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United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(hereafter referred to as 'Agreement' or 'CISG') specifies that the immunity should be admitted within the range of CISG Article 79 and all sorts of reliefs in the Agreement in case the seller and the buyer breach the duty taken over following the contract in the relationship between the system of the Law of Benefit Obstacles and the Immunity Regulations. CISG Article 79 on immunity prescribes the requisite of immunity in Clause 1, the responsibility of independent third person in Clause 2, the duration of immunity in Clause 3, the notice duty of debtor in Clause 4 and the effect of immunity in Clause 5. According to CISG Article 79 Clause 1, it prescribes that the responsibility for non-fulfillment should not be born in case of proving that the non-fulfillment should be caused by the impediment out of control, the impediment should exist at the time of contracting, the impediment and evasion or overcoming of consequence should not be expected reasonably. The precedent has a dominant position on that the cancellation of contract on grounds of change of circumstances should not be admitted in the temporary contractual relationship like sales agreements, but not in the previous continual contractual relationship in Korea. In these circumstance, it is noteworthy that the judgement of the Supreme Court sentence No.2004DA31302 on 29th March 2007 specified for the first time that the cancellation of contract on grounds of change of circumstances can be admitted in the temporary contractual relationship like sales agreements. In addition, the debate on the legal principle of impediment, CISG Article 79 Clause 1, should be more necessary, especially it is required to concretize the principle in the relationship with the requisite of immunity considering that the introduction of rules of change of circumstances is in the process of debating in the Civil Law of Japan in recent years.

Snack culture, which can be easily enjoyed and consumed in a short period of time just like eating sweets, is spreading rapidly. Among them, TikTok is gaining popularity mainly among the MZ generation, and TikTok is rapidly emerging as a means of advertising or marketing. In this study, we studied the effect of TikTok Advertising’s informativeness, interactivity, and impediment on brand attitudes. Previous studies have suggested that brand attitudes are formed through usefulness. However, this study divided usefulness into utilitarian value and hedonic value, and proved that brand attitudes are formed through these mediation variables. This is because of the TikTok advertising includes entertainment as well as usefulness. Therefore, this study established and verified the model in which informativeness, interactivity, and impediment of TikTok advertising form brand attitude through utilitarian value and hedonic value. In order to verify this research model, survey questionnaires were distributed to TikTok users and a total of 220 data samples were collected and analyzed. As a result of data analysis, informativeness and interactivity have a positive effect on utilitarian value and hedonic value, but impediment has a negative effect. In addition, informativeness, interactivity, impediment influenced brand attitudes through practical value and hedonic value, not directly influencing brand attitudes. This study is meaningful in that it suggests a marketing strategy that can further enhance brand attitude by considering utilitarian value and hedonic value simultaneously, rather than focusing on either utilitarian value or hedonic value.

국제물품매매계약에 관한 국제연합협약(CISG) 제79조는 계약의 위반당사자가 손해배상책임으로부터 면제될 수 있는 요건을 정하고 있다. 협약 제79조에서는 면책의 사유로서 “impediment(장애)”라는 개념을 고안하였고, 이러한 장애에 기한 의무불이행에 대해서만 면책의 효과를 부여하는 것으로 정하였다. 한편, 경제적 곤란과 같은 사정변경의 경우에도 의무불이행은 발생할 수 있는데, 이러한 경제적 곤란의 상황을 어떻게 규율할 것인지에 관해서 협약은 어떠한 명문의 규정도 두고 있지 않기 때문에, 이 문제를 해결하기 위한 해석상의 논의가 필요하다. 이를 위해 고려해 볼 수 있는 논점은 협약 제79조의 장애 개념 안에 경제적 곤란도 포함시킬 수 있는지 여부이다. 또한, 협약 제79조를 통한 구제수단은 손해배상책임의 면제일 뿐이므로, 이 외에도 계약의 재협상이나 조정이 그 구제수단으로서 유효할 수 있는지를 따져볼 필요가 있다. 기존의 학설과 판례는 대체적으로 경제적 곤란 등의 상황을 제79조 상의 장애 개념에 포함시키지 않고, 더 나아가 경제적 곤란을 이유로 당해 계약을 변경된 상황에 적합하도록 만드는 재협상이나 재조정 역시 허용하지 않았다. 그러나 최근의 CISG-AC Opinion No.7과 Steel Tube판결은 기존의 해석론과 다른 방향의 접근을 시도하고 있다. 즉, 경제적 곤란의 상황도 협약 제79조의 장애로 볼 수 있는 여지가 있으며, 그러한 경우 법원은 협약이 기초하고 있는 일반원리 등을 통해 적절한 구제수단을 부여할 수 있다고 보았다. 그러나 Steel Tube 판결만으로 협약 제79조의 해석론이 완결된 것이라거나 또는 기존 해석론의 전개에 큰 전환점을 제시하였다고 보기에는 아직 이르다. 다만, 이러한 접근들은 협약의 입법사에만 치중하여 해석론을 펼치는 것이 현실에서의 법적용과는 다소 괴리가 있음을 반증하고 있다. 이들이 새로운 해석론의 시초가 될 것인지는 향후의 판결들을 지켜본 후에 판단할 수 있을 것이다.

