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This study attempted to quantify and present hands among the diagnostic elements for skeletal diagnosis. For this purpose, we extracted and studied the dimensions of women's hands according to age among the measurements of the 8th Korean Human Body Dimension Survey provided by Size Korea, the National Agency for Technology and Standards of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, and analyzed three types of skeletal diagnosis: straight type, wave type, and natural type. Hand diagnosis factors such as hand size, finger length, finger joint size, and palm and back characteristics were subdivided and quantified by age. As a result of the study, the terms 'thin', 'thick', 'moderate', 'small', 'large', 'short', and 'long' are subjective diagnostic elements that can vary depending on the diagnostician's capabilities. It is expected to increase the objectivity and reliability of skeletal diagnosis by providing it in quantified form and to be used as basic data for analysis by type of skeletal diagnosis.

本研究旨在于量化呈现骨骼诊断的诊断要素之一——手. 为此, 本文抽取了产业通商 资源部国家技术标准院韩国尺寸协会提供的第8次韩国人体尺寸测量结果中, 基于年龄的女性 手部尺寸. 然后, 根据三种骨骼诊断类型, 将手分为直型, 波浪型, 自然型, 根据手部大 小, 手指长度, 指关节大小, 手心与手背等手部特征. 将手进行细分, 并按年龄进行了量化 分析. 本研究意义为如下, 本文将骨骼诊断分析要素术语, 如“薄”, “厚”, “中等”, “小”, “大”, “短”和“长”等主观诊断要素进行量化, 以期提高骨骼诊断的客观性和可靠性, 本研究可 作为骨骼诊断类型分析的基础数据.

최근 기술이 발전함에 따라 다양한VR (Virtual Reality) 및AR (Augmented Reality) 장치들이 등장하고 있다. 이 러한 장치들의 대부분의 콘텐츠는 사용자 상호작용을 위해 컨트롤러에 의존하고 있으나 컨트롤러는 휴대하 기 어렵고 분실하기 쉽다는 단점이 있다. 또한, 컨트롤러를 통한 사용자 인터페이스는 장치에 익숙하지 않은 사용자들이 불편함을 느낄 수 있고 새로 인터페이스를 배워야 하는 한계가 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위 해Oculus Quest는 핸드 트래킹 기술을 도입하여 사용자가 자연스러운 손 제스처를 인터페이스로 사용할 수 있게 하였다. 그러나 핸드 트래킹을 활용하는 방법은 그 어려움 때문에 아직 널리 연구되지 않았고 아직 활 용되지 못하고 있다. 이에 VR 콘텐츠와 상호작용하는 데 손을 사용하는 방법을 탐구하고, 그것을 이용하여 콘텐츠를 만드는 방법을 설명한다

Recently, numerous VR (Virtual Reality) and AR (Augmented Reality) devices have emerged, and most of the contents on these devices rely on controllers for user interaction. However, controllers have drawbacks that it is difficult to carry, and prone to loss. Moreover, users unfamiliar with the devices may find that the controls are inconvenient. To address these issues, the developed Oculus Quest has introduced hand tracking technology, allowing users to use hand gestures as an interface. However, methods utilizing hand tracking have not been widely researched yet due to its difficulties. This study explores methods that use hands to interact with VR content, and explains how to create a content with it. Also, this study describes its limitation.

본 연구의 목적은 20대 여대생들을 대상으로 수평면에서 어깨각도의 변화에 따라 악력의 차이를 알아보았다. 여대생 20명을 대상으로 바로 선 상태에서 수평면에서 어깨각도 중립자세, 수평면에서 어깨각도 40도 수평모음자세, 수평면에서 어깨각도 40도 수평벌림자세에서 악력검사를 실시하였다. 실험통계는 자세각도에 따른 악력의 결과를 비 교하기 위해 일요인 반복측정분석으로 실시하였다. 실험결과를 보면 어개각도의 중립자세에서 약력이 다른 두 자세보 다 더 큰 증가하였다. 변화량 검증에서는 중립자세, 어깨각도 40도 수평모음자세 사이에서 유의한 차이를 보였다 (p<.05). 수평면에서 어깨각도 중립상태에서 악력의 힘이 가장 큰 결과를 나타났으며 일상생활에서도 중립자세에서 활 동을 할 때 효율적인 근력을 사용할 것으로 사료된다.

