Earticle

통합설계는 통합설계프로세스로서, 건축가와 다른 전문가의 협력 방식에 초점을 두어 연구가 진행되었다. 하지만 BIM 기반 통합설계 도구의 발전으로 인해서 건축가가 독립적으로 통합설계에 접근하는 길이 열렸다. 그리고 건축과 기술의 통합을 추구한 여러 건축을 두고 볼 때, 건축과 기술의 통합은 단지 프로세스의 문제만으로는 해결될 수 없다. 건축과 기술의 통합은 건축설계 과정에 기술에 대한 검토를 추가한다고 해서 해결되는 문제가 아니다. 통합은 근본적으로 건축의 변화를 유도한다. 그리고 이러한 변화는 건축과 기술의 통합을 보다 넓은 측면에서 전략적으로 접근해 가야할 필요성을 제기한다. 이 글에서는 이러한 문제를 바탕으로 1970년대부터 건축과 기술의 통합을 추구해온 건축가들의 전략을 살펴본다. 이를 통해 여러 선구적인 건축가들이 인간적이고 사회적인 건축을 추구한다는 전략을 통해 건축과 기술의 어려운 문제를 극복했다는 것을 밝히고, 통합에 의한 건축의 변화가 사회적으로 수용되기 위해서는 여러 전략이 필요함을 밝히고자 한다.

Studies on the Integrated Design (ID) has been focused on the way an architect in collaboration with other experts, i.e. the Integrated Design Process (IDP). However, improvement of BIM based ID tools have been urged to architects perform the ID by himself. And several cases of architectures pursuing of integration of architecture and technologies, tells us that such the integration could not be realized with the matters of design process. The integration induce fundamental changes in architecture. And these changes caused by the integration of architecture and technologies, raise the needs of strategic approaches. The integration causes the changing in architecture, and the changes make the innovation in architecture that could have resistances against the systems and standards. This paper discusses these issues through the architects who have been pursuing the integration of architecture and technologies since the 1970s. And shows that the pioneering architects could realize their architecture through the strategies aim for the architecture for the people, and social needs, although various problems arising from integration.

국내 요식·공공급식 산업은 인력 수급 불안정과 비용 구조 압박이 심화되는 가운데, 튀김 공정의 고온 작업과 조리흄 노출로 인한 산업안전· 보건 리스크가 구조적으로 누적되고 있다. 특히 학교급식 현장에서는 결원 확대와 이탈률 증가가 지속되며 공정 자체의 위험을 완화할 수 있는 설비 혁신 수요가 커지고 있다. 그러나 기존 조리 자동화 시스템은 생산성 중심의 기계화에 집중하여, 조리환경 위험요인을 설비 수준에서 통 합 관리하는 데 한계를 보여왔다. 이에 본 연구는 조리 설비를 환경 제어–위생·품질 관리–공정 자동화가 결합된 공정 시스템으로 재정의하고, 협동로봇 기반 조리자동화 장치 POP-BOT의 성능과 운영 가능성을 실험적으로 검증하는 데 목적을 두었다. 실험은 실제 조리 환경을 모사한 조건에서 POP-BOT 프로토타입과 개방형 수동 튀김기를 비교하는 방식으로 수행되었다. 조리흄 농도는 작업자 호흡 영역을 포함한 다지점에 서 12시간 연속 측정하였고, 식용유 열화는 산가 지표를 활용해 반복 조리 조건에서 분석하였다. 또한 연속 운전을 통해 시간당 처리량과 시스 템 안정성을 평가하고, 전력계측을 통해 에너지 특성을 함께 검토하였다. 분석 결과, POP-BOT은 반밀폐 챔버, 에어커튼, 발생원 근접 배기를 결합한 구조를 통해 작업자 호흡 영역 기준 PM2.5 농도를 대조군 대비 약 85% 저감하였다. 식용유 자동 정제·순환 공정은 산가 상승을 효과적 으로 억제하여 반복 조리 조건에서도 품질 안정성을 유지하였다. 생산성은 시간당 평균 52.3마리로 목표치를 상회했으며, 장시간 운전에서도 높은 가동 안정성이 확인되었다. 설비 기준 전력 사용은 증가했으나, 처리량을 고려한 단위 생산량당 에너지 효율은 개선되는 경향을 보였다. 본 연구는 조리 자동화를 단순 동작 기계화에서 벗어나 작업자 노출 저감, 유지 품질의 계측 기반 관리, 안전 기능을 통합한 공정 시스템으로 확 장했다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 실무적으로는 인력 의존도 완화와 생산성 안정화, 조리환경 개선 가능성을 동시에 제시하였다. 향후 연구에서는 인건비 절감, 식용유 절감, 산업재해 비용 감소를 반영한 ROI 및 손익분기점(BEP) 분석과 함께 렌탈·구독(RaaS) 기반 확산 전략과 공공급식 실증을 병행함으로써 기술 도입의 경영적 타당성과 시장 적용성을 정밀하게 검증할 필요가 있다.