The United Nations Convention on the Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(CISG) Article 79 provides that a party may be exempted from liability for damages resulting from the party's failure to fulfill a contractual obligation. It establishes the concept "impediment" as a requirement for the exemption. The CISG does not define how to deal with the problem of "hardship," which means significant changes in the financial aspects of a contract that cause performance to become extraordinarily burdensome. This depends on academic and judicial interpretations. As concerned, the question is whether hardship can amount to impediment in the context of Article 79 and whether courts and arbitral tribunal can grant an additional remedy like renegotiation other than exemption from liability for damages. The traditional view is that an impediment in Article 79 is not designed to include cases of hardship on the basis of the drafting history. Also, it does not allow for a party to request the renegotiation of the contract under hardship. The recent approach, however, is in contraction to the traditional view. CISG Advisory Council Opnion No.7 and the steel tube case provide that the impediment in Article 79 is broad enough to include not only an absolute impossibility of performance, but also cases in which the performance has become excessively onerous for one of the parties. They also attempt to argue that the party affected by hardship is entitled to request the renegotiation or judicial adaption. However, it is too early to understand it as the emergence of an interpretative trend, even though the new approach was the first instance of hardship successfully justifying exemption.

Metaverse, our virtual reality, is traversed via an Avatar linked to a user profile through Personal Identifiable Information (PII). To secure this PII from causing attacker infiltration, only authorised users should access these avatars permitted by the authentication systems. The authentication systems are researched to be resilient against attackers’ manipulations. These systems rely on dynamic and real-time sensor data rather than static information from the user for authentication. Dynamic sensor data captured through Head Mounted Displays (HMDs) is highly classifiable with Machine learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) algorithms. Over time, the model training requires an upgrade through evolution in data processing and learning. Self-learning —Adaptive learning can lead this system to transform with its learn-evolve-adapt learning strategy. Therefore, our study attempts to explore authentication systems developed for HMDs, capturing realtime dynamic sensor data. With its results, we concluded that these systems are highly sensitive while processing the sensor data. We list out the risk factors of utilising adaptive learning for an authentication system based on neurometric data combined with biometric data. This study will be the state of the art for the self-learning algorithms for biometric and neurometric data-based authentication systems.

Purpose: This study is to investigate the low back pain, social support, impediment in daily living activities and to identify factors affecting impediment in elderly farmer’ daily living activities. Methods: The participants were 128 elderly farmers who had received nerve block. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from February to March, 2018. They were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, pearson’s correlation coefficient, and linear multiple regression. Results: The score of low back pain was 6.27±1.69 (10 points), that of social support 2.92±0.76 (1~5 points), and that of impediment in activity of daily living 2.01±0.82 (0~5 points). Factors affecting impediment in activity of daily living were found to include age (p=.017), daily hours of farm work (p<.001), fear for the nerve block (p<.001), low back pain (p<.001), and social support (p<.001); the explanatory power of these variables was 58.8%. Conclusion: This study has found the controllable factors affecting impediment in activity of daily living among the rural elderly engaging in farm work include low back pain, social support, and daily farming hours. Therefore, to reduce impediment in activity of daily living among them, it is necessary to develop nursing interventions that can improve impediment in activity of daily living through reduction of daily farming hours using local resources. It is also desirable to improve their health status by reducing low back pain, and develop and apply social supports with health education programs that fit the local resources and the needs of the rural elderly.

