Earticle

본 연구는 발목의 고유수용성운동과 세라밴드를 이용한 저항운동이 성인의 동적균형능력에 미치는 영향을 확 인하기 위하여 시행 되었다. 발목 불안정성 척도 점수가 평균 27.5점 이하인 지원자 30명을 각각 고유수용성 운동군 과 세라밴드를 이용한 저항 운동군으로 나누어 주 3회, 4주간 운동을 적용하였다. 운동 전, 후에 동적 균형 능력을 측정하기 위해 Y-balance 검사와 Hop 검사를 시행하였다. 고유수용성 운동과 세라밴드를 이용한 저항운동은 각 그룹 내 중재 전과 중재 후 비교에서 모두 동적균형의 유의한 향상이 일어났지만 두 그룹 간 비교에서는 어떤 그룹에서 동적균형에 대한 유의한 향상이 없었다. 두 그룹 모두 동적균형에 긍정적인 변화가 일어남을 확인 하였다. 이는 발목 불안정성을 가진 대상을 치료할 때 기초적인 자료로 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

This study was designed to examine the effects of proprioceptive ankle exercises and TheraBand resistance training on the dynamic balance of adults. Furthermore, the study aimed to determine which type of exercise, proprioceptive or resistance, was more effective in enhancing dynamic balance in adults. Participants with scores below the mean of 27.5 on the Chronic Ankle Instability Test (CAIT), were selected for dynamic balance assessments using the Y-Balance Test, Side Hop Test, and Square Hop Test before and after four weeks of exercise. The participants were divided into two groups, one for proprioceptive exercises and the other for TheraBand resistance exercises. After four weeks, both groups showed significant improvements in dynamic balance. However, a comparison of independent sample t-tests did not reveal which group experienced a greater improvement in dynamic balance. Nevertheless, these results could serve as foundational data when implementing interventions for individuals with ankle instability.

본 연구는 중국에서 최근 10년간 출판된 9종의 문학교재를 선정하여, 각 교재에 실린 한국 현대시 연습문제의 설정 등을 비판적으로 분석한다. 이를 통해 현대시 교육에 있어서의 문제점을 검토하여 한국 현대시 교육의 지향점을 제시하고자 한다. 본 연구에서 살펴본 바와 같이 현재 중국에서의 한국 현대시 교육은 학습자들 자기 자신의 맥락에서 능동적으로 시 텍스트 의미를 구성하기보다는 아직 신비평적으로 시 텍스트를 분석하고 시인의 의도 등을 찾는 데 집중한다. 시를 인지적으로 이해하는 데 집중하여 학습자들이 시적 정서를 체험하는 연습 문제가 부족하다. 그리고 연습 문제들이 주로 수용의 측면에 주안점을 두어 생산 활동이 부족하다. 이상과 같은 한국에서의 한국 현대시 교육의 문제점을 극복하여 바람직한 현대시 교육 방향을 제시한다. 우선, 학습자 중심, 과정 중심, 활동 중심의 연습 문제를 많이 제작해야 한다. 학습자들이 자신의 맥락에서 시 텍스트 의미를 구성하고 사실적 지식보다는 방법적 지식을 많이 가르쳐야 한다. 그리고 학습자들이 개별적인 활동뿐만 아니라 소집단 토론 등의 사회적인 활동을 하도록 해야 한다. 둘째, 정서 체험 활동을 많이 해야 한다. 학습자들이 시에서 형상화된 정서를 느낄 뿐만 아니라 자신이 그 정서를 수용하여 내면화하고 자신의 삶에 활성화시켜야 한다. 셋째, 생산 활동을 많이 하도록 해야 한다. 감상문이나 비평문 쓰기 등의 생산 활동뿐만 아니라 학습자들이 개작과 모작 등의 창작 활동도 많이 할 수 있도록 해야 한다. 이상과 같은 창작 활동을 통하여 학습자들이 시를 더욱 잘 이해하고 문학 경험을 확대시킬 수 있다.