The domestic food service and institutional catering industries are facing a structural transition characterized by labor shortages, rising cost pressures, and increasing occupational health risks associated with high-temperature frying processes and cooking fume exposure. In particular, school meal operations continue to experience growing workforce vacancies and turnover, intensifying the need for process-level technological solutions that can mitigate inherent workplace hazards. However, most existing cooking automation systems have focused primarily on productivity-oriented mechanization and have shown limitations in integrating environmental risk management at the equipment level. Accordingly, this study redefines cooking equipment as a process system that integrates environmental control, hygiene and quality management, and process automation, and experimentally evaluates the performance and operational feasibility of the collaborative robot–based cooking automation system, POP-BOT. Comparative experiments were conducted under simulated real kitchen conditions using the POP-BOT prototype and a conventional open-type fryer. Cooking fume concentrations were continuously measured for 12 hours at multiple locations including the operator breathing zone, while cooking oil degradation was analyzed using acid value under repeated frying cycles. System throughput, operational stability, and energy consumption were also assessed through continuous operation tests. The results show that the POP-BOT achieved approximately 85% reduction in PM2.5 concentration at the operator breathing zone compared with the control system, attributable to the integrated semi-enclosed chamber, air curtain, and source-capture exhaust design. The automated oil purification and circulation process effectively suppressed acid value increases and maintained oil quality stability under repeated cooking conditions. The system recorded an average throughput of 52.3 chickens per hour, exceeding the target capacity, and demonstrated high operational reliability during extended runs. Although total equipment power consumption increased, energy use per unit of output improved due to higher productivity. This study contributes by extending cooking automation beyond simple motion mechanization toward an integrated process system incorporating exposure reduction, instrument-based oil quality management, and embedded safety functions. From a managerial perspective, the findings indicate potential improvements in labor dependency, productivity stability, and kitchen environmental conditions. Future research should incorporate quantitative economic validation—including labor cost savings, oil consumption reduction, and industrial accident cost mitigation—through ROI and break-even analyses. In addition, diffusion strategies such as Robot-as-a-Service (RaaS) models and pilot deployment in public catering environments are recommended to further verify the managerial feasibility and market applicability of the proposed system.

급변하는 외부 환경에서 생존하기 위해 대부분의 기업은 비즈니스 프로세스를 혁신하거나 개선하고자 노력하고 있으며, 이를 위해 많은 기업들이 프로세스 운영에 BPM (Business Process Management) 개념을 도입하고 있다. 기업에서 BPM 단계는 진단-설계-구현-실행 순으로 진행되는데, BPM 생애 주기에서 통상적으로 비즈니스 프로세스의 진단은 지금까지 주로 인터뷰나 설문지 또는 프로세스를 직접 관찰하는 방식과 같이 수작업으로 이루어졌다. 비즈니스 프로세스의 (재)설계 방법도 주로 백지 상태에서 시작하여 전문가의 지식에 의존하는 수작업 방식으로 이루어져 왔다. 이 연구의 목적은 프로세스 진단 단계에서 프로세스 마이닝을 이용하여 자동으로 생성된 프로세스 모델과 통계량을 (재)설계 단계에서도 공유함으로써 별개로 행해지던 진단과 설계 업무를 통합하려는 것이다. 이러한 시도의 궁극적인 목표는 비즈니스 프로세스 진단과 설계 업무를 자동화하려는 것이다. 제안 프레임워크를 구현하고 유용성을 제시하기 위해 두 개의 사례 연구를 행하였다.