본 연구는 국내 인슈어테크 산업의 발전을 저해하는 현 제도적 한계와 그에 대한 해결책 강구를 위해 옵트아 웃제도 기반의 호주 마이헬스데이터 사례를 살펴본다. 옵트아웃 제도의 도입을 통해 해당 제도적 문제에 대해 발생할 긍정적 영향과 구체적인 도입 방안을 제안한다.

나치 시기와 비교할 때 많이 완화되었지만 현재에도 UN과 유럽의회 등에서 독일에서의 인 종차별에 대한 비판이 완전히 사라지지는 않았다. 최근에는 인종차별 행위를 처벌하기 위한 형법 개혁과 독일연방의 반차별 부서의 재정 확대, 인원 확충이 촉구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 문제의식을 배 경으로 우선 독일에서 사회통합과 차별이 지니는 의미에 대해 알아보고, 특히 차별의 중요한 무대가 되 는 노동시장에 주목하였다. 이에 따라 우선 인종차별을 판단할 수 있는 근거에 대해 살펴본 후 교육과 주거에서의 차별 외에도 노동시장에서 나타난 주요 차별의 경험적 사례를 알아보았다. 마지막으로 이러 한 차별을 시정하기 위해 필요한 독일 사회의 법적 조치들이 유럽연합의 반차별법과 비교하여 어떤 부 분 이 미흡한 지에 대해 고찰했다. 이 연구를 통해 독일에서 여전히 이주 배경을 가진 사람들이 토착 다수사회의 삶의 중심에 접근할 수 있는, 공정한 기회가 부족하다는 점이 확인된다. 하지만 공정한 주택시장, 정당한 노력에 의한 업적과 성 취를 지향하는 노동 세계의 약속은 그 사회의 매우 중요한 부분이다. 인종에 의한 불평등 대우는 사회통 합 과정에서 큰 방해 요인이 된다. 차별적 대우는 정서적 통합을 파괴하며 교육, 주거, 노동 분야 등에서 구조적 비통합을 심화시키게 된다. 따라서 차별에 반대하는 투쟁은 독일 사회 통합정책의 가장 우선적 목표가 되고 있다. 수년 전부터 유럽에서는 모든 차별 행위에 대해 수평적 지침에 의한 통일된 보호를 논의해왔다. 이미 2008년에 ‘유럽연합위원회(Eu-Kommission)’는 종교, 세계관, 장애, 나이, 성적 정체성 과 연관해서 보호 기준과 적용 분야의 지침을 발표했다. 그동안 세력이 많이 약화되었지만 독일 사회의 배후에는 유럽연합의 지침을 방해하는 세력들이 아직 남아있다. 하지만 현재 내각의 많은 부서가 차별로 부터의 포괄적인 보호를 계속 추진하고 있으므로 이 배후 세력들과 정치적 대치 상황에 있다. 예를 들어, 유럽연합 지침 2000의 5조는 장애인들이 노동시장에 방해받지 않은 채 접근할 수 있도록 적절한 예방 조치를 요구하고 있다. 유엔 협약에 의해 이 요건은 오래전부터 독일의 연방법에 포함되어 있으며 현재 유럽연합의 법에 맞추어나가는 과정이다. 독일은 유럽연합과 비교할 때 예를 들어, 육아휴직 등의 분야 에서 모범적 역할을 수행해왔다. 이제 이 모범적 역할을 독일의 반차별법이 수행해야 할 시기가 되었기 때문에 ‘보편적 평등대우법’의 광범위한 수정이 이루어져야 할 시점이다. 아울러 차별로부터의 광범위한 보호를 위한 약속과 실행은 유럽연합 차원에서도 함께 이루어져야 할 것이다.

