Earticle

자동차산업은 여타 산업에 비해 에너지 사용량이 적고, 주요 작업공정이 기계가공 및 조립 등으로 이루져 있기 때문에 제조공정에서 발생되는 오염물질의 배출이 적어서 저공해형 산업으로 인식되고 있다. 그러나 자동차 그 자체와 관련 산업으로부터 배출되는 환경오염으로 인해 단순히 저공해형 산업으로 분류하는 데는 한계가 있으며, 자동차산업의 환경문제는 크게 자동차 생산 공장의 환경오염, 자동차 운행에 따른 환경 문제 및 리사이클링과 관련한 환경문제로 구분된다.

Environment perception and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction tasks are used to provide unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) with driving awareness interfaces. The speed of obstacle segmentation and surrounding terrain reconstruction crucially influences decision making in UGVs. To increase the processing speed of environment information analysis, we develop a CPU-GPU hybrid system of automatic environment perception and 3D terrain reconstruction based on the integration of multiple sensors. The system consists of three functional modules, namely, multi-sensor data collection and pre-processing, environment perception, and 3D reconstruction. To integrate individual datasets collected from different sensors, the pre-processing function registers the sensed LiDAR (light detection and ranging) point clouds, video sequences, and motion information into a global terrain model after filtering redundant and noise data according to the redundancy removal principle. In the environment perception module, the registered discrete points are clustered into ground surface and individual objects by using a ground segmentation method and a connected component labeling algorithm. The estimated ground surface and non-ground objects indicate the terrain to be traversed and obstacles in the environment, thus creating driving awareness. The 3D reconstruction module calibrates the projection matrix between the mounted LiDAR and cameras to map the local point clouds onto the captured video images. Texture meshes and color particle models are used to reconstruct the ground surface and objects of the 3D terrain model, respectively. To accelerate the proposed system, we apply the GPU parallel computation method to implement the applied computer graphics and image processing algorithms in parallel.

In swine diets, fermented soybean meal (FSBM) has become a viable substitute for conventional soybean meal, providing advantages for immune system performance, gastrointestinal health, and environmental effect. This review summarises the data showing that FSBM: improves growth performance by raising the feed conversion ratio by 5%?10% and the average daily gain in weaned piglets by 8%?15% as a result of increased nutrient bioavailability. Improves gut health by increasing populations of good bacteria (e.g., Lactobacillus spp. ↑ 25%?40%) and altering intestinal architecture, such as increasing villus height by 20%?30% and decreasing crypt depth by 10%?20%. Enhances mucosal immunity (e.g., IgA ↑ 20%?35%) and reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α ↓ 15%?25%) to support immunological function. Contributes to sustainable pig production by reducing environmental effect by 10%?20% via nitrogen excretion and 15%?30% through ammonia emissions. Pig farmers may improve herd health, performance, and environmental impact by substituting FSBM for traditional soybean meal

Spread ALOHA systems that combine the spread spectrum techniques with the ALOHA system (a simple random access protocol without carrier sensing function) have been investigated as Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) protocols. This paper presents the effect of the nonorthogonal Code Shift Keying Spread Spectrum (CSK/SS) ALOHA system on improving the throughput and delay performances of the spread ALOHA system under the MANET environment. The nonorthogonal CSK/SS system, which uses systematically-constructed nonorthogonal sequences, is one of the multilevel modulation systems for the spread spectrum technique with increasing the number of bits per frame. Optimum parameters can be used to obtain the best system performance; thus, this paper gives analytical expressions of the data transmission efficiency and delay property of the proposed scheme as a function of the system parameters under the assumption of no power control. Numerical results show that the nonorthogonal CSK/SS ALOHA system is useful in the MANET environment, compared with the conventional spread ALOHA systems.