To survive in the ever-changing environment, organizations need to improve or innovate their business processes. As a result, to attain this objective, BPM (Business Process Management) concept is widely adopted in modern enterprises. BPM life cycle consists of diagnosis, design, implementation and enactment. Conventionally, diagnosis of business process within the BPM life cycle is usually conducted by manual methods such as interviews, questionnaires and direct observations of process. And (re)designing business processes is also usually done manually under supervision of business experts from scratch. It is time-consuming and error-prone tasks. The objective of this research is to integrate the diagnosis and (re)design phase of BPM life cycle by sharing automatically generated process model and basic statistics in the diagnosis phase based on the process mining method. Eventually, this approach will lead to automate the tasks of diagnosis and design of business process. To implement and to show the usefulness of the proposed framework, two case studies were conducted in this research.

산업기술의 비약적인 발전으로 인해 오늘날 우리가 개발하거나 사용하는 시스템은 보다 기술의 고도화 양상을 보이고 있다. 따라서, 기존의 시스템이 지니고 있어 제공 하는 단일 특성에서 벗어나 다양한 학제간 결합된 기술로 기존 시스템이 지니고 있는 관념적인 기능에서 벗어나 다기능을 제공하고 있다. 이로 인해, 기존의 개발단계에서 는 보다 높은 설계 신뢰성이 요구되고 있다. 특히, 오늘날 우리사회는 시스템의 개발 성공이라는 안도에서 벗어나 시스템 운용·유지단계에서도 안전성 측면에서 매우 중요 성을 인식하고 대비하고 있다. 따라서, 국내에서는 미흡한 상위 단계에서의 설계활동 과 또한, 같은 시스템 수명주기 상에서의 시스템 안전활동을 동시에 고려한 동시공학 적인 접근에 관한 연구를 본 연구팀은 지속적으로 수행해왔다. 따라서, 기존의 연구결 과인 설계와 안전을 동시에 고려한 통합 설계 프로세스 모델에 대해, 시스템개발에 관 련한 모든 이해당사자가 공통된 이해를 바탕으로 시스템설계와 안전 활동에 대해 상 호 호완성과 공통된 인식을 갖고 접근할 수 있는 방안을 본 연구를 통해 수행하였다. 따라서, 본 연구는 모델기반 시스템공학 기법중 보편적인 언어인 공통 언어를 통해 기 존 연구를 통해 제시한 통합설계 프로세스 모델을 구현에 관한 연구 수행을 통한 접 근 방안에 관하여 논의하고 있다. 본 연구를 기반으로 향후 추가 연구를 수행한다면, 국내 대형복합시스템의 설계단계에서의 안전성을 동시 고려한 시스템 설계 신뢰성 확 보를 위해 도움이 될 것으로 기대 된다.

다영역 작전(MDO) 환경의 도래로 지휘관의 의사결정 속도와 정확성이 승패의 핵심 요인이 되고 있다. 그러나 현용 지휘통제체계는 계획과 실시 간의 데이터 단절로 인해 지휘관의 의도가 현장에서 왜곡되거나 대응 속도가 저하되는 한계를 보이고 있다. 본 논문은 이러한 분절성을 극복하기 위해 작전계획수립-준비-실시-평가(환류)의 전 주기를 통합적으로 지원하는 ‘전제대 통합 지휘통제체계’의 설계 방안을 제시한다. 특히 초관계형 지식그래프와 전장정보분석(IPB) 자동화 엔진을 기반으로 한 지능형 파운데이션 모델 구축을 제안하며, 이를 통해 OODA Loop를 획기적으로 가속화하는 메커니즘을 규명한다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 아키텍처는 데이터 기반의 ‘계획 단계’와 실시간 센서 정보를 융합하는 ‘실시 단계’를 하나의 데이터 루프로 연결함으로써 한국형 JADC2(Hyper-JADC2)로의 진화를 위한 실질적인 체계공학적 대안이 될 것이다.