Compared to the criticism of the Nazi regime, its strength has weakened much, but the criticism of racial discrimination in Germany has not completely disappeared in the United Nations and the European Parliament. In recent years, there has been a call for reform of criminal law to strictly punish racially motivated acts, financial expansion of anti-discrimination departments in Germany. This paper first examines the implications of social integration and discrimination in Germany, and in particular the problems in the labor market, the main stage of discrimination. After reviewing the rationale for judging racial discrimination, the empirical case of discrimination in education, housing and labor markets was reviewed. Finally, this paper compares the anti-discrimination law of the European Union and looks at the insufficiency and incompleteness of German legal measures against discrimination. What this study reveals is that there is a lack of fair opportunities for people with migrant backgrounds to access the center of life in a majority society. But the labor world’s commitment to achievement by fair housing markets and legitimate efforts is a very important part of the society. Treatment of inequality by race is a major obstacle in the process of social integration. Discriminatory treatment destroys emotional integration in terms of acceptance of emotions and deepens structural non-integration in the areas of education, housing and labor. The struggle against discrimination, therefore, should be the first priority of the policy of German social integration. For many years there has been discussion at European level about uniform protection through a horizontal guideline for all discrimination features. As early as 2008, the EU Commission presented the draft of a directive that was supposed to adapt the protection standards and areas of application with regard to religion and belief, disability, age and sexual identity. To this day, Germany is the driving force behind preventing the directive-albeit very quietly now. The background is likely to be a political stalemate, as some ministries are striving for comprehensive protection against discrimination, while other actors, according to the experience with the adoption of the AGG(Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz: General Equality law), are little further than frightening business and civil law theory. For example, Article 5 of Directive 2000/78 / EC already requires reasonable accommodation to enable people with disabilities unhindered access to the world of work. The corresponding requirements have long been considered federal law by the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and, moreover, there will be a European legal act on accessibility. In a European comparison, the Federal Republic has so far limited its role model to maternity protection and parental leave. Now it is time for a German anti-discrimination law worthy of the name, and thus for a comprehensive revision of the AGG. And the fulfillment of the promise of comprehensive protection should also be promoted at European level.

According to the results of analyzing the space composition by focusing on the impediment persons latrines among the public latrines, the conclusions of this study are as follows. In order to eliminate the rejection feeling which the word feeling of impediment persons' latrine communicates, its name should be changed into the impediment persons latrine. Thus, the impediment persons, the old and the weak, the pregnant women and the nursing mothers, who suffer the difficulty to use the general latrines, should use such impediment persons latrines jointly. By lowering the height from the ground to the latrine floor, the impediment persons, who use their wheel chairs, should gain the easy access to such impediment persons latrines. By equipping the doorway of public latrines and impediment persons latrines with the automatic door instead of the sliding door, the impediment persons should use such latrines conveniently. The locations and sizes of impediment persons latrines differ with one another. Therefore, it is necessary to unite constantly their location, scale, and facilities.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the influencing factors on self care, respiratory difficulty, sleep impediment, anxiety and depression among patients with neuromuscular disease who are dependent on Home Mechanical Ventilator (HMV). Methods: 157 patients were recruited through hospital based home nursing care departments and HMV rental centers. Data were collected by questionnaires. The analytic methods were n(%) / M±SD, x2 / t-test or ANOVA and multiple linear regression. Results: Patients with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis were more likely to utilize HMV, had shorter periods of morbidity and the most extended daily use of HMV. As for medical equipment, they had ambu-bag (87.2%) and oxygenator (15.4%). Reports of respiratory difficulty and sleep impediment were low. There were no significant difference. In contrast, reported anxiety and depression were high and showed significant difference between non invasive HMV and invasive HMV. Anxiety contributes to respiratory difficulty (t=3.62, p=.002), sleep impediment (t=2.06, p=.042), and depression (t=7.24, p<.001). However, home nursing care exerts a positive influence in reducing anxiety (t=-2.73, p=.008). Conclusion: Anxiety contributes to respiratory difficulty, sleep impediment, and depression. However, those who use home nursing care reported less anxiety. Home nursing care positively impacts patients dependent on HMV as a practical service and available resource.