The Purpose of this study is analysis characteristic of grasping power with each different shoulder horizontal angle. Twenty female university students with no shoulder dysfuction participated subject in three different positions of shoulder horizontal flexion with standing posture, shoulder 0˚ flexion, elbow 90˚ flexion, forearm 90˚ pronation, different positions is followed : shoulder 0˚ horizontal adduction shoulder 40˚ horizontal adduction, shoulder 40˚ horizontal abduction. The One-way repeated ANOVA test was used to determine the different in grip strength on three shoulder horizontal positions. On the average, in the hand grip strength, the horizontal neutral position is higher than horizontal adduction position with significant value. In particular, shoulder horizontal aduction was measured lowest grip strength between three positions.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of Therapeutic In -strument Music Performance (TIMP) for fine motor exercises in adults with cerebral palsy (CP). Individuals with CP (n=5) received a total of twelve, 30-min TIMP sessions, two days per week for six to nine weeks. Pre- and post-Music Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) data were used as a measure of hand function. Pre-velocity was significantly different from the normative data obtained from typical adults (n=20); however, post-velocity did not yield significance, specifically in the second and fifth fingers, indicating improvement in hand function for the adults with cerebral palsy. The finding implies that TIMP using keyboard playing may effectively improve manual dexterity and velocity of finger move-ment. Based on these results, future program development of instru-mental playing for adults with CP is called for to enhance both their in-dependent living skills and quality of life.

Striatal hand is characterized by flexion in metacarpopharyngeal (MCP) joints and hyperextension in proximal interphalangial (PIP) joints and flexion in distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint. In clinical practice, this problem is often overlooked or misdiagnosed as rheumatoid arthritis and the opportunity for an early diagnosis and a correct management of the patient's is missed. In this report, a case with striatal hand following traumatic brain injury (TBI) without cardinal Parkinsonian signs is presented, and the differential diagnosis of the disease is discussed. A-62-year-old man presented with hemiplegia subsequent to traumatic brain injury. During the last two years, “swan neck” deformity of the hands occurred. We could diagnose this case as striatial hand with exclusion of similar rheumatologic causes by careful study and its characteristic deformity pattern. Clinician should consider the possibility of striatal hand when the patient with TBI presents swan neck deformity for an early diagnosis and a correct management.

It has been reported that “breathing arm” or “breathing hand” phenomenon is related to the motor nerve regeneration not only between injured brachial plexus and C3-C5 but also between injured brachial plexus and upper thoracic nerve roots in obstetric brachial plexus injury (OBPI). To the best of our knowledge, the co-existence of “brea thing arm” and “breathing hand” is very rare in OBPI. We present one OBPI case with respiratory synkinesis on the arm and hand, identified through electromyographic investigations. Although the cervical magnetic resonance image, the electrophysiologic studies and functional evaluations demonstrated severe OBPI from C5 to T1 level around nerve roots, transcranial magnetic stimulation study showed electrical potentials evoked in proximal arm and distal hand. These suggest the reorganization of cervical, thoracic nerve roots and injured brachial plexus. Therefore, the concurrent existence of “breathing arm” and “breathing hand” would be a sign of neuronal plasticity rather than functional improvement in OBPI.

Objective To correlate the resting metabolism of hand knob and hand function after stroke, diffuse tensor tractography (DTT) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose position emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) were used to evaluate constructible state of white matter tract and metabolic state of gray matter, respectively. Methods A total of 17 patients were included in the study, who had suffered a stroke with hand weakness, after a stroke. They underwent diffusion tensor analysis and FDG PET in the subacute period. The ratio of both hemisphere parameters in voxel number of fibers, fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient obtained by corticospinal tract as constructed by DTT, and the metabolism of hand knob area on cerebral cortex obtained from 18F-FDG PET were calculated. Hand movement scale was evaluated on the day of FDG PET or tractography, and at 6 months after onset. Results Difference of FA in DTT between both hemispheres and hand knob metabolism in FDG PET significantly correlated with the hand movement scale at the subacute stage and 6 months after onset. However, the difference of both hemispheres in DTT and metabolism of hand knob area was not significant.Conclusion Resting metabolism on hand knob in FDG PET correlated with hand function after stroke.