With the advent of the Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) environment, the speed and accuracy of a commander’s decision-making have become the critical factors determining victory or defeat. However, current Command and Control (C2) systems are heavily focused on the real-time execution phase rather than comprehensive planning, causing data disconnection and distortion of intent. To overcome this, this study proposes a design for an "Integrated Command and Control System across all echelons" that supports the entire lifecycle of the operations process: plan, prepare, execute, and assess. Specifically, it suggests an intelligent foundation based on hyper-relational knowledge graphs and automated IPB engines to accelerate the OODA Loop. The proposed architecture establishes a "Seamless Data Loop" connecting the planning and execution phases, serving as a system-engineering alternative for advancing toward the South Korean Hyper-JADC2.

This study aims to develop an AI-integrated educational model that incorporates generative AI into the UX design curriculum and to validate its effectiveness through Design-Based Research (DBR). The research followed the ADDIE instructional design framework—Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation—using a university-level UX design course as the experimental setting. In Phase 1, learner needs and the existing curriculum were analyzed to design a project-based learning model centered on AI-supported design processes. In Phase 2, project-based classes were conducted using generative AI tools such as ChatGPT, Gemini, and Midjourney. Learning outcomes were evaluated using a structured rubric focusing on creativity, problem-solving ability, and collaboration. In Phase 3, the curriculum was refined through instructor interviews and learner feedback analysis. The findings indicate that integrating generative AI into design education significantly improved students’ problem-definition accuracy, visualization speed, and collaborative engagement. It also increased their awareness and literacy in AI utilization. This study proposes practical instructional design guidelines for incorporating AI into UX design education and provides foundational insights for developing qualitative evaluation models to support the digital transformation of design pedagogy. We aim to impact the future of design education by establishing a practical and sustainable framework that bridges generative AI technology with creative design learning.

본 연구는 다양한 관점을 분석하고 이를 체계화하여 통합적 시나리오/프로토타이핑 모형에 기반한 창의적 디자인 프로세스를 제안하는데 목적을 두었다. 통합적 시나리오/프로토타이핑 모형을 제안하기 위해 온톨로지, 시나리오 모델, 프로토타이핑에 대한 이론을 고찰하였고, 개발된 모형은 적용 및 활용성에 대한 가능성을 검토하기 위해 사례연구를 진행하였다. 통합적 시나리오/프로토타이핑 모형에 기반한 디자인 프로세스는 네 단계로 구성되었다. 1단계인 <자료수집>에서는 문제공간 내에서 온톨로지에 기반한 정보요소를 사용자, 사물, 행위, 맥락의 네 가지 유형으로 구분하여 자료 수집이 이루어진다. 2단계인 <문제 탐색/이해>에서는 수집된 자료의 속성에 따라 사용자 중심의 사용자 프로파일 모델, 행위와 사물의 순서에 따른 시퀀스 모델, 물리/사회/문화/상황/시간에 따른 맥락 모델이 구성된다. 3단계인 <문제 정의>에서는 2단계에서 구성된 시나리오 모델간의 의미관계를 공통/차별화, 방사형, 계급구조 등의 관계 모형으로 나타내고 핵심 의미를 파악한다. 4단계에서는 파악된 핵심의미를 바탕으로 디자인 컨셉을 도출하고, 이를 프로토타입과 컨셉 시나리오로 재구성한다. 이상의 단계별 프로세스를 두 차례의 사례 연구에 적용한 결과, 디자인 문제공간을 구조적으로 파악하고 체계적으로 이해하는데 도움이 되었으며, 프로젝트의 주제와 연구자의 관점에 따라서 적절하게 응용될 수 있는 가능성을 파악하였다. 추후, 후속 연구로서 통합적 모형의 적정성에 대한 평가와 수정을 통해 최종적으로 시나리오/프로토타이핑 모형의 세부 가이드라인이 제안되어야 할 것이다.