This paper selects nine kinds of textbooks published in China over the last 10 years, and critically analyzes the modern Korean poetry exercises in these textbooks. The study finds some deficiencies in the teaching of modern Korean poetry, and proposes a direction for the development of education in this area. The findings of the study indicate that modern Korean poetry education in China is still in the traditional teaching stage of cramming, allowing the student analyze new criticism of poetic structure, rhetoric, image, etc. and find the poet's writing intention—but constructive student-oriented thought is not yet. These exercises primarily let the students cognitively understand and analyze a poem, but they lack the kinds of activities that allow students to experience the poetry emotionally. Moreover, the practice exercises in these textbooks concentrate primarily on acceptance of the poetry and In light of the above-mentioned problems in the teaching of domestic modern Korean poetry, this paper proposes a direction for the development of modern poetry education that will overcome these problems. First of all, it is necessary to carry out student-oriented reading, process-oriented reading, and activity-oriented reading. Let the students construct the meaning of a poem by themselves, and teach them rather than factual knowledge. This will allow not only individual activities carried out by the students, but also group discussions and other social activities. Second, students should carry out more activities in which they experience emotions. Students can experience the image of emotion in the poetry and also accept the feelings, to enrich their own lives. Third, there should be more writing and other activities. Through these activities, students will be able to understand poetry more deeply and expand their literary experience.

This study took blood samples at both resting state and energy consumption state and then analyzed the blood inflammatory markers (WBC, CRP, CPK, Fibrinogen) when the same 200Kcal of energy was consumed at different exercise intensity (40%, 60% & 80% of VO2max). The purpose of this study was to identify the proper exercise strength and amount required for health by minimizing the inflammatory response during the exercise for the athletes and public. For this purpose, this study conducted the experiment with 10 male students from I university. The data was submitted to SPSS 11.5 statistical package program, The study results are as follows: First, the blood concentration of WBC showed significant group and time differences at p=.05 level; Second, the blood concentration of CRP also showed significant group and time differences at p=.05 level; Third, the blood concentration of CPK showed significant difference across time, group and time * group; Fourth, the blood concentration of fibrinogen did not show any significant difference across both group and time. It is recommended that the future study classifies the exercise strength in more detail and examine the differences across different ages, sexes, and occupations in more systematic way.

Purpose: This study investigated the effect of virtual reality and Schroth breathing exercises on the lung function characteristics of normal adults in their 20s. Methods: The subjects were randomly divided into groups with ten people each in the experimental groups, namely the virtual reality breathing exercise group (BBEG) and the Schroth breathing exercise group (SBEG), and the control group. The experimental groups performed each breathing exercise for 4 weeks. Subsequently, pulmonary function test indicators such as the forced vital capacity (FVC) and the forced expiratory volume (FEV1) were measured. Results: In the within-group comparison of the subjects before and after the exercises, there was a significant difference in the FVC and FEV1 (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in FEV1/FVC. The result of the difference test between groups showed that there was a significant difference in FEV1/FVC after exercise (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the remaining items (p>0.05). Conclusion: Improvement in lung function was seen in both exercise groups, and the changes in FEV1/FVC indicated significant improvement in the lung function of the experimental groups compared to the control group.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of breathing exercises and lumbar segmental exercises on the segmental stability of patients with chronic back pain. Methods: Fifty-nine patients, who suffered from chronic low back pain, were enrolled in this examination. They were divided randomly into three groups: experiment group 1 underwent breathing and segmental stabilization exercises (n=20), experiment group 2 experienced segmental stabilization exercises (n=20), and the control group was given the modality treatment (n=19). The measurements were assessed through an Oswestry disability questionnaire (ODQ), as well as a lumbar segmental instability test (LSIT). Results: The ODQ results for experimental groups 1 and 2 were similar (p<0.05), both before and after six weeks of exercise, but different among the three groups (p>0.05). The differences in segmental instability of each of the three groups were similar (p<0.05), and also similar among the three groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that lumbar segmental stabilization exercises are efficient in increasing the segmental stability and alleviating pain in patients with chronic back pain. Additional studies on this subject will be needed to improve the clinical applications in the future.

Background: Abdominal bracing exercise (ABE) and abdominal hollowing exercise (AHE) improve the lumbar flexibility and pulmonary function in various patients, yet the efficacy of ABE or AHE have not yet been evaluated. Objects: The purpose of this study was to compare the lumbar flexibility and pulmonary function during both ABE and AHE in healthy adults. Methods: The study included 40 healthy adults, who were randomly divided into the experimental group and control group, each with 20 subjects. All subjects performed ABE (experimental group) and AHE (control group). The lumbar flexibility such as trunk flexion test (sitting and standing position) and schober test and pulmonary function such as the spirometer including forced vital capacity (FVC) and force expiratory volume in one second ($FEV_1$) and chest circumference measurement (middle and lower chest) were measured, respectively. Two-way repeated analysis of variance was used to compare the lumbar flexibility and pulmonary function, respectively. Results: No significant effects of lumbar flexibility were observed on trunk flexion test from the sitting position (P=.478) and standing position (P=.096) in the ABE than in the AHE. However, the length of ABE was longer significantly than it of AHE (P=.024). No significant effects of lung function were observed on the FVC (P=.410) and $FEV_1$ (P=.072) in the ABE group than in the AHE group. And also, no significant effects of chest circumference measurement were observed on the inspiration (P=.468) and expiration (P=.563) in middle chest circumference and inspiration (P=.104) and expiration (P=.346) in lower chest circumference. Conclusion: This study indicated that the ABE is only more effective in lumbar flexibility by lumbar length difference than AHE in healthy adults.

