Earticle

This study develops a real-time ground coordinate acquisition system using a Laser Range Finder (LRF) mounted on an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). To meet the requirements for precision and rapid response in surveillance, search and rescue, and disaster management, we implemented an integrated system comprising UAV hardware, coordinate calculation software, and a Ground Control Station (GCS) user interface. The system computes target locations in real-time by fusing sensor data from the LRF and UAV telemetry. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system maintains consistent coordinate accuracy within approximately 1.6m (mean) under static target conditions, across flight altitude variations of 10–50m and horizontal distance variations of 5–15m. This technology is expected to expand the operational scope of UAVs in both civilian and military sectors and enhance the technical competitiveness of domestic UAV-based positioning systems.

This study focuses on developing a system that uses drones equipped with Laser Range Finders (LRF) to obtain precise ground coordinates in real time. To meet the requirements for speed and precision in various applications such as surveillance and reconnaissance, search for missing persons, and disaster response, an integrated development approach was taken. This includes drone hardware, position calculation software (S/W), and a user interface (UI) for ground control systems. This technology is expected to maximize the utility of drones in both civilian and military sectors and contribute to enhancing the global competitiveness of domestic drone technology.

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between motor and mental status and functional status, and to determine appropriate test times. Using the Modified Motor Assessment Scale(motor status) and the Modified Barthel Index(functiona1 status), the Glasgow Coma Scale(menta1 status), we tested 9 stroke patients. 1 week. 1 month after their stroke. Three measures are reliable and valid. We used the Sperman correlation coefficient(r) and Wilcoxon signed rank test to analyze the data. MMAS scores at 1 month correlated significantly with MBI scores at 1 month(r=0.89). But GCS scores at 1 month did not correlate significantly with MBI scores at 1 month. All data of MMAS at 1 month correlated significantly with MBI scores at 1 month. But only verbal response score among GCS scores at 1 month correlated significantly with MBI scores at 1 month(r=0.86). The difference of MMAS, GCS. MBI scores between 1 week and 1 month after stroke onset were statistically significant(p(0.05). This study suggested that the mental status had more impact on functional recovery than motor status at 1 week after their stroke. Also, the motor status had more impact on functional recovery than mental status at 1 month after their stroke. But the mental and motor status should be considered together in predicting the functional recovery status of stroke patients.

한정된 병력을 효율적으로 활용하고 전장에서의 인명 피해를 최소화하기 위해 무인 항공기의 사용이 급격히 증가하고 있다. 무인 항공 시스템의 운용 개념과 환경에 따라 지상 통제 장비의 요구사항이 달라지지만, 여전히 공통적인 요구사항이 존재한다. 그러나 이러한 공통 요구사항을 만족시키기 위한 시스템 구성이 표준화되지 않아, 공통 기능의 재활용이 어려워져 지속적으로 획득 비용이 발생하는 문제가 있다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해 본 논문에서는 UCS 아키텍처를 활용하여 한국형 UCS 모델을 개발하였다. 또한 아키텍처에서 명시하지 않은 서비스 개발과 관련된 요소(프레임워크, 통신 미들웨어, 서비스 구조 등)를 설계한 후, 이를 기반으로 개발자들의 업무 효율성을 향상시키는 보일러플레이트를 개발하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 무인 항공 시스템의 지상 통제 장비 개발을 효과적이고 경제적으로 수행할 수 있는 기반이 될 것이다.

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles is rapidly increasing in order to effectively utilize limited manpower and minimize casualties on the battlefield. The requirements for ground control equipment vary depending on the operating concept and environment of the unmanned aerial system, but there are still common requirements. However, the lack of standardized system configurations to meet these common requirements makes it difficult to reuse common functions, leading to continuous acquisition costs. To solve this problem, this paper develops a Korean version of the UCS model using the UCS architecture. Furthermore, after designing elements related to service development not specified in the architecture (such as framework, communication middleware, service structure, etc.), we develop a Boilerplate to enhance developers' work efficiency based on this. The results of this study will serve as a foundation for effectively and economically carrying out the development of ground control equipment for unmanned aerial systems.