The research aimed to develop the creative design process based on integrated scenario/prototyping model to analyze design problem from multiple viewpoints. Literature was reviewed on ontology, scenario model, and prototyping to develop the integrated scenario/prototyping model, and two case studies were conducted to both illustrate and evaluate the model. The design process based on the integrated model consists of four steps: The first step called <Data collection> is to collect data in terms of user, activity, object, and context based on ontology. The second step called < Problem Identification> is to create user profile model focused on the charac -teristics of a user, sequence model by activity interacting with objects, or context model by physical/social/cultural/ situational/temporal context by arranging data according to their attributes. The third step called <Problem Defi- nition> is to provide relationships between scenarios or data attributes by using shared/opposed, radial, or hie -rarchical relation. The fourth step called <Concept Development> is to draw final design concept from the problem definition, and deliver the concept by making prototypes as well as concept scenarios. The design process based on integrated scenario/ prototyping model was applied to two case studies. In result, the process helped students identify design problem space in more structural and holistic way. And, the integrated model turned out to be flexible to be adapted to different types of projects by transforming the representation format. For better application and practical use of the scenario/prototyping model, the detailed guidelines for each step should be developed by conducting further research tests and evaluations.

All current shipyards are using the customized CAD/CAM programs in order to improve the design quality and increase the design efficiency. Even though the data structures for ship design and construction are almost completed, the implementation related to the ship design processes are still in progress so that it has been the main causes of the bottleneck and delay during the middle of design process. In this study, we thought that the hole-plan system would be a good example which is remained to be improved. The people of outfitting division who don't have direct authority to edit the structural panels, should request the hull design division to install the holes for the outfitting equipment. For acceptance, they should calculate the hole position, determine the hole type, and find the intersected contour of panel. After consideration of the hull people, the requested holes are manually installed on the hull structure. As the above, many processes are needed such as communication and discussion between the divisions, drawings for hole-plan, and the consideration for the structural or production compatibility. However this iterative process takes a lot of working time and requires mental pressure to the related people and cross-division conflict. This paper will handle the hole-plan system in detail to automate the series of process and minimize the human efforts and time-consumption.

Design Engineering Group, LG Production engineering Research Center has been developing The Integrated Design Environment enabling engineering design task with ease, speedy and accurate for several years targeting the design departments in LG Electronics. $ezDesign^{(R)}$ System is consisted by Engineering Database Management, Engineering Knowledge Management, 3D Design Application, Design Evaluation Method and Project Management. Engineering Database Management manage the design information effectively. Engineering Knowledge Management takes control of design knowledge from design engineering activity systematically. It is possible for the engineering designer to utilized 3D CAD easily by 3D Design Application. Design Evaluation Method can evaluate several design alternatives synthetically. In Project management System, Designer can simulate the project schedule and cost. In this report, We will introduce how design process can be innovated by way of $ezDesign^{(R)}$ System.

In order to solve the integration problem of lifting point layout, 3D dynamic simulation and safety assessment, a multi-functional integrated design system for ship lifting process is developed. Based on the discrete data extracted from AM model (The three-dimensional ship block created through AVEVA Marine), lifting process information and lifting equipment information, this paper develops an automatic design module with the optimization algorithm of lifting point layout as the core, and retains the interactive design module. To solve the problem of automatic finite element mesh generation, the proposed system uses the highly reliable AFT-Delaunay algorithm as the finite element mesh generation algorithm. In addition, the proposed system combines the control algorithm, unit calculation and constitutive calculation extension interface to build a finite element analysis framework. Taking the deck block of a crude oil tanker as an example, this paper compares the functions of commercial finite element software MSC.NASTRAN and the proposed system in the finite element calculation results, mesh generation and finite element visualization. The comparison results shows that the proposed system has reached a level comparable to MSC.NASTRAN in the safety evaluation of block lifting.

