Earticle

Life Cycle Cost(LCC) is the process of making an economic assessment of an item, area, system, or facility by considering all significant costs of ownership over an economic life, expressed in terms of equivalent costs. The essence of life cycle costing is the analysis of equivalent costs of various alternative proposals. During the Life Cycle Cost analysis of heating system, the project phases divided into planning/design, heating system construction, maintenance/management and demolition/sell phases and established cost items of each phases. Cost Breakdown Structure(CBS) is one of the most important procedures in life cycle cost analysis. Cost Breakdown Structure in individual heating system, central heating system and district heating system, which have consideration for both characteristics of architectural equipment and domestic situations. The results of this study are as follows; (1) This study propose the cost breakdown structure of present worth method and annual worth method by individual heating system, central heating system and district heating system in Apartment Housing. (2) To develop the Cost Breakdown Structure of individual heating system, central heating system and district heating system for Life Cycle Cost analysis in present worth method and annual worth method, this study apply the method of additional pertinent level, title, Cost Breakdown Structure number, block number and variable index.

오늘날 한국사회의 가장 큰 주택문제 중 하나는 주택의 양적 공급뿐 아니라 질적 공급에 대한 문제로 인해 사회적 약자를 위한 사회주택의 열악한 주거환경이 사회문제시 되고 있다. 이를 해소하기 위해 정부는 사회적 약자를 위한 주택문제를 해결하기 위해 다양한 사회주택에 대한 연구를 진행 중이지만, 구체적인 성과를 내기에는 다소 부족한 부분이 있다. 본 연구는 한국형 사회주택의 건설촉진과 발전적 방향을 제시를 위해 현재 우리나라의 공공임대주택 현황을 실증적으로 파악하고, 평면유형의 분석 및 방위에 따른 환경 분석 등을 통해 향후 공공임대주택 건설 시 필요한 기초적 자료를 제공하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 1989∼2003년 사이에 준공된 전국의 영구임대아파트와 임대의무기간 50년의 공공임대아파트 단지를 대상으로 하여, 서울, 인천, 경기도를 중심으로 한 수도권 공공임대주택과 기타 5대광역시를 포함한 지방의 공공임대주택으로 나누어 각 평면유형 및 방위체계, 난방방식 등에 대해 비교분석하였다.

Nowadays, one of the biggest housing issues in Korean public rental is to supply houses qualitatively as well as quantitatively. Also, the residential environment of social housing intended for the socially underprivileged group is getting rather poor. So, to solve these problems, the government has been conducting research on social housing multilaterally trying to settle down housing issues regarding the socially underprivileged group; however, it has been not enough to lead to concrete results. This study aims to identify the current status of Korean public rental housing in order to promote the construction of public rental housing, and to offer necessary basic data for constructing public rental housing in the future through an analysis of the unit type and an environment analysis in accordance with orientation. With this aim, this study focused on permanent rental housing and the public rental housing complex of which mandatory rental period is 50 years which were built between 1989~2003 nationwide. Then, the study classified rental housing into public rental housing in the metropolitan areas centering on Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi-do, and public rental housing in the local areas including five other large metropolitan cities, and conducted a comparative analysis of each of their unit type and orientation system and heating method. In conclusion, this study will have an effect on the follow-up studies which focus on P.O.E and analysis of energy consumption for the economic evaluation of public rental housing.

In this study, a cold well and a warm one with the distance of 100 m were installed in the alluvial aquifer. Groundwater used as the heat and the cold source of heat pump was designed to flow into the warm and the cold well with a diameter of 200 mm. In order to increase the heat and cold storage in aquifer, six auxiliary wells with the diameter of 50 mm and the depth of 30 m were installed at an interval of 5 m from the main well. Also, heat pump 50 RT, the thermal tank $40m^3$, and a remote control and monitoring system were installed in three single-span greenhouses ($2,100m^2$) for growing tomato in Buyeo, Chungcheongnam-do. According to the aquifer heat storage test which had been conducted from Aug. 31 to Sep. 22, 2016, warm water of $850m^3$ was found to flow into warm well. The temperature of the injected water was $30^{\circ}C$ (intake temperature : $15^{\circ}C$), and the heat of 12.8 Gcal was stored. The greenhouse heating test in winter had been conducted from Nov. 21, 2016 to Apr. 30, 2017. On Nov. 21, 2016 when heating greenhouse started, the aquifer temperature of the warm well was $18.5^{\circ}C$. The COP for heating with water source at $18.5^{\circ}C$ was 3.8. The intake water temperature of warm well was gradually lowered to the temperature of $15^{\circ}C$ on Jan. 2, 2017 and the heat pump COP was measured to be 3.2 at that time. As a result, the heat pump COP was improved by 18 %. and retrieval heat was 8 Gcal, the retrieval rate of heat stored in aquifer was estimated at 63 %.