This study aimed to find the effect of group music therapy on the selfexpression of adolescent mental retardation. Mentally retarded adolescents showed the difficulty in acquirement in language, thinking and behavior regulatory function by retarded intelligence development. Adaptative behavior appeared to be defective by lack of achieving the task which is asked by the society. Consequently, it was important for them to express properly. This study examined to see the effect of self-expression through group music therapy for the mentally retarded adolescents who are able to be educated. With twenty four subjects who are attending the settlement after their school in J city, the experimental group ran 22 sessions of the group music therapy from November 6th 2006 to April 23rd 2007 for once a week. Followings were the result of the study. First, the group music therapy did not cause a significantly meaningful change in the verbal expression of youngsters with mental impediment. Second, the group music therapy caused a significantly meaningful change in the phonetic expression of youngsters with mental impediment. Third, the group music therapy appeared to have the positive effect on the nonverbal expression for the youngsters with mental impediment. From what we found it was revealed that the group music therapy had a positive effect on their self- expression. From the reality of lacking the systematic program, the result of this study was significant for suggesting the direction to help the adolescent with mental impediment to keep their life well by reducing the difficulty in proper self-expression.

본 연구의 목적은 해외사례 분석을 통하여 국내 장수명 주택의 활성화를 위한 방안을 모색하고자 한다. 문헌 및 사 례 분석, 전문가의 인터뷰를 통하여 활성화 저해요인을 도출하였고, AHP기법을 이용하여 주요 저해요인을 선정하 였다. 선정된 주요 저해요인을 중심으로 활성화 방안을 제시하였다. 주요 저해요인은 장수명 주택의 보급을 위한 정부의 지원 및 홍보 부족(0.099), 조세 및 금융상의 지원대책 미흡(0.091), 주택을 주거보단 투자를 위한 재화수단으로 여기는 인식(0.087), 신기술 개발 및 도입을 위한 경제적 지원 미흡(0.083) 등의 순으로 도출되었으며, 이는 향후 국내 장수명 주택 활성화를 위한 기초자료가 될 것으로 사 료된다.

The purpose of this study is to seek plans for encouraging domestic long-life housing by analyzing foreign cases. Reference and case analyses, as well as expert interviews were performed to deduct impediments, and AHP method was used for selecting major impediments. Based on selected major impediments, activation plans were suggested. Major impediments were deducted in order of; lack of governmental support and PR activities for long-life housing supply (0.099), insufficient supporting measures for taxation and finance (0.091), Consideration of housing as means of money for investment than dwelling (0.087), and inadequate economical support for new technology development and introduction (0.083). These are considered to be base data for encouraging domestic long-life housing in the future.

A marked structural disjunction exists between China's divorce cooling-off period and divorce litigation. In consensual divorce, the cooling-off period functions largely as a formal waiting requirement without professional guidance or substantive intervention. Litigation, by contrast, intervenes only after conflicts have escalated into adversarial proceedings, leaving earlier disputes unresolved. Since the policy's implementation, the proportion of cases entering litigation has risen significantly, revealing a flow effect of “Administrative Impediment?litigation substitution” and aggravating both procedural fragmentation and judicial burdens. Using a functionalist comparative approach, this article draws on South Korea's judicially embedded Family Counseling Program, centered on the Family Court of Korea. By integrating counseling and mediation into judicial proceedings through investigators and mediation committees, the Korean model establishes a coordinated structure of “counseling first?Judicial Diversion.” Its core lesson is that effective coordination lies not in extending waiting periods, but in constructing a continuous conflict-resolution framework. China’s reform should therefore shift from dual-track separation to functional integration: transforming the cooling-off period into an active intervention mechanism, institutionalizing pre-mediation in tandem with specialized family adjudication, and building professional teams to integrate administrative, judicial, and social resources. This approach respects divorce autonomy while promoting procedural efficiency, child protection, and social stability.

This work summarizes the current state of the art in software radio for 4G systems. Specifically, this work demonstrates that classic radio structures, e.g., heterodyne reception, homodyne reception, and their improved implementations, are inadequate selections for multi-mode reception. This opens the door to software defined radio, a novel reception architecture which promises ease in multi-band, multi-protocol design. The work presents the many advantages of such an architecture, including flexibility, reduced cost via component reduction, and improved reliability via, e.g., the elimination of environmental instability. The work also explains the limitations that currently curtail the widespread use of SDR, including issues surrounding A/D converters, management of software and power, and clock generation. This provides direction for future research to enable the broad applicability of SDR in 4G cellular and beyond.