Objective: To compare the effects of joint mobilization, gym ball exercises, and breathing exercises on breathing pattern disorders and joint position sense in persons with chronic lower back pain. Design: Three-group pretest-posttest design. Methods: Thirty-six individuals with chronic low back pain who were undergoing a postural correction and vertebral movement at a rehabilitation center participated in this study. The subjects were randomly divided into the joint mobilization group (n=12), gym ball exercises group (n=12), and the breathing exercises group (n=12). The exercises were applied for 40 minutes a day, twice a week for a total of 12 weeks. Measurement tools included the end-tidal CO₂ (ETCO₂), respiration rate (RR), breath hold time, Nijmegen Questionnaire (NQ), excursion, and joint position error (JPE). Results: The groups showed significant differences in the ETCO₂, RR, NQ, Excursion and JPE test before and after the intervention (p<0.05). The differences between the groups were significant in the group that received the gym ball and breathing exercises in ETCO₂ and RR (p<0.05). The differences between the groups were most significant in the group that received breathing exercises in NQ and excursion (p<0.05). The differences between the groups were significant in the group that received the gym ball and breathing exercises in JPE Lt. and Rt. (p<0.05). Conclusions: All three interventions had a significant impact on the biomechanical changes, respiratory variables, and joint position sense in participants with chronic lower back pain. Breathing exercises were found to be particularly effective in improving respiratory parameters.

Suprahyoid muscles play an important role in normal swallowing by providing muscle contractions involved in airway protection and upper esophageal sphincter opening. However, these muscles can be weakened by neurological disease or aging, which can result in pharyngeal dysphagia. Therefore, strengthening of the suprahyoid muscles is a clinically important treatment. In addition, it is important to know exactly how and which method is optimal. Many therapeutic exercise methods have been reported to strengthen the suprahyoid muscles, and new methods related to this have recently been reported. Therefore, this study will briefly summarize the representative traditional methods and the recently reported, relatively new methods for strengthening the suprahyoid muscles.

To evaluate the (1) effectiveness of dual-task (DT) exercise in improving dynamic balance, motor function, functional mobility, dual-tasking, and falls, and (2) influence of DT intervention parameters on treatment effects in individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD). A comprehensive literature search was conducted across 12 electronic databases to identify relevant published articles from inception to September 2025. Risk of bias, methodological rigour, and evidence quality were evaluated using the RoB-2, PEDro, and GRADE tools, respectively. Dynamic balance, motor function, functional mobility, dual-tasking, and falls were assessed. Meta-analysis was performed to estimate intervention effects, and meta-regression evaluated how parameters of DT intervention affected treatment effects. The meta-analysis included 25 studies involving 1,162 individuals with PD. The mean PEDro score was 6.5, RoB-2 indicated a low risk of bias in 11 studies (45%), and GRADE indicated low to high evidence quality. Meta-analysis revealed significant improvements in dynamic balance (mean difference [MD]=4.45, 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.06 to 6.84; p<0.001), motor function (MD=-2.00, 95% CI=-3.32 to -0.67; p<0.001), functional mobility (MD=-1.64, 95% CI=-2.01 to -1.26; p<0.001), and dual-tasking (MD=-3.39, 95% CI=-4.67 to -2.11; p<0.001). Meta-regression revealed that dynamic balance improved with moderately challenging and moderate-intensity DT exercises, practised for 2 hours weekly with ≥90% session adherence. Subgroup meta-analyses revealed that practising for more than 4 weeks significantly improved dynamic balance and functional mobility. Compared with traditional single-task exercises, motor?cognitive DT exercises improved dynamic balance, functional mobility, motor function, and dual-tasking. Further studies examining the effects of DT exercises on falls among individuals with PD are warranted.