세계 경제가 글로벌화 됨에 따라서 국내 기업들의 해외 진출이 늘어가고 있다. 이에 따라 해외에 파견되는 주재원들의 숫자도 늘어가고 있으며, 해외 주재원의 체계적인 선발과 훈련 시스템의 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 그러나 국내에서는 아직 이에 대한 연구가 미흡한 수준이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 기업들이 해외 주재원의 선발과 훈련에 활용할 수 있도록 해외 주재원의 성공적인 임무 수행 가능성을 예측하는 것을 목적으로 하는 글로벌역량측정척도를 개발하였다. 척도를 개발하기 위해 문헌연구, 해외 파견 근무 유경험자 및 인사부서 담당자 인터뷰를 실시하였으며, 2차에 걸친 문항선별작업을 거쳐 12요인 54문항을 추출하였다. 이를 바탕으로 국내 글로벌 기업에 종사하는 현직자를 대상으로 온라인, 오프라인 설문조사를 실시하였으며 381명의 설문조사 결과를 얻어 교차타당화를 실시하였다. 탐색적 요인분석과 확인적 요인분석을 통하여 최종적으로 6요인 24문항을 확정하였으며, 이후 준거타당화를 실시하였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 글로벌역량척도점수는 과거 해외 체류 경험에서의 목표 달성 정도와 만족 수준을 묻는 준거변수와 유의하게 상관이 높은 것으로 나타나 준거관련타당도가 검증되었다. 특히, GCS는 영어능력이 준거변수에 미치는 영향을 통제한 후에도 준거변수에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 이는 해외주재원 및 파견자를 선발하고 육성하는데 새로운 접근이 요구됨을 의미한다고 볼 수 있다. 마지막으로 연구결과를 토대로 본 연구의 학문적, 실무적 의의 및 시사점, 그리고 제한점과 미래 연구 과제에 대해 논의하였다.

As the world economy is becoming globalized, more domestic businesses are branching to overseas. Thereupon the number of expatriate workers who are getting assigned to overseas are increasing, and needs for systematic selection and training system for overseas expatriate workers are in dire needs. Nevertheless researches in this area are not enough and still inadequate level domestically. Therefore we developed the Global Competency Scale (GCS) with the purpose of the local businesses to use it to predict the possibility of successful overseas job performance and to select and train the right overseas expatriate workers. To develop the scale we conducted researches on documentations and interviews with former overseas expatriate workers and expatriate program managers in human resource department(HRD). Based on these results we developed 14 initial factors with 138 items. Using theses items we conducted both on & offline survey to people who work at global and multinational companies in Korea. With the 381 people's survey results, we implemented the cross validity. After cross validating we generated final 6 factors with 24 items. The GCS score we developed in this research shows that the degree of their goal achievement during past overseas experience and level of their satisfaction was significantly high in those criterion variables proving the criterion-related validity. Especially the GCS we developed in this research shows that after controlling the effect of English skills, still appear to have significant effect on criterion variables. Finally based on research results we discussed academical and operational implication and limitations for the further researches.

드론이나 로봇과 같이 조정자가 직접 탑승하여 운영하지 않는 무인 자율이동체는 국방이나 재난 대응 분야에서 감시, 정찰, 표적 추적, 재난 대응 등 다양한 임무를 사람을 대신하여 수행해 주는 주요 도구로 활용되고 있다. 최근 인공지능을 포함하여 진보된 ICT 기술이 적용됨에 따라 물류 배송, 스마트 농업, 상황 모니터링 등 다양한 산업 분야에서 필수적인 자산으로 자리 매김하고 있다. 그러나, 현재의 드론 운영 시스템은 다양한 보안 위협과 공격에 취약한 한계를 갖는다. 특히, 양자컴퓨터가 상 용화되어 사용되면 기존의 정적 암호 체계는 더욱 취약할 것으로 판단된다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해, 드 론과 GCS 환경에 적합한 경량, 양자 내성, 안전성을 충족하는 3단계 보안 프로토콜을 적용한 안전한 보안 통신 채널을 설정 할 수 있는 방법을 구현하고 시험한다.

Unmanned autonomous systems such as drones and robots, operated without a human pilot onboard, have become essential tools in national defense and disaster-response missions, performing surveillance, reconnaissance, target tracking, and emergency operations in place of human operators. With the recent integration of advanced information and communication technologies (ICT), including artificial intelligence (AI), these systems are now widely utilized across various industrial domains such as logistics and delivery services, smart agriculture, and environmental or situational monitoring, making them indispensable assets in both military and civilian sectors. However, current drone operation systems remain vulnerable to numerous security threats and attacks. In particular, as quantum computers become commercially viable, conventional static cryptographic schemes are expected to become increasingly insecure. To address these challenges, this paper proposes and evaluates a scheme for establishing a secure communication channel between drones and Ground Control Stations (GCS) by applying a lightweight, quantum-resistant, and security-enhanced three-phase protocol specifically designed for UAV environments.