Objective To evaluate the effect of a modified hand compression bandage in patients with a post-burn hand edema.Methods Patients were recruited from burn centers. We classified the patients into two groups: the modified hand compression bandage group comprising of 22 patients who had a modified hand compression bandage and received conventional physical therapy and the conventionally treated group, comprising of 20 patients who received only conventional physical therapy during the 4-week period post-burn. Hand circumference, hand skin thickness, and hand function were evaluated by grip strength, active range of motion (ROM), Jebsen hand function test, and visual analogue scale (VAS). These assessments were used to evaluate treatment effectiveness prior to the first treatment, 2 weeks after the first treatment, 4 weeks after the first treatment, and 4 months after the first treatment.Results As a result of repeated-measures analysis of variance on hand circumference, skin thickness, VAS, and each metacarpophalangeal joint ROM, we found significant differences that corresponded to time effect (p<0.05) and time×group (reciprocal action) effect (p<0.05). The results of grasp power, Jebsen hand function test, and each proximal interphalangeal joint ROM, show significant differences in accordance with the time effect (p<0.05), however, there was no reciprocal action effect (p>0.05).Conclusion The modified hand compression bandage will be clinically useful for the treatment of patients with post-burn hand edemas.

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), a common complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus, leads to sensory and motor impairments that significantly affect fine motor skills, grip strength, and dexterity, limiting daily functioning. Understanding the impact of DPN on hand-related activities of daily living (ADLs) is crucial for improving patient care and outcomes. This review employed the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) framework to assess hand function issues. A systematic search of peer-reviewed studies was conducted across multiple databases to identify research examining the impact of DPN on hand-related ADLs. The findings were categorised using relevant ICF codes linked to hand function issues. The analysis identified four major themes: (1) the impact of DPN on daily activities and participation; (2) sensory impairments affecting hand function; (3) muscle weakness and functional limitations; and (4) unaddressed areas, such as structural changes, driving, assisting others, and preparing meals. DPN was found to significantly hinder hand function, reducing independence in ADLs and overall quality of life. This review highlights the need for comprehensive assessments that address not only impairments, but also activity limitations and participation restrictions, to capture the multifaceted challenges of DPN. Developing targeted assessments tailored to the specific needs of individuals with DPN is essential for improving intervention strategies and overall quality of care.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess hand hygiene (HH) compliance among visitors at a long-term care hospital in South Korea. Methods: The study was conducted at a 502-bed long-term care hospital located in Gyeonggi-do Province. From July 1 to August 15, 2017, including more than 6 weekends and one holiday, a trained observer covertly assessed visitors’ HH at all five units (360 beds in total) of the study hospital building until the completion of 1,000 HH opportunities (i.e., 200 opportunities per unit). The modified World Health Organization (WHO) HH observation form was used. Instead of professional categories and the “before clean/aseptic procedure” moment, the estimated age range for each visitor were recorded in four categories: children (<14 years old), adolescents (14~18), adults (19~64), and the elderly (≥65). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0. Results: A total of 1,000 HH opportunities were observed from 766 visitors (an average of 1.31 per visitor) and the overall HH compliance rate was 20.3%. Overall, 53.7% of the HH cases were performed with soap and water. Among the 4 HH moments, the “after body fluid exposure risk” moment showed the highest compliance rate (83.5%); 93.9% used soap and water. The most commonly exposed potential body fluid among visitors was saliva (48.1%). Conclusion: For hospital visitors in long-term care hospitals, HH education programs including HH moments need to be developed and implemented. Further studies are necessary to evaluate visitors’ HH compliance in various hospital settings and find the related variables influencing visitors’ HH.

The loss of an upper limb significantly limits the functional activities of daily living. A huge emphasis is placed on the manipulation, shape, weight, and comfort of a prosthesis, to enable its use as an inherent body part. Even with technological advances, customized upper-extremity myoelectric prosthesis remain heavy and expensive. The high cost of upper-extremity prosthesis is an especially steep economic barrier for patients. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a promising avenue for reducing the cost of prosthesis. We applied 3D-printed pressure-sensored prosthetics to a traumatic transradial amputee, and compared the hand functions with a customized myoelectric prosthesis. The 3D-printed pressure-sensored prosthetics showed low grip strength and decreased dexterity compared to the conventional myoelectric prosthesis. Although there were a few limitations, the fabrication of prosthesis with 3D printing technology can overcome previous problems such as high production cost, long fabrication period and heavy weight.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effects of hand massage with the preferred aroma oil to those of hand massage with lavender oil on stress and sleep in residents at a long-term care facility. Methods: A group randomized controlled design was used. Of the 37 participants, 19 were assigned to the experimental group(hand massage with the preferred aroma oil) and 18 to the control group(hand massage with lavender oil). Data collection was performed from Nov. 26 2016 to Jan. 27 2017. Hand massage was offered for 5 minutes each side 3 times a week for a total of 12 sessions over 4 weeks. Stress was measured using the Perceived Stress Questionnaire and sleep was measured using the Verran and Snyder-Halpern Sleep Scale. Results: Subjects in the experimental group showed significantly lower stress levels (physical stress, t=-2.10, p=.048; psychological stress, t=-4.41, p<.001) and sleep (t=3.37, p=.002) than those in the control group. Conclusion: These results suggest that aromatherapy with hand massage should consider client aroma preference for elderly at long-term care facilities in the future.