Statistical process control (SPC) and engineering process control (EPC) are based on different strategies for process quality improvement. SPC reduces process variability by detecting and eliminating special causes of process variation, while EPC reduces process variability by adjusting compensatory variables to keep the quality variable close to target. Recently there has been need for an integrated process control (IPC) procedure which combines the two strategies. This article considers a scheme that simultaneously applies SPC and EPC techniques to reduce the variation of a process. The process disturbance model under consideration is an IMA(1,1) model with a location shift. The EPC part of the scheme adjusts the process, while the SPC part of the scheme detects the occurrence of a special cause. For adjusting the process repeated adjustment is applied by compensating the predicted deviation from target. For detecting special causes the two kinds of exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control chart are applied to the observed deviations: One for detecting location shift and the other for detecting increment of variability. It was assumed that the adjustment of the process under the presence of a special cause may change any of the process parameters as well as the system gain. The effectiveness of the IPC scheme is evaluated in the context of the average cost per unit time (ACU) during the operation of the scheme. One major objective of this article is to investigate the effects of the process parameters to the ACU. Another major objective is to give a practical guide for the efficient selection of the parameters of the two EWMA control charts.

During an extensive review made as part of the Integrated Diagnosis System project of the Maiden Reactor Project, MOAS (Maryland Operator Advisory System) was identified as one of the most thorough systems developed thus far. MOAS is an integrated on-line diagnosis system that encompasses diverse functional aspects that are required for an effective process disturbance management: (1) intelligent process monitoring and alarming, (2) on-line sensor data validation and sensor failure diagnosis, (3) on-line hardware (besides sensors) failure diagnosis, and (4) real-time corrective measure synthesis. The MOAS methodology was used at the Maiden Man-Machine Laboratory HAMMLAB of the OECD Maiden Reactor Project. The performance of MOAS, developed in G2 real-time expert system shell for the high-pressure preheaters of the NORS process in the HAMMLAB, was tested against a variety of transient scenarios, including failures of the control valves and sensors, and tube leakage of the preheaters. These tests showed that MOAS successfully carried out its intended functions, i.e., quickly recognizing an occurring disturbance, correctly diagnosing its cause, and presenting advice on its control to the operator. The lessons learned and insights gained during the implementation and performance tests also are discussed.

These days, architectural projects are becoming larger and more complex. And lots of information occurs through each phases and areas. For these reason, it is emphasized that collaboration with other parts. Therefore we need more effective architectural design process. However, it is difficult to collaborate in early stage with existing design process and it causes unnecessary spending of time and cost because of 2D-based working system. For solving these problem, we should introduce BIM-based Integrated Design Process which makes it possible to collaborate with other parts from early stage. Now the AEC industry in Korea has been trying to introduce BIM, and promoting variety of related business. However, for actual application of this system, it is unfortunately necessary to change various system throughout the construction industry. And this will cause lots of effort and expense. It is essential that scientific analysis and evaluation of efficiency and validity about this investment, because estimation of the investment and accompanying effects will provide reasonable standard of judgment for investment decision. Thus, this research conducted Cost-Benefit Analysis about BIM-based Integrated Design Process compared to existing design process. It is expected that this paper can be used for preliminary data in the future BIM market.

As technology improves living conditions, VR (Virtual Reality)/AR (Augmented Reality) technologies are becoming increasingly popular in the architecture design industries. The difference between AR and VR is that the purpose of augmented reality adds information and meaning to the actual object or environment rather than creating a simulation of reality. To vividly understand the differences between VR/AR applications in the architecture industry, some illustrative examples are provided. Based on the combination of BIM (Building Imformation Modeling) and VR/AR, this paper presents the possibilities and application methods of Extension BIM (BIM Extension Model, BIEM) in the integrated design process.

This paper will describe design process and its results that are minimized unaddressed feature of product development processes. This process provides integrated system design process by context analysis of EIA 632 standard process, interface definition from activity decomposition, integration of related activities, and definition of concurrency & sequential activities flow. This process and method application will contribute to minimize time loss that is emerged from activities iteration by not definitely definition of activities interface.