SOM은 심전도 신호의 진단에 있어서 효과적인 Clustering을 해주는 신경망이라는 것을 몇몇의 실험을 통하여 알 수 있었다. [1] 하지만 출력노드의 크기를 임의로 지정해야 하는 문제점이 있고 일반적으로 출력층의 크기가 클수록 진단결과는 좋지만 인간시간은 오래걸린다는 단점이 있다. 따라서 진단능력과 학습속도 사이의 균형에 관련된 문제가 대두되게 된다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제점을 극복하고자 기존의 SOM 신경망의 단점을 보완하고자 GCS(Growing Cell Structures)를 이용한 심전도의 학습속도와 분류능력 사이의 효율성 개선 방안을 제안한다. 이 방범은 GCS를 이용하여 적절한 노드의 수를 찾아내는 것이다. 이를 이용한 심전도 진단의 실험을 통해 기존의 SOM이 할 수 없었던 자체적인 출력노드의 증감을 행함을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 출력노드의 감소로 인해 연산량이 줄어 학습시간의 효율성이 증가하였다.

우리나라 토지공부는 일제 시대의 낙후된 기술로 정립되어 현재 국내 토지의 15%가 지적도와 맞지 않는다. 이에 정부는 '지적재조사 사업'이라는 이름 아래 우리나라 토지공부를 정립하고 측량 원점을 세계측지계로 변경 중에 있다. 지적재조사 사업이 끝난 후 우리나라 디지털 정보 서비스가 구축되어 디지털 지적정보가 제공될 때, 그 정보를 이용하여 손쉽게 측량할 수 있는 드론 경계 복원 측량 방법을 제안한다. Mobile GCS는 모바일 어플로 드론을 제어하고 토지공부에 기록된 경계점 좌표를 획득하여 드론이 자동 비행하여 경계점을 표시하도록 한다. 개발한 프로토타입 드론으로 6개 경계점을 2분 내로 순회하였다.

The cadastre in Korea was established with the outdated technology of the Japanese colonial period, and thus currently 15% of the Korea domestic land does not match the cadastral map. Accordingly, the government has been establishing the Korean cadastre under the name of 'Cadastral Re-investigation Project' and is changing the origin of the survey to the world geodetic system. Assuming that the project is completed, we propose a drone boundary survey method that can be used to easily survey using the exact digital cadastral information. The developed mobile GCS application can control the drone and acquire the boundary point coordinates recorded in the cadastre, and the drone automatically flies to mark the boundary points. The developed prototype of drone made a tour along the 6 boundary points in 2 minutes.

IoT(Internet of Things) 기술은 통신, 마이크로 프로세서 그리고 임베디드 소프트웨어 기술의 발전과 융합으로 인해 탄생 되었다. 그에 따른 응용 중 하나로 UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, 무인 항공기) 시스템에도 적용되고 있다. 운용상 유인용 항공기(manned aircraft)는 지상에 있는 관제 시스템을 통해 운항의 지시를 받아, 조종사가 직접 비행 기체를 제어하는 방식으로 운영되지만, UAV는 GCS(Ground Control System, 지상 제어시스템)를 통해 직접 비행 제어를 받는다. 따라서 UAV와 GCS 간의 통신을 위한 프로토콜로 개방형인 MAVLink (Macro Air Vehicle Link)가 주로 사용이 되고 있으나, 범용이고 공개적이다 보니 일부구간에서 제삼자에 의해 쉽게 노출되어 비행체의 상태 및 기타 제어 정보 등의 정보 보안에 취약하다. 본 제안은 UAV를 안전하게 운영하기 위한 GCS 내 통신메시지의 암호화 적용 방안을 제시한다.

IoT (Internet of Things) emerges from various technologies such as communications, micro processors and embedded system and so on. The IoT has also been used to UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) system. In manned aircraft, a pilot and co-pilot should control FCS (Flight Control System) with FBW(Fly By Wire) system for flight operation. In contrast, the flight operation in UAV system is remotely and fully managed by GCS (Ground Control System) almost in real time. To make it possible the communication channel should be necessary between the UAV and the GCS. There are many protocols between two systems. Amongst them, MAVLink (Macro Air Vehicle Link) protocol is representatively used due to its open architecture. MAVLink does not define any securities itself, which results in high vulnerability from external attacks. This paper proposes the method to enhance data security in GCS network by applying cryptographic methods to the MAVLink messages in order to support safe UAV operations.

