Earticle

In Korea more than 38,000 types of hazardous material(HAZMAT) are distributed, accordingly the accidents during transportation are also increasing. The agencies related to HAZMAT such as Environment Ministry, National Emergency Management Agency and National Police Agency have their own regulations. However, the classification criteria of HAZMAT are different to each other, which causes many problems in response to transportation accidents. In this study the classification standard of HAZMAT and the classification code using CAS number are suggested to manage HAZMAT efficiently. Through efficient management and standard classification of HAZMAT, the rapid and systematic response to transportation accidents related to HAZMAT is expected to be possible.

Ministry of Environment developed ‘Emergency Response Information System (ERIS)’ in 2001, which is in operation. As a next step, currently National Emergency Response Information System (NERIS) is being developed. The main difference among ERIS and NERIS is to enhance the system in the national level, including transportation of hazardous materials. This paper introduces concepts and methods applied to NERIS, especially HAZMAT, and the information system, operating strategies. Based on GIS and transportation-network data, the best route can be offered using Risk Analysis. Strategies for reporting and first-response information systems are also designed for emergencies in the paper.

The types and quantities of Hazmat and Hazmat transportation are gradually increasing, keeping pace with industrialization and urbanization. At present the safety management for Hazmat transportation only considers reducing accident probability, but even when an accident involving Hazmat-carrying vehicles occurs, that is not regarded as a Hazmat-related accident if the Hazmats do not leak out from the containers carrying them. Thus the methods to reduce risk (Risk=ProbabilityConsequence) have to be developed by incorporating accident probability and consequence. By using Geographic Information System (GIS), a technical method is invented and is automatically able to evaluate the consequence by different types of Hazmat. Thus this study analyzed the degree of risk on the links classified by the Hazmat transport pathways. In order to mitigate the degree of risk, a method of 7-step risk management on Hazmat transportation in railway industries can be suggested. (1st step: building up GIS DB, 2nd step: calculating accident probability on each link, 3rd step: calculating consequence by Hazmat types, 4th step: determination of risk, 5th step: analysis of alternative plans for mitigating the risk, 6th: measure of effectiveness against each alternative, and 7th step: action plans to be weak probability and consequence by the range recommended from ALARP). In conclusion, those 7 steps are used as a standardization method of optimum transportation routing. And to increase the efficiency of optimum transportation routing, optional route can be revise by verification.

위험물 운송사고는 차량의 1차적인 피해(충 추돌) 뿐만 아니라 불특정다수, 환경에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 2차적인 사고를 내재하고 있다. 그렇기 때문에 위험물 사고관리는 일반 차량의 사고관리와는 달리 별도의 관리를 함으로써 사고를 미연에 방지하고, 2차피해를 최소화할 수 있는 체계적인 관리방안이 필요하다. 국내에서 발생한 위험물 사고의 발생 원인별 현황(2009년 기준)을 살펴보면 인적요인이 62.8%, 물적 요인이 9.9%, 기타요인 23.1%, 그리고 불명요인이 4.2%를 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 인적요인에 의한 사고 중 절반 이상이 관리 및 감시 부주의로 인한 사고로 인해 발생하는 것으로 조사되었다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 요인으로 발생하는 사고위험을 최소화하기 기존 RAM(Risk Assessment Matrix)을 활용하여 HAZ-RAM(Hazmat Transportation Risk Assessment Matrix)을 개발하였다. HAZ-RAM의 개발을 위해 다음 3가지 측면에서 분석 체계를 구축하였다. 첫째, 위험물 사고의 유형을 세분화하여 정의하였다. 둘째, 위험물 사고를 유형별로 심각도와 빈도를 분석하였다. 마지막으로 위험물 운송경로상의 위험도를 파악하여 사고를 저감할 수 있는 운송관리방안을 제시하였다. 향후 본 연구에서 개발된 HAZ-RAM을 통해 위험물 운송관리가 이루어진다면, 단순 교통사고뿐만 아니라 위험물질 유출로 인한 2차 사고피해 또한 크게 줄일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

The accident of HAZMAT causes not only physical damage but also secondary accidents which makes negative effects in regional environment and society. Thus, based on a particular management system in HAZMAT transportation, it is necessary to prevent accidents and to minimize secondary damages. According to the accident data, the causes of accidents are human factor(62.8%), physical factor(9.9%), other factors(23.1%) and unknown factors(4.2%). Especially the most accidents related with human factor are caused by neglect of management and surveillance. In this study to minimize the risk caused by human factor, HT-RAM(Hazmat Transportation Risk Assessment Matrix) was developed using current RAM(Risk Assessment Matrix). For developing HT-RAM effectively, the following 3 factors are also considered. First, the type of HAZMAT accident is defined and classified. Secondly, the severity and the frequency are analyzed by accident type. Finally, the plan for management in transportation was suggested to reduce the risk and accident. In the future, HAZ-RAM developed in this research is applied to the HAZMAT transportation management system, it will reduce not only traffic accident but also the secondary damage caused by the accident.

본 논문에서는 철도 위험물 수송의 안전성 향상을 위하여 네트워크의 위험확률 및 피해영향을 분석하기 위한 위험도 산정방법을 제안한다. 본 연구에서 정의하는 철도 네트워크 위험도 분석기법은 사고를 일으킬 수 있는 주요요인(인구밀도, 인구밀집지역의 위치, 철도 네트워크의 형태, 위험물질 등)을 설정하였다. 이는 인구밀도, 인구밀집지역의 위치, 철도 네트워크의 형태, 위험물질 등이었다. 본 위험도 산정 방법을 기초로 하여 전국철도수송경로의 구간별 위험도 분석, 위험물질별 특성에 따른 피해영향 정도를 분석하였다. 최종적으로는 위험물 수송 구간별 위험도 진단 및 피해영향 정도를 분석하여 철도의 안전성 향상을 위한 방안을 제시하였다.