Objective: Schroth-based physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercises (PSSE) are widely used for the conservative management of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). However, whether treatment responses differ according to skeletal maturity remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to compare the effects of Schroth-based PSSE according to skeletal maturity in adolescents with AIS. Design: Assessor-blinded prospective pre-post stratified comparative study. Methods: Adolescents with AIS were recruited from a Seoul-based outpatient clinic and included if they had a Cobb angle ≥15° and an angle of trunk rotation (ATR) ≥5°. Participants were stratified by skeletal maturity into a Risser 0-2 group and a Risser 3-5 group. All participants completed a 6-month Schroth-based exercise program consisting of three 60-minute sessions per week, including one supervised clinic session and two home-based sessions. Outcomes included Cobb angle, ATR, and the Trunk Appearance Perception Scale (TAPS), assessed at baseline and after intervention. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) using baseline values as covariates compared post-intervention outcomes. Results: A total of 17 participants were finally analyzed (Risser 0-2, n=8; Risser 3-5, n=9). The Risser 0-2 group showed significant improvements in Cobb angle, ATR, and TAPS (all p<0.05). In the Risser 3-5 group, ATR and TAPS improved significantly, whereas Cobb angle did not. ANCOVA indicated greater improvements in Cobb angle and ATR in the Risser 0-2 group. Conclusions: Schroth-based PSSE showed greater improvements in adolescents with lower skeletal maturity, suggesting remaining growth potential may influence treatment outcomes.

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of breathing exercises via joint mobilization on the lung function and spinal alignment of 30 straight-necked women in their 20 s and 30 s. METHODS: The participants were divided into two groups: an experimental group who performed breathing exercises via joint mobilization, and a control group who performed general stretching exercises. The differences between the two groups were measured and compared at three points in time: during the pre-examination, after four weeks of intervention, and after a four-week maintenance period. The changes in each group were measured before and after the intervention and after a one-month maintenance period and compared. For data analysis, the SPSS 22 was used to obtain the mean and standard deviation with a significance level of α = .05. RESULTS: Eight weeks of breathing exercises via joint mobilization and general stretching exercises positively impacted the lung function and spinal alignment in straight-necked patients. In particular, the experimental group showed more significant differences in spinal alignment after four weeks period of intervention and four weeks of maintenance. CONCLUSION: Breathing exercises via joint mobilization can be considered an effective intervention that can improve the respiratory volume and spinal alignment for patients with straight necks.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of plank exercises with resistance of one-sided hip adduction on abdominal muscle thickness. Methods: Thirty subjects were divided into a group that underwent plank exercises with one-sided hip adduction resistance (n=15) and a group that underwent plank exercises only (n=15). Their changes in abdominal muscle thickness before the experiment (n=15) and three and six weeks after the experiment were analyzed using a two-way repeated analysis of variance at a statistical significance level of ${\alpha}=0.05$. When there was any interaction between the time of measurement and each group, post hoc t-tests were conducted at a statistical significance level of ${\alpha}=0.01$. Results: The results of the experiment showed statistically significant differences in the thickness of the rectus abdominis, internal oblique muscle, and transversus abdominis, depending on the time of measurement and the interaction between the time of measurement and each group (p<0.05). Statistically significant differences were observed in the thickness of the external oblique, depending on the time of measurement, the interaction between the time of measurement and each group, and variances between the groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that plank exercises with resistance of one-sided adduction are effective for increasing abdominal muscle thickness. The study's overall findings will likely be used as basic data for lumbar stabilization exercises and rehabilitation treatment.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to monitor the performance of breathing exercises by patients with lumbar instability who had altered breathing patterns. METHODS: To investigate the effects of breathing exercises on spinal posture, mobility, and stabilization in patients with lumbar instability with altered breathing patterns, 30 adult participants were enrolled on the basis of the selection criteria and randomly assigned to the breathing exercise group (BEG) or trunk stabilization exercise group (SEG). A pre-test was performed prior to the intervention exercise program. The intervention exercise program consisted of 15 sessions (three sessions per week for 5 weeks) between August and September of 2016. The post-test was performed on the 6th week of intervention. RESULTS: Pre- and post-test comparisons of BEG and SEG revealed significant improvements in all tested items in the SEG, except for spinal mobility, while significant improvements in spinal postures 1 and 2, spinal mobility, and stabilization were found in the BEG. Between-group comparisons revealed that there were no significant differences in spinal posture 1, spinal posture 2, spinal mobility, or stabilization, whereas significant differences were found in spinal posture 2 and spinal mobility, with the BEG showing greater improvements than the SEG. CONCLUSION: Based on the findings in the present study, it is believed that breathing exercises have important effects on spinal posture, mobility, and stabilization in patients with lumbar instability who have altered breathing patterns.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to find the limited patterns of middle-aged women in selective functional movement evaluation and analyze the effects of pattern improvement exercises and general control groups on the Health Risk Appraisal (HRA). Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: The 31 subjects were physically healthy middle-aged women aged 40-59 living in Seoul, The subjects were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group. Forty-three physically healthy women were originally recruited and randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n=22) or the control group (n=21). However, due to lack of participation, a total of seventeen subjects in the exercise group and fourteen subjects in the control group participated in the study. All subjects were tested using Selective Functional Movement Assessment (SFMA) and HRA for the baseline measurement and joined an exercise program of their group for one hour per session, twice a week for four weeks. The experimental group was provided with the corrective exercises and the control group was given the general fitness program. A follow-up test was conducted after eight weeks from the baseline measurement. Results: Both experimental and control group showed significant changes in SFMA and HRA scores (p<0.05). In the experimental group and control groups, the SFMA and HRA showed significant improvement from baseline to 4 weeks (p<0.05). Also, in the experimental group, the SFMA was significantly improved from baseline to 8 weeks (p<0.05). For the experimental group, there was a significant improvement in SFMA after 4 weeks compared to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusions: The corrective exercise in the experimental group had a positive effect on the SFMA score as well as the general squat exercise in the control group. The corrective exercise and general control group had the same positive effect on the HRA score.