Purpose: This study is to investigate the low back pain, social support, impediment in daily living activities and to identify factors affecting impediment in elderly farmer' daily living activities. Methods: The participants were 128 elderly farmers who had received nerve block. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from February to March, 2018. They were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, pearson's correlation coefficient, and linear multiple regression. Results: The score of low back pain was $6.27{\pm}1.69$ (10 points), that of social support $2.92{\pm}0.76$ (1~5 points), and that of impediment in activity of daily living $2.01{\pm}0.82$ (0~5 points). Factors affecting impediment in activity of daily living were found to include age (p=.017), daily hours of farm work (p<.001), fear for the nerve block (p<.001), low back pain (p<.001), and social support (p<.001); the explanatory power of these variables was 58.8%. Conclusion: This study has found the controllable factors affecting impediment in activity of daily living among the rural elderly engaging in farm work include low back pain, social support, and daily farming hours. Therefore, to reduce impediment in activity of daily living among them, it is necessary to develop nursing interventions that can improve impediment in activity of daily living through reduction of daily farming hours using local resources. It is also desirable to improve their health status by reducing low back pain, and develop and apply social supports with health education programs that fit the local resources and the needs of the rural elderly.

수도회 입회를 위해서는 조건이 있고 장애가 설정되어 있다. 이 기준이 합당하고 자격 있는 이를 입회하도록 하여 그 성소자 개인이나 수도회와 교회에 유익하게 한다. 그러나 이 장애들은 때로는 훌륭한 수도자가 될 수 있는 사람에게 입회를 막는 걸림돌이 될 수도 있다. 이러한 경우 교회법 제도 안에서 성소를 돕는 관면에 관해 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 입회의 장애를 관면하여 정의의 법체계에서 자비가 실현될 수 있기 때문이다. 이러한 취지에서 우선 첫 장에서는 관면에 관하여 기본 이해를 시도하였고, 둘째 장에서는 관면을 수여하는 주체를 여러 권위에 따라 나눠서 수도회에 관한 관면의 권한 체계를 살펴보았다. 그리고 마지막 장에서는 수도회 입회에 다양한 사례들을 검토하면서 장애에 대한 관면의 가능성을 살펴보았다. 장애의 대상들에는 입회를 무효로 하는 무자격들과 입회에 무효는 아니지만 금지 규정의 예들이 있었다. 이러한 연구 주제를 보편법 입법 과정에서도 살펴보았는데 입회의 장애로 규정되지는 않았지만 관심을 갖고 다뤘던 장애들이 더 있었다. 그 가운데 수도회의 고유법으로 규정이 가능한 장애들도 같은 관점으로 다루었다. 이러한 연구의 과정에서 장애들을 관면과 연관지어 여러 범주로 평가해 볼 수 있었다. 수도회 입회의 장애에 관한 관면 제도는 관면을 수여하는 권위자의 자비를 통한 것이라기보다 법체계 자체에 관면의 여러 기준과 타당한 이유를 통해 관면이 가능하도록 이미 갖춰져 있는 것으로 드러난다. 결국 입회자가 법의 정의를 넘어 자비를 체험할 수 있는 가능성을 법 체계 자체가 이미 포함하고 있다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 그 자비는 법을 제정한 입법자의 자비이고 더 근원적으로는 교회법의 원천인 하느님의 자비일 것이다.