A method of risk assessment for transporting hazmats(hazardous materials) by railway is proposed in this paper. This method is focused on finding the risk probability dependent by railway geometries and consequences by hazmats railway accidents in order to improve safe movement by railways. The level of risk by railways are dependent of several factors which are population density, accident location, railway geometries, and the type of hazmats. Based on this method the level of risk was analyzed, section by section, along the all the railway networks nationwide. Addition to this the consequences by hazmat types was analyzed. Finally, the countermeasures for alleviating the risk and improving safe transportation by railway were suggested.

위험물저장 탱크기초의 결함으로 인한 인화성물질의 유출사고는 산업단지의 대형화재를 야기시킬 수 있으므로 탱크기초의 설계 및 시공단계에서 세심한 주의를 기울여야 한다. 본 연구에서는 위험물저장탱크 기초의 설계 및 시공 가이드라인을 제시하기 위하여, 대표적인 탱크기초 유형을 분류하고 각 유형에 따른 대표단면을 모델링한 수치해석(3D FEM)을 수행하였으며, 수치해석 결과로 나타난 탱크기초의 응력 및 침하분포를 비교 평가하여 각 기초 유형별로 위험물저장탱크 설계 및 시공단계에서 유의 하여야할 사항을 검토하였다.

Leakage incidents due to the fault of hazmat tank foundations are likely to cause the tremendous fire disaster in the national industry cluster area. The proper design and construction of tank foundation should be required to prevent the tank fire. In the study, the types of typical tank foundations were classified and modeling the individual tank type for 3D FEM analysis was performed to suggest the guideline for the design and construction of tank foundations. Matters to be attended of the foundation design and construction are reviewed through the comparison assessment of the numerical analysis results of the foundation types.

본 연구에서는 이동식 탱크차량의 사고대응을 위해서 사고대응 가이드라인 작성, 사고대응 물질 데이터베이스 구축을 통하여 프로그램을 개발하였다. 가이드라인은 잠재원인 식별 후, FEMA(Federal Emergency Management Agency) 절차에 따라 작성하였고, 최초 물질 데이터베이스는 GHS(Globally Harmonized System)를 적용하여 구축했으며, 데이터베이스 간의 유사점 확인을 통해 사고대응에 최적화 된 데이터베이스를 구축하였다. 마지막으로 Case Study를 통해 개발된 프로그램의 신뢰성을 확보하였다.

This study develop accident response program for the hazardous materials(HAZMAT) transport vehicle with materials database and guidelines for accident response. Guidelines was developed by guideline develop processes of FEMA after identify hazards. Developed material database was applied the GHS. also database was optimized by removing data that can confuse to accident response. Finally, This study verify developed programs through case study.

위험물 수송용 탱크 차량은 사고 발생 시, 화학물질 사고에 익숙하지 않은 소방대원들이 대응하게 된다. 그 결과 소방대원들이 2차 피해자가 되는 사례가 발생하고 있다. 소방대원들이 올바르게 대응하여 2차 피해자가 되는 것을 막기 위해 위험물 수송용 탱크차량 사고를 위한 사고대응 가이드라인이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 사고 대응 가이드라인을 작성하기 위해 기존에 존재하는 위험성 평가 기법과, 가이드라인 작성방법에 대한 조사를 진행하였고, 이에 따라 위험물 수송용 탱크 차량의 잠재 위험을 식별하고, 각각에 대하여 guideword를 부여하여 가이드라인 항목을 구성하였다. 또한 각 항목에 대한 자세한 방법, 국내 규정등을 이용하여 위험물 수송용 탱크 차량을 위한 가이드라인을 제시하였다.

Accidents of HAZMAT transport vehicle are generally dealt by unskilled firefighters. As a result, firefighters became 2nd victims of accidents in some case because of this reason, and it is required to prepare an accident response guidelines against HAZMAT transport vehicle accidents. In this study, risk assessment methods and making methods of guidelines were investigated to make accident response guidelines of HAZMAT transport vehicle accidents. and It identifies hazards and combines with guideword for making guideline items. At last, we determine criteria or detailed methods by referring survey regulations and existed methods.

The types and quantities of Hazmat and Hazmat transport are gradually increasing, keeping pace with industrialization and urbanization. There are currently more than 1,000 types of Hazmat,, and new types are added every year. At present the safety management for Hazmat transport only considers reducing accident probability, but even when an accident involving Hazmat-carrying vehicles occurs, that is not regarded as a Hazmat-related accident if the Hazmats do not leak out from the containers carrying them. Based on this principle, in turn., the methods to reduce risk (Risk=Probability$\times$Consequence) have to be developed by incorporating accident probability and consequence. By using Geographic Information System (GIS), a technical method was invented and is automatically able to evaluate the consequence by different types of Hazmat. Thus this study analyzed the degree of risk on the links classified by the Hazmat transport pathways. In order to mitigate the degree of risk, a method of 7-step risk management in transporting Hazmat on railway industries was suggested. The 7-step risk management is definded as the following: 1st step: buliding up GIS DB, 2nd step: calculating accident probability on each link, 3rd step: calculating consequence by Hazmat types, 4th step: determination of risk, 5th step: analysis of alternative plans for mitigating the risk, 6th: measure of effectiveness against each alternative, and 7th step: action plans to be weak probability and consequence by the range recommended from ALARP. In conclusion., those 7 steps are recommended as a standardization method in this study.