Objective To determine the efficacy of concentric vs. eccentric exercise in improving shoulder function, pain, and tendon characteristics for patients with rheumatoid arthritis and rotator cuff tendinopathy. Methods Forty patients with rheumatoid arthritis and rotator cuff tendinopathy were divided into either concentric or eccentric exercise groups, with 20 patients in each group. Patients received 12 sessions at a pace of 3 sessions per week. Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), the visual analogue scale (VAS), supraspinatus and subscapularis thickness, echo pixels, and the Disease Activity Score-28-erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS-28-ESR) were assessed at baseline and post-treatment. Results There was a significant difference between the concentric and eccentric groups regarding SPADI and VAS scores in favor of the eccentric group. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups regarding tendon thickness, echo pixels, or DAS-28-ESR. Conclusion Eccentric exercises were more effective than concentric exercises in improving shoulder function and pain intensity. However, neither of the two types of exercises was superior in improving tendon characteristics or disease activity.

Objective To analyze how Pilates exercises affect standing, walking, and balance in children with diplegic cerebral palsy throughout a 10-week program.Methods We included 40 children aged 7?9 years with diplegic cerebral palsy, and randomly allocated them into two groups of the same size: conventional therapy group (group A) and conventional therapy+Pilates group (group B). We administered the same conventional physical therapy program to both groups for 45 minutes, with group B receiving additional Pilates exercises for 45 minutes. Both groups attended the intervention program three times/week for 10 weeks. We used the Growth Motor Function Measure Scale (GMFM-88) to evaluate standing and walking (Dimensions D and E), and the Pediatric Balance Scale to evaluate balance function before and after treatment.Results Comparison of the average values of all measured variables before and after therapy showed a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between the two groups. All measured variables showed a significant difference between groups A and B, in favor of group B (p<0.05).Conclusion Pilates exercise in addition to conventional therapy is more effective in improving balance and gross motor function in children with diplegic cerebral palsy than the conventional therapy alone.

Objective To update evidence on the effects of breathing exercises (BEs) on ventilation, exercise capacity, dyspnea, and quality of life (QoL) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Methods Randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of BEs in COPD patients published through May 2018, were retrieved from five electronic databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane, Scopus, and ScienceDirect). Risk of bias and quality of evidence were assessed, using Cochrane Collaboration’s tool, and the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach, respectively. Results Nineteen studies (n=745), were included. Quality of evidence, was low to moderate. When compared to the control groups, respiratory rate significantly (p≤0.001) improved in the pursed-lip breathing (PLB), ventilatory feedback (VF) plus exercise, diaphragmatic breathing exercise (DBE), and combined BEs. Additionally, PLB significantly improved tidal volume (p<0.001), inspiratory time (p=0.007), and total respiratory time (p<0.001). VF plus exercise significantly improved inspiratory capacity (p<0.001), and singing significantly improved the physical component of QoL, than did the control groups (p<0.001). All BEs did not significantly improve dyspnea, compared to the controls (p>0.05). Conclusion PLB, VF plus exercise, DBE, combined BEs, and singing could be used to improve ventilation and QoL. Based on low to moderate quality of evidence, use of these BEs to improve ventilation and QoL in COPD patients is conditional (Registration No. CRD42018102995).