PURPOSES: The objective of this study is to determine the milling temperature that minimizes the binder-induced damage to the aggregate; this is achieved by evaluating the temperature dependence of the viscosity of the asphalt binder, with the aim of developing an effective heating process for warm in-place recycling. METHODS : The validity of the indoor test was confirmed by conducting an internal heating test based on the on-site heating test. In addition, the adhesive power of the binder was measured at various temperatures ($30^{\circ}C$, $40^{\circ}C$, $50^{\circ}C$, $60^{\circ}C$, $70^{\circ}C$) via three types of measuring methods. RESULTS: The surface temperature spectrum of field test was slight different with that of laboratory test. But, the spectra of inner temperature between the field and the laboratory was almost similar. Also, the adhesion of the asphalt binder was measured from $30^{\circ}C$ to $70^{\circ}C$. The adhesion of the binder was significantly decreased from $60^{\circ}C$. Contrary to other temperature, the adhesion was slightly changed from $60^{\circ}C$ to $70^{\circ}C$. Also the inner temperature between two different heating methods was shown similar temperature spectra. CONCLUSIONS: The pavement heating temperature spectrum of hot in place recycling method was simulated by a laboratory test. Based on this study, the optimum temperature was $60^{\circ}C{\sim}70^{\circ}C$ for reducing aggregate damage during milling process. The susceptibility heating method developed in this study can be maintained the optimum inner temperature range.

The purpose of this study is to test and compare the efficiency of heating-system for materials and construction of the wall, ceiling and window in soil brick house, cement house and boulder house respectively, in order to construct ideal farm houses in rural area. The results obtained were as follows: 1. In heat conservation due to construction of walls the thermal efficiency of cement brick house was equivalent to 66.3% of that of soil brick house, and boulder house 60.3% 2. In the case of ceiling, the thermal efficiency of paper ceiling was amounted to 84.2% of that of the composite ceiling (thickness 6mm veneer+thickness. l0m chaffs), and the common ceiling putting on soil above the ceiling, 76% of the composite while the efficiency of the ceiling putting on chaffs above them was 15.8% higher than that of the paper. 3. In the case of improving the window, the double type was 12% higher than. the efficiency of single type. 4. The warming velocity of conventional house was slower but the velocity of radiation was quicker than that of experimental one. It was thought to be due to unscietific constructions of the room bottom, fire inlet and chimney, 5. The temperature gradient line was not dependad upon the amount of throwing into fuel in the rural farm house. 6. It was concluded that the final thermal efficiency of the conventional farm house was 10.6% lower than that of experimental farm house.

The economics of a passive solar heating system (PSHS) with the pebble bed heat storage was evaluated, and the applications of the PSHS were analyzed, in this study. The results are as follows: The heating load, solar heat gain, and stored heat/year of the PSHS in the solar house model were found to be 10,778MJ, 3,438MJ, and 11,682MJ, respectively. The yearly energy expenses of the PSHS and the alternative heating system (conventional coal heating system, CCHS), which uses coal, were found to be USD 1.60/year and USD 60.90/year, respectively, and the yearly expenses of the PSHS were found to be 38 times less than those of the alternative heating system (CCHS). If it will be supposed that the life cycle of the passive solar heating system, according to the results of the LCC analysis in the two systems, is 40 years, the total expenses for the life cycle of the PSHS and the CCHS will be USD 1,431.50 and USD 2,740.00, respectively. The period for the investment payback of the PSHS is six years.