이 연구는 한국 및 영국의 공공 커뮤니케이션 현황을 살펴본 뒤, 한국의 공공 커뮤니케이션 전문가들의 인식을 조사하여 한국 공공 커뮤니케이션의 발전 방향을 탐색해 보고자 했다. 이를 위해 국내외 문헌연구와 한국의 공공 커뮤니케이션 전문가 18명을 대상으로 서면 및 대면 인터뷰를 실시했다. 영국의 정부소통청(GCS)은 공공 커뮤니케이션의 중요성을 인식하고, 관련 조직 구축, 프로세스 정교화 등을 통해 사회 다양성을 존중하되, 커뮤니케이션 과정은 일관되게 하려는 노력을 하고있다. 한국의 공공 커뮤니케이션은 지속성보다는 기관의 소속 변경, 폐지, 신설, 업무 축소 및 확대가 정권교체 등에 따라 반복됐다. 공익광고는 주로 메시지 연구 및 효과 중심, 정부광고는 제도의개선 방향, 국가브랜드는 2002년 월드컵이나 2010년 이후 한류 급부상 시기 등 시기별로 연구관심이 집중된 경향을 보였다. 한국의 공공 커뮤니케이션 전문가들은 현재의 공공 커뮤니케이션의현황을 진단하며, 일관된 방향성 필요, 충분한 예산과 우수전문인력 배치 노력, 프로세스 차원에서의 매뉴얼 구축, 컨설팅 역할 수행, 데이터 기반 운영 필요, 공공 커뮤니케이션 성과지표 개발 및 성과분석 필수, 공공 커뮤니케이션 관련 교육 마련, 컨트롤타워 필요성을 제기했다.

This study investigates the current status of public communication in South Korea and the United Kingdom, aiming to offer insights for the development of Korean publication communication. We analysed local policies and initiatives in both countries and conducted interviews with 18 public communication experts in South Korea. Our findings reveal a stark contrast in approaches between the two nations. The UK’s Government Communications Service (GCS) focuses on social diversity and maintaining consistent communication by establishing pertinent organizations and refining processes On the other hand, South Korea’s public communication is frequently disrupted by government turnover, leading to frequent changes in institutional affiliation, establishments, and shifts in work scope, thereby hindering consistent public communications. The interviews highlight the need for a unified direction in public communication, adequate funding, and the establishment of expert resources in South Korea. Recommendations to enhance South Korea’s public communications include the creation of a detailed manual, adopting a consulting role, implementing data-driven operation, and developing performance indicators. and providing related training, and establishing a centralized overseeing body.

Background This study aimed to determine the predictive power of the Full Outline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR) score and the Glasgow Coma Scale Pupil (GCS-P) score in determining outcomes for traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. The Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) was used to evaluate patients at 1 month and 6 months after the injury. Methods We conducted a 15-month prospective observational study. It included 50 TBI patients admitted to the ICU who met our inclusion criteria. We used Pearson's correlation coefficient to relate coma scales and outcome measures. The predictive value of these scales was determined using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calculating the area under the curve with a 99% confidence interval. All hypotheses were two-tailed, and significance was defined as P<0.01. Results In the present study, the GCS-P and FOUR scores among all patients on admission as well as in the subset of patients who were mechanically ventilated were statistically significant and strongly correlated with patient outcomes. The correlation coefficient of the GCS score compared to GCS-P and FOUR scores was higher and statistically significant. The areas under the ROC curve for the GCS, GCS-P, and FOUR scores and the number of computed tomography abnormalities were 0.912, 0.905, 0.937, and 0.324, respectively. Conclusions The GCS, GCS-P, and FOUR scores are all excellent predictors with a strong positive linear correlation with final outcome prediction. In particular, the GCS score has the best correlation with final outcome.

현재 드론을 이용한 측량 기술은 '드론 사진측량' 방식이 일반적이다. '드론 사진측량' 방식은 드론의 고질적인 문제점인 배터리 문제와 모델링 시 시간이 오래 소요된다는 단점이 있다. 따라서 효율적이고 새로운 방식의 드론 측량 기법이 필요한 실정이다. 본 논문에서는 드론을 활용하여 수치지적의 경계점 좌표 기반의 새로운 측량 방식을 제안하여 경계 복원 측량의 효율성을 향상시키고자 한다.