This paper will describe integrated system design process and its application. Integrated design process is performed activities concurrently and sequentially for product development. For a group of activities to be truly integrated, the flow of deliverables among them must be well defined, and committed to. For this purpose, the study will suggest procedure that is executed context analysis of standard process, interface definition from activity decomposition, integration of related activities, and definition of concurrency & sequential activities flow, This procedure and method will contribute to minimize time loss that is emerged from activities iteration by not definitely definition of activities interface.

As AEC(architecture, engineering and construction) industry becomes larger and more complex, much information is going into each part and phase. Therefore, the existing building design process has to change and collaboration is emphasized among participants in various fields. The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze existing building design process and integrated building design process based on BIM using a IDEF0 methodology. And then, it establishes a desirable domestic integrated building design process application plan focusing on the design phase of domestic cases. As a result of analysis, flowing conclusions are included ; Firstly, problems occur on the existing building design process that are accomplished with focusing on the outcome. It makes much errors because of 2D-based information. Another problems is that collaboration doesn't go on smoothly. But, integrated building design process is accomplished with the collaboration and the coordination which pursues change and perfects cooperation. Secondly, BIM is a process of effecting optimum integrating, re-using information, and expense reduction throughout the life-cycle of a building. Moreover, it establishes a basis for the integrated building design process to build a collaboration system.

In this study, we design and quantitatively evaluate an integrated ammonia-to-hydrogen power terminal. The process consists of an ammonia cracker, hydrogen purification, and a power block in which a hydrogen gas turbine and a solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) operate in parallel; the cracker furnace is fired with an NH₃?H₂ blended fuel for tighter thermal integration. Under blue and green ammonia scenarios, we compare the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) and carbon intensity (CI) while optimizing the hydrogen split between the two units. The most balanced cost-efficiency outcome is achieved at a GT:SOFC fuel-allocation ratio of 1:1. SOFC model and sensitivity analyses confirm the influence of key design variables. The proposed scheme delivers simultaneous economic and environmental benefits through heat- and mass-integration.

In the general manufacturing sector, prototyping used to reduce the risks that can arise with new conceptual products. However, in AEC area, it does not mass-produce a building, so the prototype itself becomes a building. Therefore, it is challenging to have prototyping of the same scale as the real thing, and the prototyping process in architecture is very inefficient. The prototyping process in the design stage typically assumes making a scaled model, partial model, or digital model. However, it is difficult for these models to correspond to the actual building and the environment of time and space such as scale, material, environment, load, physical properties and deformation, corrosion, etc., unlike the actual building. When using the digital twin concept in the prototyping process, it is possible to measure performance from the design stage to the operation stage. The digital twin was found by a method for monitoring based on physical twins and real-time linkage in the operation stage. Therefore, if the digital twin concept is applied at the design stage, it is possible to predict performance using not only current performance but also history information using real-time information. In order to apply the digital twin concept to the prototyping design process, we analyze the theoretical considerations and the prototyping design process of the digital twin, analyze the cases and research results where the prototyping design was applied, Provide an applied prototyping design process. The proposed process is tested through a pilot project and analyzed for potential use.

Recently, the industry actively adopts the cutting-edge technologies of the fourth industrial revolution and uses them to enhance the productivity and service of mass-customization. The manufacturing industry is creating new processes and business models by achieving digital transformations through a lean start-up approach aimed at achieving the highest customer satisfaction with minimal resources. Although attempts are made to manufacture the building by introducing the latest technology in architecture, it is applied sporadically, not as an integrated system, in the entire phase of the architectural project. This paper analyzes the changes in the construction industry through the application of core technologies of the fourth industrial revolution. Design processes are analyzed for the digital transformation of the construction industry by case study of advanced architectural design practice. A novel design concept model 'Architectural lean startup' is proposed by combining the architectural process and the lean start up method. Through the design of the bus stop based on the architectural lean startup concept, it is confirmed that the designer repeats the 'Generate-Test-Analysis' to develop the design and generate the final result.