A smart dust monitoring system is useful for obtaining information on rough terrain that is difficult for humans to access. One of ways to deploy sensors to gather information in smart dust environment is to use an aircraft in the Amazon rainforest to scatter an enormous amount of small and cheap sensors (or smart dust devices), or to use an unmanned spacecraft to throw the sensors on the moon's surface. However, scattering an enormous amount of smart dust devices creates the difficulty of managing such devices as they can be scattered into inaccessible areas, and also causes problems such as bottlenecks, device failure, and high/low density of devices. Of the various problems that may occur in the smart dust environment, this paper is focused on solving the bottleneck problem. To address this, we propose and construct a three-layered hierarchical smart dust monitoring system that includes relay dust devices (RDDs). An RDD is a smart dust device with relatively higher computing/communicating power than a normal smart dust device. RDDs play a crucial role in reducing traffic load for the system. To validate the proposed system, we use climate data obtained from authorized portals to compare the system with other systems (i.e., non-hierarchical system and simple hierarchical system). Through this comparison, we determined that the transmission processing time is reduced by 49%-50% compared to other systems, and the maximum number of connectable devices can be increased by 16-32 times without compromising the system's operations.

Nowadays, the Internet of Things (IoT) network, is increasingly becoming a ubiquitous connectivity between different advanced applications such as smart cities, smart homes, smart grids, and many others. The emerging network of smart devices and objects enables people to make smart decisions through machine to machine (M2M) communication. Most real-world security and IoT-related challenges are vulnerable to various attacks that pose numerous security and privacy challenges. Therefore, IoT offers efficient and effective solutions. intrusion detection system (IDS) is a solution to address security and privacy challenges with detecting different IoT attacks. To develop an attack detection and a stable network, this paper's main objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of existing intrusion detections system for IoT environment, cyber-security threats challenges, and transparent problems and concerns are analyzed and discussed. In this paper, we propose software-defined IDS based distributed cloud architecture, that provides a secure IoT environment. Experimental evaluation of proposed architecture shows that it has better detection and accuracy than traditional methods.

Recently, the Social Internet of Things (IoT), the follow-up of the IoT, has been studied to expand the existing IoT services, by integrating devices into the social network of people. In the Social IoT environment, humans, devices and digital contents are connected with social relationships, to guarantee the network navigability and establish levels of trustworthiness. However, this environment handles massive data, including social data of humans (e.g., profile, interest and relationship), profiles of IoT devices, and digital contents. Hence, users and service providers in the Social IoT are exposed to arbitrary data when searching for specific information. A study about the recommender system for the Social IoT environment is therefore needed, to provide the required information only. In this paper, we propose the Social correlation group based Recommender System (SRS). The SRS generates a target group, depending on the social correlation of the service requirement. To generate the target group, we have designed an architecture, and proposed a procedure of the SRS based on features of social interest similarity and principles of the Collaborative Filtering and the Content-based Recommender System. With simulation results of the target scenario, we present the possibility of the SRS to be adapted to various Social IoT services.

Nowadays, cloud computing is being adopted for more organizations. However, since cloud computing has a virtualized, volatile, scalable and multi-tenancy distributed nature, it is challenging task to perform attack detection in the cloud following conventional processes. This work proposes a solution which aims to collect web server logs by using Flume and filter them through Spark Streaming in order to only consider suspicious data or data related to denial-of-service attacks and reduce the data that will be stored in Hadoop Distributed File System for posterior analysis with the frequent pattern (FP)-Growth algorithm. With the proposed system, we can address some of the difficulties in security for cloud environment, facilitating the data collection, reducing detection time and consequently enabling an almost real-time attack detection.

The goal of Ambient Intelligence (AmI) is to build a smart environment for users where they are supported in some of their activities by many interaction mechanisms. The diversity of AmI characteristics requires special support from Operating Systems (OSes). In this paper, in order to support a conscious choice of an operating system for any specific AmI application, features requested by AmI systems were characterized and defined considering various applications. Then, characteristics of existing Operating Systems have been investigated in the context of AmI application support to relate their key characteristics to the typical requirements of AmI systems. Qualitative mapping table between AmI characteristics and as features has been proposed with an illustration of how to use it. As no as completely covers the range of characteristics required by AmI systems, challenging issues are summarized for the development of a new as and a product line of OSes.