Graduated compression stockings (GCS) have been widely used for the prophylaxis and treatment of venous diseases. Their gradient pressure function largely related to their fabric structure and material properties. By combing fabric physical testing and wear trials, this study investigated the GCSs fabric structure and material properties at different locations along the stocking hoses, and quantitatively analyzed the effects of fabrics on skin pressure longitudinal and transverse distributions. We concluded that, Structural characteristics and material properties of stocking fabrics were not uniform along the hoses, but a gradual variation from ankle to thigh regions, which significantly influenced the corresponding skin pressure gradient distributions; Tensile (WT, EM) and shearing properties (G) generated most significant differences among ankle, knee and thigh regions along the stocking hose, which significantly influenced the skin pressure lognitudinal gradient distribution. More material indices generating significant gradual changes occurred in the fabric wale direction along stocking hose, meaning that materials properties in wale direction would exert more important impact on the skin pressure gradient performances. And, the greater tensibility and smoother surface of fabric in wale direction would contribute to put stocking on and off, and facilitate wearers' leg extension-flexion movements. The indices of WT and EM of stocking fabrics in series A have strong linear correlations with skin pressure lognitudinal distribution, which largely related to their better performances in gradual changes of material properties. Skin pressure applied by fabric with same material properties produced pronounced differences among four different directions around certain cross-sections of human leg, especially at the ankle region; and, the skin pressure magnitudes at ankle region were more easily influenced by the materials properties, which were considered to be largely related to the anatomic structure of human leg.

Purpose: Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are a leading cause of morbidity, mortality, socioeconomic loss, and diminished quality of life among survivors of all injury types. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), though commonly used in the intensive care unit (ICU), has limitations that may be addressed by the Full Outline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR) score. We compared the ability of the FOUR and GCS scores to predict outcomes in patients with TBI. Methods: This prospective observational study included all patients presenting with head injury who survived beyond 24 hours between 2020 and 2022. Basic demographic data, prehospital care details, and neurological findings were collected. TBI severity was assessed using both the GCS and FOUR scores, and outcomes were graded using the Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS). Results: Among 225 patients (mean age, 42.4±19.7 years; male sex, 77.8%) with TBIs, the mortality rate was 4.4%, and 15.1% experienced a poor outcome (GOS ≤2). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed good predictive ability for both the FOUR score (area under the curve [AUC], 0.85) and GCS (AUC, 0.88). FOUR score ≤12 and GCS ≤10 were identified as optimal cutoff values for predicting poor outcomes (P<0.001), with the FOUR score demonstrating sensitivity and specificity of 79.4% and 77.5%, respectively. A FOUR score ≤12 at admission was significantly associated with intubation (odds ratio [OR], 8.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.6-14.4; P<0.001), tracheostomy (OR, 21.8; 95% CI. 6.9-68.8; P<0.001), and neurological complications, including mental function deficits (OR, 7.5; 95% CI, 3.2-17.7; P<0.001), cranial nerve palsy (OR, 4.1; 95% CI, 1.6-10.4; P=0.002), and motor deficits (OR, 9.4; 95% CI, 4.6-19.2; P<0.001). A strong correlation was observed between the FOUR score and GOS (r=0.7). Conclusions: The FOUR score is a reliable tool for assessing TBI severity and predicting outcomes, with performance comparable to the GCS. An admission FOUR score ≤12 was associated with poor neurological outcomes, increased need for advanced airway management, and long-term disability. By capturing additional neurological parameters beyond the GCS, the FOUR score may offer clinical advantages in ICU settings for early prognostication and management of patients with TBI.

The tools that classify the severity of patients based on the prediction of mortality include APACHE, SAPS, and MPM. Theses tools rely crucially on the evaluation of patients' general clinical status on the first date of their admission to ICU. Nursing activities are one of the most crucial factors influencing on the quality of treatment that patients receive and one of the contributing factors for their prognosis and safety. The purpose of this study was to identify the goodness-of-fit of CPSCS of critical patient severity classification system(CPSCS) and Glasgow coma scale(GCS) and the clinical usefulness of its death rate prediction. Data were collected from the medical records of 187 neurological patients who were admitted to the ICU of C University Hospital. The data were analyzed through $x^2$ test, t-test, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, goodness-of-fit test, and ROC curve. In accordance with patients' general and clinical characteristics, patient mortality turned out to be statistically different depending on ICU stay, endotracheal intubation, central venous catheter, and severity by CPSCS. Homer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit tests were CPSCS and GCS and the results of the discrimination test using the ROC curve were $CPSCS_0$,.734, $GCS_0$,.583, $CPSCS_{24}$,.734, $GCS_{24}$,.612, $CPSCS_{48}$,.591, $GCS_{48}$,.646, $CPSCS_{72}$,.622, and $GCS_{72}$,.623. Logistic regression analysis showed that each point on the CPSCS score signifies1.034 higher likelihood of dying. Applied to neurologically ill patients, early CPSCS scores can be regarded as a useful tool.