Alien Hand Syndrome is defined as unwilled, uncontrollable, but seemingly purposeful movements of an upper limb. Two major criteria for the diagnosis are complaint of a foreign limb and complex, autonomous, involuntary motor activity that is not part of an identifiable movement disorder. After a cerebrovascular accident in the corpus callosum, the parietal, or frontal regions, various abnormal involuntary motor behaviors may follow. Although different subtypes of Alien Hand Syndrome have been distinguished, this classification clearly does not cover the wide clinical variety of abnormal motor behaviors of the upper extremity. And there are few known studies about the neurophysiology of this syndrome using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We recently experienced 2 rare cases of Alien Hand Syndrome which occurred after anterior cerebral artery (ACA) infarction. A 72 year-old male with right hemiplegia following a left ACA infarct had difficulty with voluntarily releasing an object from his grasp. A 47 year-old female with left hemiplegia following a right ACA infarct had a problem termed ‘intermanual conflict’ in which the two hands appear to be directed at opposing purposes. Both of them had neurophysiologic studies done, and showed reduced amplitude by single pulse MEP and a lack of intracortical inhibition (ICI) by paired pulse TMS. No abnormalities were found in SSEP.

Purpose: Hand hygiene in older adults is an important aspect of public health. This study aimed to identify the factors related to hand hygiene performance among community-dwelling older adults. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design. A total of 142 older adults participated in this study. Data on participants’ hand hygiene performance, hand hygiene knowledge, health literacy, hand hygiene-related characteristics, and general characteristics were collected through a survey. Multiple linear regression and quantile regression analyses were performed using the Stata 17.0 program. Results: In the multiple regression analysis, the male gender, lack of experience with hand hygiene education, low health literacy, and low hand hygiene knowledge were significant risk factors for poor hand hygiene practice. In the quantile regression analysis, the male gender and a low educational level were significant factors across all quantiles, while lack of experience with hand hygiene education and low hand hygiene knowledge were significant at the 25th and 50th percentiles only. In addition, low health literacy was significant only at the 25th percentile. Conclusion: These findings suggest that tailored interventions are needed for older adults with low hand hygiene levels.

Purpose: South Korea is rapidly aging, with older adult care costs soaring and lung diseases prevalent among the older adults. The correlation between hand grip strength (HGS) and lung function is contested, demanding further research to assess its viability as a predictor of lung health in this growing demographic. In this study, explored the relationship between HGS and lung function. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, of 32,379 participants, we selected 3,362 aged 65 years or older, after exclusions. We assessed lung function through forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume (FEV1) measurements, and gauged HGS using a digital dynamometer. The analysis accounted for various covariates including medical history, lifestyle factors, and socioeconomic status, using complex sample analysis in SPSS. Results: Analysis of 3,362 participants revealed that, after adjusting for relevant covariates, HGS retained a statistically significant correlation with FVC and FEV1, with regression coefficients of 0.03 and 0.02, respectively. These findings indicate that HGS may serve as a reliable indicator of respiratory health in an aging population. Conclusion: Findings showed HGS independently aligned with FVC and FEV1, requiring a significant post-adjustment for confounders. Consistent with prior studies, results suggest HGS could indicate respiratory health in older adults. Despite divergent outcomes from earlier research, a persistent link between HGS and lung function underscores its value in geriatric screenings for early lung-decline detection.