Environment indoor quality (EIQ) is a significant aspect of the built environment to maintain occupant health, comfort, prosperity and productivity. One of the most critical issues on EIQ is the environment of indoor air quality (EIAQ). Indoor air pollution has a big impact on the degradation quality of human life due to harmful chemicals and other toxic materials that it is worsened by ten times than the outdoor air pollution. Environment indoor air quality index (EIAQI) does a crucial role in determining the EIAQ that is good for a healthy human life by combining indoor air quality index (IAQI) and thermal comfort index (TCI). This research presents an EIAQ monitoring and controlling system based on fuzzy logic controller (FLC) to identify, classify and calculate the EIAQI value expressed in four categories: excellent, good, bad and worst. Additionally, the clustering technique is used to categorize the air pollutants according to the similarities characteristics and human health impact. EIAQI values are used as index references to set the control system automatically. The control system is used as a system that can notify the status level and reduce indoor air and thermal comfort pollutants and is in the form of fans, inlet?outlet exhaust, and buzzer and LED. Therefore, these models are an appropriate tool for identifying, classifying, assessing, providing guidance to increase the quality of human life.

정보통신기술의 발달로 병원 및 의원에서의 진료방법이 변화를 가져오게 되었다. 본 논문에서는 상호참여형 멀티미디어 프레임웍인 두레와 의료정보전송을 위한 PACS와의 연동을 통한 이상적인 원격진료시스템제안과 이에 따른 기능 및 프로토콜을(HIS/RIS/PACS) 인터페이스 함으로써 기존시스템과의 효율성과 차별성을 제시하고 있으며, 특히, 퍼스널 컴퓨터기 반 멀티미디어환경에서의 원격진료시스템을 구현함으로서, 기존시스템과 차별성을 두었다.

Development of information technology makes a telemedicine system feasible along with the traditional medical practice of visiting a hospital (or clinic). This telemedicine workstation would include a PACS interface and between inpatient and outpatient HIS/RIS/PACS transaction protocol. Although this system has adopted PACS, this technology has been available for severe year the integration of the system into clinical operation has had limited success due to stringent requirements of radiologists as well as the load demanded on the system.

This paper proposes a digital signage system based on an intelligent recommendation model. The proposed system consists of a server and an edge. The server manages the data, learns the advertisement recommendation model, and uses the trained advertisement recommendation model to determine the advertisements to be promoted in real time. The advertisement recommendation model provides predictions for various products and probabilities. The purchase index between the product and weather data was extracted and reflected using correlation analysis to improve the accuracy of predicting the probability of purchasing a product. First, the user information and product information are input to a deep neural network as a vector through an embedding process. With this information, the product candidate group generation model reduces the product candidates that can be purchased by a certain user. The advertisement recommendation model uses a wide and deep recommendation model to derive the recommendation list by predicting the probability of purchase for the selected products. Finally, the most suitable advertisements are selected using the predicted probability of purchase for all the users within the advertisement range. The proposed system does not communicate with the server. Therefore, it determines the advertisements using a model trained at the edge. It can also be applied to digital signage that requires immediate response from several users.

This paper describes qualities of a library classification system that are commonly discussed in the LIS tradition and literature, and explains such a system’s three main functions, namely knowledge mapping, information retrieval, and shelf arrangement. In this vein, the paper states the functional requirements of bibliographic classifications, which broadly are subject collocation and facilitation of browsing the collection. It explains with details the components of a library classification system and their functions. The major components are schedules, notations, and index. It also states their distinguished features, such as generalia class, form divisions, book numbers, and devices for number synthesis which are not required in a knowledge classification. It illustrates with examples from the WebDewey good examples of added features of an online library classification system. It emphasizes that institutional backup and a revision machinery are essential for a classification to survive and remain relevant in the print and e-environment.

