. Adults with CP need health services for the continued monitoring and management of their condition. Moreover, the development of additional health problems in adulthood increases the need for ongoing access to health services. Adults with CP manifest a higher rate of chronic health conditions and eventual decline in strength and functional reserve, deterioration in physical activity, increased risk of musculoskeletal complications, and gradual changes in swallowing ability. They are also reported to exhibit difficulty engaging socially and have a low health-related quality of life (QOL). However, there are a large number of adults with CP who cannot access medical services adequately and are therefore not effectively treated. To overcome these apparent challenges, we need to fully comprehend the healthcare needs of adults with CP to develop adult-focused health services. Further research is needed regarding the impact of physical activity, nutrition, sarcopenia, myeloradiculopathy, and swallowing function on QOL.

Qualitative meta-synthesis is an emerging method for synthesis of findings of qualitative studies. Based on a qualitative meta-synthesis study on the lived experiences of immigrant Asian nurses working in Western countries (Xu, 2007), this paper discusses several methodological issues and challenges encountered during the data collection and analysis processes and strategies used to resolve them. These issues and challenges include, but are not limited to: adequacy of qualifying studies and inclusion criteria; availability and accessibility of qualified studies; publication bias; quality versus quantity of primary studies; studies containing both quantitative and qualitative data; studies based on identical samples; separation of relevant data for analysis; and validity of synthesis findings. The strategies used (or desired) to resolve these issues and challenges were illustrated with exemplars from the published meta-synthesis study. This paper argues and concludes that: (a) the quality of qualified available studies is more essential for a qualitative meta-synthesis study and the quality versus quantity issue must be dealt with in context and perspective; (b) creativity and flexibility consistent with the principles and spirit of qualitative inquiry is required in resolving these issues; and (c) working within multiple constraints, the meta-synthesist frequently has to settle with less than ideal solutions during the research process in the real world. [Asian Nursing Research 2008;2(3):173?183]

While generative artificial intelligence (AI) technology has become increasingly competitive since OpenAI introduced ChatGPT, its widespread use poses significant ethical challenges in research. Excessive reliance on tools like ChatGPT may intensify ethical concerns in scholarly articles. Therefore, this article aims to provide a comprehensive narrative review of the ethical issues associated with using AI in academic writing and to inform researchers of current trends. Our methodology involved a detailed examination of literature on ChatGPT and related research trends. We conducted searches in major databases to identify additional relevant articles and cited literature, from which we collected and analyzed papers. We identified major issues from the literature, categorized into problems faced by authors using nonacademic AI platforms in writing and challenges related to the detection and acceptance of AI-generated content by reviewers and editors. We explored eight specific ethical problems highlighted by authors and reviewers and conducted a thorough review of five key topics in research ethics. Given that nonacademic AI platforms like ChatGPT often do not disclose their training data sources, there is a substantial risk of unattributed content and plagiarism. Therefore, researchers must verify the accuracy and authenticity of AI-generated content before incorporating it into their article, ensuring adherence to principles of research integrity and ethics, including avoidance of fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism.

Climate change, driven by the natural process of global warming, is a worldwide issue of significant concern because of its adverse effects on livestock output. The increasing trend of environmental temperature surging has drastically affected meat production and meat product quality, hence result in economic losses for the worldwide livestock business. Due to the increasing greenhouse gas emissions, the situation would get prolonged, and heat exposure- related stress is expected to worsen. Heat exposure causes metabolic and physiological disruptions in livestock. Ruminants and monogastric animals are very sensitive to heat stress due to their rate of metabolism, development, and higher production levels. Before slaughter, intense hot weather triggers muscle glycogen breakdown, producing pale, mushy, and exudative meat with less water-holding capacity. Animals exposed to prolonged high temperatures experience a decrease in their muscle glycogen reserves, producing dry, dark, and complex meat with elevated final pH and increased water-holding capacity. Furthermore, heat stress also causes oxidative stresses, especially secondary metabolites from lipid oxidation, severely affects the functionality of proteins, oxidation of proteins, decreasing shelf life, and food safety by promoting exfoliation and bacterial growth. Addressing the heat-related issues to retain the sustainability of the meat sector is an essential task that deserves an inclusive and comprehensive approach. Considering the intensity of the heat stress effects, this review has been designed primarily to examine the consequences of hot environment temperatures and related stresses on the quality and safety of meat and secondarily focus on cutting edge technology to reduce or alleviate the situational impact.