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of shoulder stabilization exercises combined with hand gripson shoulder pain, muscle strength, range of motion (ROM), and function in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome Design: Repeated Measures Design Methods: Twenty-two patients with shoulder impingement syndrome were randomly assigned to either the SSEG group (shoulder stabilization exercise with hand grips) or the GSE group (general shoulder stabilization exercise). Both groups participated in an exercise program three times per week for 4 weeks. The outcome measures included pain intensity (VAS), internal and external rotation strength of the shoulder, active shoulder ROM, and functional scores using the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) and Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI). Results: The groups were comparable at baseline. Pain and strength improved in both groups; however, the SSEG showed greater pain reduction and larger gains in shoulder rotator strength (internal/external) than the GSE group (p<0.05). Range of motion and function (DASH andSPADI) improved in both groups, with no between-group differences seen at posttest or in the change scores (p>0.05). Conclusions: Shoulder stabilization exercises combined with hand grips may be more effective than general stabilization exercises in reducing pain and improving strength in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. These findings suggest that the incorporation of hand grip activation into stabilization exercises may have clinical benefits in shoulder rehabilitation.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine the effect of ankle stability exercises combined with suboccipital muscle release technique on balance and functional performance in adults with chronic ankle instability (CAI). METHODS: Sixteen adults diagnosed with CAI were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n = 8), which received both ankle stability exercises and suboccipital muscle release, or a control group (n = 8), which performed only ankle stability exercises. The intervention was conducted twice a week for two weeks. Outcome measures included static balance (using the Bio-Rescue system to assess surface area and sway speed with eyes open and closed), dynamic balance (composite reach distance of the Y-Balance Test), functional performance, and the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) for subjective ankle instability. RESULTS: Both groups showed significant improvements in static balance, dynamic balance, and CAIT scores after the intervention (p < .05). Additionally, the experimental group showed significant improvement post-intervention scores in the Y-Balance Test and significant improvement in the change scores in several hop test outcomes compared to the control group. These findings suggest enhanced sensorimotor integration and proprioceptive feedback due to high-density muscle spindle activation from the suboccipital release. CONCLUSION: Ankle stability exercises combined with suboccipital muscle release were effective in improving balance, functional performance, and subjective ankle stability. The combined intervention appears to enhance sensorimotor integration, contributing to more efficient rehabilitation outcomes. Further studies with larger sample sizes and physiological outcome measures are needed to confirm these findings.

Objective: We investigated the effects of lumbar stabilization exercises using a tensile force sensor on dynamic and static balance, muscle tone, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and pain intensity in patients with chronic low back pain. Design: A randomized control trial Methods: Ten adults with chronic back pain participated in this study. Participants were sorted via a randomization program into a tensile force sensor-assisted lumbar stabilization exercise group (n=5) or aconventional lumbar stabilization exercise group (n = 5). All participants performed training twice per week, for five weeks. To compare efficacy of regimens, static balance, dynamic balance, muscle tone, ODI, and pain intensity were measured before and after training. Results: The tensile force sensor-assisted lumbar stabilization exercise program group showed significant improvements in static balance (p<0.05), dynamic balance (p<0.01), muscle tone (p<0.01), ODI score (p<0.01), and pain intensity (p<0.01). The conventional lumbar stabilization exercise group also showed improvements in static balance (p<0.01), dynamic balance (p<0.01), muscle tone (p<0.01), ODI (p<0.01), and pain intensity (p<0.01). Inter-group differences attributable to intervention method included static balance (p<0.05), dynamic balance (p<0.01), muscle tone (external oblique muscle p<0.05, gluteus medius, p<0.01), ODI (p<0.05), and pain intensity (p<0.05). Conclusions: Lumbar stabilization exercises incorporating a tensile force sensor can enhance efficacy in improving static and dynamic balance, reducing muscle tone and pain, and enhancing functional performance in patients with chronic low back pain. These exercises may offer a valuable therapeutic approach for managing chronic low back pain.