This study aims to analyze an air pollution levels in Ulaanbaatar City and to search for a realistic way to solve this problem. Mongolia in recent years has been suffered from increasing pollution due to industrial growth. Moreover, it's limited technologies concerning fuel production like poor combustion technology and low quality coal also causes atmospheric pollution seriously. Winter pollution by using heaters, especially, is crisis level and this problem now touches on resident's standard of living in this area. Ulaanbaatar is a city that is home to nearly 1.2 million people and a half of them live in “Ger” that is traditional mongolian house. Most people living in ger could not move to a city and built a slum. They use poor material, such as brown coal, lump coal, firewood and used tire for fuel because they cannot access heating system being provided by government. Most of them are exposed to air pollution and children, particularly, are more weaker than adults. Actually, the number of child patients who have a respiratory disease is increasing rapidly. Improvements in heating system and coal production will be help to reduce air pollutants in Ulaanbaatar. At this point in time, Korean briquettes are acceptable flues for Mongolia's economical and social condition and Korea is suitable for an advisor because it have industrial know-how and developed technology related to production and employment of briquettes. This project will contribute to improve in neighbor’s quality of life. This study will analyze local briquette’s production and quality and seek a method that relieves air pollution in Ulaanbaatar.

본 연구는 겨울철 적설 관측에 사용되는 전도형 강수량계 가열 시스템의 최적 온도, 위치, 제어 방식을 도출하기 위해 수행하였다. 수수구, 외부, 내부를 가변적으로 제어 가능한 전도형 강수량계를 제작하여 실내·외 실험을 수행하였다. 실내 실험은 강수량계 가열시스템의 성능비교와 적정온도를 도출하기 위해 항온항습챔버에서 수행되었다. 이후 다설지인 대관령에 위치한 구름물리선도센터에서 실외실험을 수행하여 실내실험 결과를 검증하였다. 분석 결과, 수수구의 가열 온도는 10~30℃, 내부 가열 온도는 70℃가 최적으로 확인되었다. 또한, 측정 지연을 최소화하기 위한 가열 장치의 최적 위치는 강수량계 외부, 수수구 테두리, 수수구 수직면으로 확인되었다. 본 연구 결과는 겨울철 고체 강수 측정을 위한 강수량계 가열 시스템의 운영 조건에 대한 기초자료로 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this research is to derive the optimal temperature, location, and heating control system for a tipping bucket rain gauge heating system used for observing snowfall during winter. We conducted indoor and outdoor experiments by manufacturing a tipping bucket rain gauge that can be variably controlled for heating at the funnel, exterior, and interior, and indoor and outdoor. The indoor experiments involved using a temperature and humidity chamber to compare the performance and derive the appropriate temperature of the precipitation gauge heating system. Subsequently, the outdoor experiments were carried out at the Cloud Physics Observation Center located in Daeguallyeong, heavy snowfall region, to validate the findings. The analysis result was derived that the heating temperature of the funnel should be set at the 10 to 30℃, while the internal heating temperature should be 70℃. Furthermore, the optimal locations for the heating devices, which aim to minimize measurement delay, were identified as the exterior of the rain gauge, the rim of the funnel, and the vertical surface of the funnel. Our result shows that used as the basis for the operating conditions of precipitation gauge heating systems for solid precipitation measurement in winter.

우리나라는 기후변화에 대응하기 위해 신에너지와 재생에너지의 개발, 이용 및 보급을 촉진하고 있다. 집단주거시설에 신재생에너지 보급을 위해 수주지열정 지열냉난방시스템의 도입을 통하여 에너지 사용량을 줄이려는 노력을 하고 있다. 지열냉난방시스템에 사용되는 히트펌프의 작동원리에 의해 신재생에너지의 생산량을 산출하였다. 부산에서 새로 신축한 감정동아파트를 대상으로실측한 에너지 자료를 근거로 지열냉난방시스템의 신재생에너지 생산량은 화력발전과 같이 생산한 전력을 사용한 경우 785,618 kWh 이며, 원자력 또는 신재생에너지로 사용한 전력을 사용한 경우는 971,968 kWh로 산출하였다. 집단거주시설에 지열냉난방시스템을도입할 경우 공급되는 에너지 대비 신재생에너지가 3배 이상 생산될 수 있음을 보여 주는 것이며, 신재생에너지 산출량만큼 에너지를절약할 수 있다.

Korea is promoting the development, utilization and dissemination of new and renewable energy to cope with climate change. Efforts are being made to reduce energy use through the introduction of a geothermal heating and cooling system for the supply of renewable energy to collective residential facilities. The production of renewable energy was calculated by the operational principle of the heat pump used in geothermal heating and cooling systems. Based on the energy data surveyed for a newly built apartment complex in Busan, the renewable energy output of the geothermal cooling and heating system was calculated to be 785,618 kWh for electricity produced with thermal power generation, and 971,968 kWh for power used as nuclear or renewable energy. Introducing geothermal cooling and heating systems in collective residential facilities demonstrates that renewable energy can produce more than three times the energy supplied and can save as much energy as the production of renewable energy.