There are conditions and impediments set in order for admission to the religious Institute. These standards ensure an admission of those who are worthy and qualified, benefiting the individual candidate, the religious Institute, and the Church. However, these impediments can sometimes be a stumbling block to the admission of someone who could become a good religious. It is necessary to look at the dispensation in helping these vocations within the legal system of canon law. Mercy can be realized in the legal system of justice by dispensing the impediments of admission. To this effect: the first chapter, attempts to understand the basic understanding of the dispensation. In the second chapter, concerns the subject of granting dispensation which are divided into various authorities and the system of authority of dispensation related to the religious Institute was examined. In the last chapter, concerns the possibility of dispensation of impediments was looked into by examining various cases in the admission of candidates. Among the subjects of impediment, there were examples of irregularities (disqualifications) that invalidated the admission, and those that were not invalid but prohibited the admission. While these research topics were dealt with, they were not set as an impediment to the admission in the legislative process of universal law, but they were treated with interest. Other impediments that could be set as the proper laws of the religious Institute were dealt with from the same perspective. In the process of this study, these impediments could be evaluated in several categories with regard to dispensations. It turns out that the system of dispensing with impediments of religious admission not through the mercy of the authority granting the dispensation, but it is already equipped in the legal system itself to allow dispensation through various standards of dispensation and good reasons. Eventually, it was confirmed that the legal system itself contained the possibility that the candidate could experience mercy beyond the justice of the law. And that mercy will be the mercy of the legislator who made the law, and more fundamentally the mercy of God, the source of canonical law.

The law of impediment to obligation has been placed in the central position in the law of obligation. The claim for damage and the right of termination, which are the effects of impediment to obligation, are the most important legal system. In Korea, if a debtor does not fulfill the obligation, the claim for damage and the right of termination are regarded as the effects of non-fulfillment. In this case, there may appear a dispute that a claim for damage from debtor's non-fulfillment should be regarded as a claim for damage which is from the case that a salesperson provides defected object. The contents of Korean civil law connected with impediment to obligation is abstract, ambiguous and simple that its legal problem has been solved through interpretation. On the contrary, European countries and most countries of the world have solved these problems through the legislation. Therefore, impediment to obligation in our civil law needs the legislative improvement as follows. First, to solve the problem that occurs from the connection the effect of impediment to obligation with the individual type, our civil law should proceed toward the way that empowers legal effect in the consideration for the degree of breach of contract. Second, impediment to obligation should be comprehended in the centered on the parties’ benefits. The right of performance should be in the position as the first right of performance for as a means of relief of non-fulfillment. Third, the civil law should give the second opportunity to perform to a debtor as the effect of impediment to obligation firstly and then in the case of the elapse of the opportunity, the means of a relief which a creditor makes a choice should be applied secondly.

계약목적의 장애로서 채권의 목적이 채무자의 급부행위가 아닌 다른 방법으로 달성된 목적도달, 이와 반대로 채권의 목적이 채무자의 이행행위가 아닌 다른 방법으로 좌절된 목적좌절은 적어도 우리민법에서 예정되지 않은 것이다. 이러한 목적도달과 목적좌절의 사례는 급부의 가능성측면에서 급부불능으로 볼 수 있으나 이러한 경우 귀책사유 없는 불능에 대한 민법 제537조를 그대로 적용하는 경우, 구체적인 타당성을 잃게 될 수 있다. 따라서 이러한 경우에는 민법 제538조 1항의 “채권자의 책임 있는 사유”를 채권자에게 원인이 있는 사유와 같이 넓게 이해하여 구체적인 사안에서 타당성을 높일 수 있을 것이다. 다만 고용계약이나 근로계약상 경영장애시 근로자의 임금청구권은 노무제공의 특수성을 고려하여 그 전액을 청구할 수 있다고 보아야 한다.

There is achievement of purpose(Zweckerreichung) that a purpose of an obligatory right is perform by another way, not by debtor' performance. And failure of purpose(Zweckfortfall) means that a purpose of an obligatory right is fail. But Korean Civil Law is not expected these concept. In the side of possibility achievement of purpose and failure of purpose can be regarded impossibility. However it is unreasonable that Korean Civil Code Art. 537 is applyed in this cases. It is more proper that Art. 538 I have application to this cases. And yet in the case of business-impediment of employment-contract or a labor contract, a worker would be require a mount of wages.