Objective To investigate the effects of hand training using low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) within the aftereffect period on hand function in patients with subacute stroke. Methods The subacute stroke patients with hand weaknesses were divided randomly into two groups. Patients in the intervention group underwent hand training within the aftereffect period, that is, immediately after receiving low-frequency rTMS treatment. Patients in the control group underwent hand training 2 hours after the low-frequency rTMS treatment. A manual function test (MFT) for ‘grasp and pinch’ and ‘hand activities’; a manual muscle test (MMT) for ‘grasp’, ‘release’, and ‘abductor pollicis brevis (APB)’; and the Modified Ashworth Scale for finger flexion were performed and measured before and immediately after combined therapy as well as 2 weeks after combined therapy. Conclusion Hand training immediately after low-frequency rTMS showed more rapid improvement in the motor power of hands than hand training conducted 2 hours after low-frequency rTMS. Our results suggest that conducting hand training immediately after low-frequency rTMS could be an improved useful therapeutic option in subacute stroke patients.

This study recruited two men with dysphagia after stroke, aged 57 and 62 years. They had difficulty using both hands properly due to paralysis of the left upper extremity and rheumatoid arthritis of the right hand in patient 1 and paralysis of both upper extremities in patient 2. This study examined the effects of 4 weeks of hand-free chin-tuck-resistance exercise on the hyoid movement and aspiration. The exercises involved isotonic and isometric parts. In isometric CTAR, the patients were asked to chin tuck against the device 3 times for 60 s each with no repetition. In isotonic CTAR, the patient performed 30 consecutive repetitions by strongly pressing against the resistance device and then releasing it. Based on a video fluoroscopic swallowing study, the degree of aspiration was measured using the Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS) and two-dimensional motion analysis of the hyoid bone. Post-intervention, the hyoid movements in both patients improved by 0.16 and 0.22 cm (anterior movement), and 0.26 and 0.28 cm (superior movement), and the PAS scores decreased by 2 and 2 points, respectively. This study confirms that hands-free chin-tuck resistance exercise is applicable and helpful for improving the hyoid movement and reducing aspiration in patients with dysphagia after stroke. Therefore, this exercise can be introduced as an intervention for improving the swallowing function in patients with dysphagia who have difficulty using both hands.

Objective To offer the basic data about the causes and distribution of hand tingling, symptoms and physical findings, and pressure pain threshold in desk workers.Methods Five physiatrists participated in the screening test composed of history and physical examination. A total of 876 desk workers were evaluated and of them 37 subjects with hand tingling were selected. For further analyzing, detailed history taking and meticulous physical examination were taken. Pressure pain threshold (PPT) at the infraspinatus, upper trapezius, flexor carpi radialis, rhomboideus, and flexor pollicis longus were examined. PPT measurements were repeated three times with two minute intervals by a pressure algometer. Electrodiagnostic study was done to detect potential neurologic abnormalities.Results The causes of hand tingling in order of frequency were: myofascial pain syndrome, 68%; cervical radiculopathy, 27%; rotator cuff syndrome, 11%; tenosynovitis, 8%; and carpal tunnel syndrome, 5%. The location of trigger points in the myofascial pain syndrome, which were proven to evoke a tingling sensation to the hand in order of frequency were: infraspinatus, 65.4%; upper trapezius, 57.7%; flexor carpi radialis, 38.5%; rhomboideus 15.4%; and flexor pollicis longus 11.5%. The PPT of the affected side was significantly lower than that of the unaffected side in myofascial pain syndrome (p<0.05).Conclusion The most common cause of hand tingling in desk workers was myofascial pain syndrome rather than carpal tunnel syndrome. Common trigger points to evoke hand tingling were in the infraspinatus and upper trapezius.

One of the most common task of electromyography (EMG)-based human?machine interface (HMI) is the hand gesture recognition. Robust and accurate predictions leveraging the surface EMG (sEMG) is a key challenge. In this paper, we present a 3D hand gesture prediction application, leveraging the sEMG signal and the optical hand tracking information. A transformer?encoder classifier (TEC) module is introduced in an IPC-system to predict the 3D-hand gestures using eight monopolar channels from sEMG as input. An experimental testbed is setup to acquire, train, and predict the 3D hand gestures within a feasible range of performance. The performance has been evaluated in terms of percentage of correctly classified keypoints (PCK). PCK is measured by first estimating the euclidean distance between the actual and the predicted keypoints. The percentage of keypoints within a threshold distance value are then calculated. Results from the ablation study indicate that the proposed scheme shows a percentage of correctly classified keypoints of up to 72.8%, 92.7%, 97.2%, and 98.6% with a PCK threshold of 5 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm, and 30 mm, respectively.