The tools that classify the severity of patients based on the prediction of mortality include APACHE, SAPS, and MPM. Theses tools rely crucially on the evaluation of patients' general clinical status on the first date of their admission to ICU. Nursing activities are one of the most crucial factors influencing on the quality of treatment that patients receive and one of the contributing factors for their prognosis and safety. The purpose of this study was to identify the goodness-of-fit of CPSCS of critical patient severity classification system(CPSCS) and Glasgow coma scale(GCS) and the clinical usefulness of its death rate prediction. Data were collected from the medical records of 187 neurological patients who were admitted to the ICU of C University Hospital. The data were analyzed through $x^2$ test, t-test, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, goodness-of-fit test, and ROC curve. In accordance with patients' general and clinical characteristics, patient mortality turned out to be statistically different depending on ICU stay, endotracheal intubation, central venous catheter, and severity by CPSCS. Homer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit tests were CPSCS and GCS and the results of the discrimination test using the ROC curve were $CPSCS_0$, .734, $GCS_0$,.583, $CPSCS_{24}$,.734, $GCS_{24}$, .612, $CPSCS_{48}$,.591, $GCS_{48}$,.646, $CPSCS_{72}$,.622, and $GCS_{72}$,.623. Logistic regression analysis showed that each point on the CPSCS score signifies1.034 higher likelihood of dying. Applied to neurologically ill patients, early CPSCS scores can be regarded as a useful tool.

The beneficial effects of graduated compression stockings (GCS) in prophylaxis and treatment of venous disorders of human lower extremity have been recognized. However, their pressure functional performances are variable and unstable in practical applications, and the exact mechanisms of action remain controversial. Direct surface pressure measurements and indirect material properties testing are not enough for fully understanding the interaction between stocking and leg. A three dimensional (3D) biomechanical mathematical model for numerically simulating the interaction between leg and GCS in dynamic wear was developed based on the actual geometry of the female leg obtained from 3D reconstruction of MR images and the real size and mechanical properties of the compression stocking prototype. The biomechanical solid leg model consists of bones and soft tissues, and an orthotropic shell model is built for the stocking hose. The dynamic putting-on process is simulated by defining the contact of finite relative sliding between the two objects. The surface pressure magnitude and distribution along the different height levels of the leg and stress profiles of stockings were simulated. As well, their dynamic alterations with time processing were quantitatively analyzed. Through validation, the simulated results showed a reasonable agreement with the experimental measurements, and the simulated pressure gradient distribution from the ankle to the thigh (100:67:30) accorded with the advised criterion by the European committee for standardization. The developed model can be used to predict and visualize the dynamic pressure and stress performances exerted by compression stocking in wear, and to optimize the material mechanical properties in stocking design, thus, helping us understand mechanisms of compression action and improving medical functions of GCS.

The most significant medical function of graduated compression stocking (GCS) is to provide controlled support and pressure to the skin surface and the underlying tissues of the lower extremity, to prevent and treat venous disease, thus improving the blood circulation. However, due to lack of suitable technologies for the experimental measurements, the transfer mechanisms of the external pressure applied by GCS and internal stress states within the leg soft tissue were not well examined, which bring some difficulties to GCS compression design. The present study numerically simulated and analyzed surface pressure applied by GCS and the cross-sectional deformations at the target region of leg. The underlying tissues stress profiles as well as their dynamic alterations with time processing were presented and quantitatively investigated. Moreover, the medical significance of the cross-sectional inner stress distributions was discussed. The validation results indicated that the simulated pressure profiles applied by GCS agreed reasonably well with the measured ones. The developed biomechanical model can be used for prediction and analysis of the pressure functional performances applied by GCSs, thus helping us more understanding mechanisms of compression action and improving their medical functions.