우리나라도 지구온난화를 해결하기 위해 신기후체제 하에서 이산화탄소 배출을 저감하는 정책을 채택하고 있다. 그 일환으로 아파트를 새로 건축할 때 신재생에너지 중 지열에너지를 활용하는 방안을 연구하고 있다. 부산 감 정동에 건설한 아파트를 대상으로 지열냉난방시스템과 전기사용 에어컨과 도시가스 사용 보일러의 대안시스템과의 비교를 통하여 경제성분석을 하였다. 분석은 생애주기비용모형을 활용하였다. 분석결과에 따르면 지열냉난방시스 템이 경제성을 갖춘 것으로 분석되었다. 30년의 생애주기기간동안 지열냉난방시스템이 대안시스템보다 1,103,347 천원 적게 지출되는 것으로 분석되었다. 초기투자비용은 11년이 되면 회수되는 것으로 분석되었다.

To solve global warming, a national policy has been adopted to reduce carbon dioxide emissions under the Paris Agreement. Research is being done with this intention by constructing new apartment buildings utilizing geothermal energy, which is a renewable energy. Life-cycle cost analysis was applied to an apartment in Gamjeong-Dong, Busan, by comparing the geothermal heating and cooling system and the alternative system consisting of electric air conditioner and boilers using LNG. The results show that the geothermal heating and cooling system was more economical, with cost savings of 1,103,347 thousand Won compared with the alternative system over the life cycle of 30 years. The initial investment cost was also recovered within 11 years.

This experiment was carried out to study on the effect of greenhouse heating by water-to-water heat pump system employing heating water tank(ground water) as the heat source. Followings are the results obtained from this study ; 1. The heat amount absorbed from evaporator and the heat amount rejected from condenser were approximately 9, 000~ 12, 000kcal/h and 13, 000~ 17, OOOkcal/h, respectively. 2. The heat efficiencies of evaporator and condenser used in this experiment were approximately 79% and 83%, respectively. 3. The maximum heating load estimated for the experimental greenhouse was about 18, 000 ~ 25, OOOkcal/h, which was found to be about 28 ~ 32% higher than the heating capacity of the heat pump system adopted for this experiment. 4. The coefficients of performance(COP) for the heat pump and the total heat pump system were approximately 2.9~3.5 and 1.5~2.4, respectively. 5. The coefficient of performance(COP) calculated from the Mollier Diagram was about 3.2 ~ 3.4, which was reasonably close to the COP estimated on the basis of measured values. 6. The temperature of experimental greenhouse heated by the heat pump system could be maintained about 12~15 。C higher than that of a control greenhouse.

During last a few years, abnormal weather change happened throughout the world. And winter became colder than annual years. Because of this, not only the people who live in north of China, but also people in south became interested in heating system. In this paper, problems about heating system was surveyed through the internet on people live in north and south of China. Some improvements for problems was suggested. By adapting the improvements, economic benefits of 141,800 Won was gained per 100 days.

In this study, environmental new feeding and management system that are suitable for hot and cool water supply and floor heating system was developed and analyzed the effect for productivity and meat quality with supplying hot water in winter, the results were as follow as. HWSS was not affecting improvement with broiler productivity in initial time. Supplying hot water made the temperature inside broiler barn not go down rapidly as time went by from former term to latter term and continuous supplying hot water made boiler be adapted properly to the temperature and humidity of breeding environment that was requiring at its own growth phases. With unsaturated fatty acid / saturated fatty acids, HWSS was higher in broiler breast but CWSS was higher in the leg. With AST, ALT in blood, HWSS is higher than CWSS but with neutral lipid, protein, glucose, albumin, cholesterol, HWSS is higher than CWSS. Water circulation heating system gave an impact on meat quality and PH showed a higher in CWSS system. Also, redness and yellowness of the meat color was confirmed to be greater in HWSS. It was proved that the temperature difference of drinking water affected farm productivity, the blood and flesh quality, therefore, that could be estimated to be utilized successfully, if that should be used appropriately for productivity improvement according to the week-old of growth phase.