The demand for reflective-mode pulse oximetry to monitor oxygen saturation has been continuously increasing because it can be used at diverse measurement sites such as the feet, forehead, chest, and wrists. For the wrists, in particular, pulse oximeters are easily available in the form of a band or watch. In this study, we developed a reflectance pulse oximeter and used it to measure oxygen saturation levels at the fingertips and the wrist. We analyzed the performance of this oximeter to address the challenges and limitations associated with using reflective-mode oximeters at the wrist for clinical purposes.

The metaverse promises to revolutionize the internet by introducing a new era of three-dimensional objects. The advancements in artificial intelligence and immersive technologies have made the metaverse a trending topic in various industries, including manufacturing. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the metaverse, its underlying technologies, and the current trends shaping its development. By delving into the concept and potential applications of the metaverse in manufacturing, we seek to uncover its transformative benefits for the industry. Through an exploration of existing use cases, we aim to highlight the practical implications of the metaverse. Recognizing the need for further research, this study also addresses the limitations, privacy concerns, and security implications associated with the metaverse. By examining these aspects, we hope to motivate further investigation and contribute to the ongoing discourse surrounding this emerging paradigm.

This review aims to provide guidance for those contemplating the use of ChatGPT, by sharing research trends and evaluation results discussed in various articles. For an objective and quantitative analysis, 1,105 articles published over a 7-month period, from December 2022 to June 2023, following the release of ChatGPT were collected. These articles were sourced from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Additionally, 140 research articles were selected, including archived preprints and Korean articles, to evaluate the performance of ChatGPT. The analysis of research trends revealed that related communities are rapidly and actively responding: the educational community is redefining its directions, the copyright and patent community is monitoring lawsuits related to artificial intelligence creations, the government is establishing laws to regulate and prevent potential harm, the journal publishing community is setting standards for whether artificial intelligence can be considered an author, and the medical community is publishing numerous articles exploring the potential of ChatGPT to support medical experts. A comparative analysis of research articles on ChatGPT’s performance suggests that it could serve as a valuable assistant in human intellectual activities and academic processes. However, its practical application requires careful consideration to overcome certain limitations. Both the general public and researchers should assess the adoption of ChatGPT based on accurate information, such as that provided in this review.

Reinforcement learning (RL) is fundamental to current artificial intelligence (AI). Since dynamic programming, which is based on Richard Bellman’s principle of optimality, is the basis of RL (and other AI disciplines such as A* search), it is important to apply that principle correctly and artfully. This tutorial uses examples, many from published articles, to examine both the artful and occasionally erroneous application of Bellman’s principle. Our contribution is twofold. First, we emphasize the necessity of a general thought experiment by asking what we call “consultant questions” to determine the proper state space for DP formulation to be established by Bellman’s optimality principle. Second, we convey the role of art based on common sense and effortful cleverness in designing efficient DP. Since Bellman’s principle is intuitive based on common sense, it is sometimes misunderstood. For illustrative purposes, given a directed acyclic graph (DAG), we consider four deterministic minimum-cost path network problems (found in the literature), each bringing up some validity issue concerning Bellman’s principle on a different criterion. We approach them consistently by the conventional wisdom of state augmentation (on top of the physical system state space). As a result, we show that our artful choice of state description not only renders the principle valid in each problem, but also makes each DP as efficient as the standard DP that solves a shortest-path problem in the same DAG, circumventing successfully the so-called curse of dimensionality, a price to be paid frequently by state enlargement. After that, we discuss the potential importance of the treated type of path network problems for practical applications (e.g., communications network).

Purpose: This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of North Korean domestic journals, using scientific quantification methodologies to identify prominent researchers and research areas within the field of chemistry. Methods: Data were collected from the journal Chemistry and Chemical Engineering published in North Korea. Through an analysis of co-authorship relations and literature reviews of papers authored by researchers who were highly influential in research networks, core research areas were identified. Results: The researcher with the highest number of publications in the given period was YongChol Lee, with 31 publications, followed closely by Gyun Kim, who also demonstrated significant research activity. When focusing on the last 5 years, Myeong-Cheol Hong emerged as a prominent figure. Yong-Chol Lee has expertise across diverse fields of chemistry, including fine chemicals, biochemistry, and mineral materials. Gyun Kim, in contrast, is recognized for his in-depth knowledge of organics, enzymes, processes, catalysis, fine chemicals, and industrial chemistry. Myung-Cheol Hong’s research primarily centers around organic chemical synthesis within the fine chemical domain. All three researchers are making substantial contributions to the chemical industry. Conclusion: The findings of this study provide valuable insights into research trends in the field of chemistry in North Korea and contribute to a broader understanding of the discipline’s internal knowledge structure within the global academic community. This research is anticipated to be especially useful for scholars who are analyzing bibliographic information pertaining to North Korea.