정보 자원 관리가 조직의 중요한 가치로 인식되면서, 정보보안 정책과 기술에 대한 투자는 증가하고 있다. 하지만, 엄격한 정보보안 도입은 정보보안을 실행해야하는 조직원에게 업무장애와 걱정을 일으킨다. 연구는 정보보안 정책 도입을 통해 발생가능한 업무장애와 준수 걱정이 준수의도에 미치는 부정적 영향을 제시하고, 업무장애와 준수 걱정의 부정적 영향을 완화하는 요인을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구는 정보보안 정책을 보유한 조직에서 근무하는 조직원을 대상으로 설문을 실시하여, 구조방정식모델링을 통해 연구가설을 검증하였다. 결과는 정보보안 업무장애가 준수걱정을 높이고, 정보보안 준수의도에 부정적 영향을 주었으며, 정보보안 관여와 개인조직 적합성이 준수의도를 높였다. 특히, 정보보안 관여가 업무장애와 준수 걱정간의 관계를 조절하였으며, 개인조직 적합성이 준수 걱정과 준수의도간의 관계를 조절하였다. 연구는 정보보안 도입의 부정적 측면을 제시하였으며, 내부의 정보보안 수준 향상을 위한 전략적 방향을 제시한 부분에서 시사점을 가진다.

Information resource management is recognized as a core value of an organization, and investments in information security policies and technologies are increasing. However, the adoption of strict information security causes works impediments and anxiety to employees of the organization. The purpose of this study is to present the negative effects of work impediments and anxiety concerns on compliance intentions through the adoption of information security policies. The subjects of this study are employees working in organizations with information security policies, and the research hypothesizes were verified through structural equation modeling. As a result, information security work impediment negatively affected the compliance intention through anxiety about compliance. Also, information security involvement and person-organization fit positively influenced compliance intention. In particular, security involvement moderated the relationship between work impediment and anxiety, and person-organization fit moderated the relationship between anxiety and compliance intentions. The study presented the negative aspects of the adoption of information security and has implications in the aspect of presenting a strategic direction for improving the level of internal information security.

CISG 제79조 면책의 사유로서 장애는 그 개념이 어떤 국내법에서도 찾아볼 수 없으며표현 자체에 불확실성이 내재되어 있다. 이로 인해 각 국 법원은 자국의 유사한 법적 개념으로부터 추론하여 불이행당사자의 면책여부에 대한 판결을 내리고 있다. 그러나 CISG의주석에 따르면 장애는 각 국가에서 규정하고 있는 불가항력, 이행곤란, 목적달성불능과는다른 개념으로 보고 있다. 이처럼 CISG의 장애가 추구하는 목적을 현실에 적용시키기에는다소 한계가 있다. 한편 CISG에 의하여 규율되는 사항으로서 CISG에서 명시적으로 해결되지 아니하는 문제는 CISG 제7조에 따라 국제사법의 일반원칙에 따라 해결할 수 있다. 국제사법의 일반원칙으로서 PICC는 장애에 대응되는 법리로 불가항력과 이행곤란을 규정하고 있다. 특히 PICC는 이행곤란의 객관적이고 명확한 기준을 제시함으로써 면책기준에관한 해석상의 혼란을 피하고 있다. 또한 불가항력과 이행곤란을 불이행과 이행의 장에서구분하여 규정함으로써 그 효과를 계약의 해소와 계약의 유지라는 이분법적으로 접근하고있다. 본 연구는 CISG의 장애와 PICC의 불가항력과 이행곤란을 비교 ․ 분석함으로써 CISG와PICC의 상호관계에 관한 시사점을 제시하고자 한다.

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to analyze the legal notions about impediment. There are different legal notions about it such as force majeure, hardship, frustration in domestic legal system. Research design, data, methodology : This paper compares the legal requirements between ‘impediment’ in CISG and ‘force majeure and hardship’ in PICC and then present relationship among these legal notions. The analytic data are CISG, PICC and related legal cases and specially review about applicability of cases. Results : The most of the related research results have come to the conclusion that‘impediment’ of CISG is interpretative problems. Although CISG intend to unify international sales contract laws, it makes more confused result to use impediment. The PICC make the matter of impediment clear. Conclusions : If there are satisfied the legal requirements of ‘impediment’, it could be exempted form liability for failure to perform any of his obligations. The legal requirements are uncontrollability, unforeseeability and unavoidability. These requirements have to be piled up one on another. The PICC enact force majeure and hardship separately and also the PICC can be expected to serve as legal instruments for the interpretation and gap-filling of CISG article 79.