In order to provide a tailored education for learners within the ubiquitous environment, it is critical to undertake an analysis of the learning activities of learners. For this purpose, SCORM (Sharable Contents Object Reference Model), IMS LD (Instructional Management System Learning Design) and other standards provide learning design support functions, such as, progress checks. However, in order to apply these types of standards, contents packaging is required, and due to the complicated standard dimensions, the facilitation level is lower than the work volume when developing the contents and this requires additional work when revision becomes necessary. In addition, since the learning results are managed by the server there is the problem of the OS being unable to save data when the network is cut off. In this study, a system is realized to manage the actions of learners through the event interception of a web-browser by using event hooking. Through this technique, all HTMLbased contents can be facilitated again without additional work and saving and analysis of learning results are available to improve the problems following the application of standards. Furthermore, the ubiquitous learning environment can be supported by tracking down learning results when the network is cut off.

The evaluation of noise and vibration in the educational environment is the effect of traffic noise that can be exposed during school operation in the case of a new school and the effect of noise at the construction site during construction in the case of an existing school. The evaluation criteria apply the environmental standards of the Basic Law for Environmental Policy and the regulatory standards based on the Noise and Vibration Regulation Law for noise and vibration in the teaching area. In addition, when measuring noise with a sound level meter, various factors interfere with the measurement values, such as the geometrical positional relationship between the noise source and the sound-receiving point (classroom), the structure of the classroom envelope, the size of the window, the sound absorption capacity of the classroom, the sound insulation performance of the window, the area of the open window, the noise incidence angle, inside air quality and air volume in addition to occurrence of unexpected variables. These factors are not at all accounted into the legal standards, causing the negative damaging influences to the members of the school, and significantly deteriorate the right to study and education. Therefore, it is necessary to review the indiscrepancies in noise standards and measurement methods prescribed by each law related to the school noise.

본 논문에서는 연구목적과 관련하여, 협업 지능형교통체계와 자율주행체계에 관심을 가지고 있으며, C-ITS 특성 가운데 핵심 전달 메시지인 CAM과 DENM 특성 분석, 또한 V2X 통신의 보안 특성과 함께 CAM 및 DENM 메시지의 보안 인증서 및 헤더 구조를 중심으로 분석에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 연구방법에 대해, 우리는 CAM 메시지 인 차량의 위치와 상태를 알리는 메시지를 분석하고, DENM 메시지인 차량 사고와 같은 이벤트를 알리는 메시지를 분석하고, 이를 지원하는 보안통신 특성을 분석한다. 차량통신에 사용하는 보안헤더와 인증서 형식과 함께, 차량용 서명된 인증서 검증 절차, 그리고 차량용PKI 특성을 얻었다. 아울러, V2X 보안통신을 위해 필요로 하는 보안 동기패 턴에 대한 특성과 전송능력에 대해서도 함께 유도할 수 있었다. 그러므로 본 논문은 C-ITS 환경에서 DENM 및 CAM을 전송하는 통신 서비스를 위한 보안 특성을 고려할 때 의미 있는 결과라 할 수 있다.

In this paper, we have interested in cooperative intelligent transport system and autonomous driving system, and focused on analysis of the characteristics of Cooperative Awareness Message (CAM) and Decentralized Environmental Notification Basis Service (DENM) message, which is key delivery message among cooperative intelligent transport system (C-ITS) characteristics for research objectivity. For research method, we also described V2X communication, and also analyzed the security certificate and header structure of CAM and DENM messages. We described CAM message, which is a message informing the position and status of the vehicle. And the DENM message is presented a message informing an event such as a vehicle accident, and analysis security communication, which is supported services. According to standard analysis result, 186 bits or 275 bits are used. In addition to the security header and the certificate format used for vehicle communication, we have gained the certificate verification procedure for vehicles and PKI characteristics for vehicles. Also We derived the characteristics and transmission capability of the security synchronization pattern required for V2X secure communication. Therefore when it is considered for communication service of DENM and CAM in the C-ITS environment, this paper may be meaningful result.

This paper proposes a design method for a driving simulator and driver assistance system in a vehicle network environment. Each module is on the same Controller Area Network(CAN) bus line for vehicle network configuration. To compose hardware in the loop simulation (HILS), a testbed similar to the actual vehicle environment is configured, and a virtual city and vehicle objects are created using a driving simulator. In particular, the vehicle network was configured by modularity and CAN ID applied from the modules according to the priority order. In the experiment, the possibility of using the vehicle control module was confirmed through the vehicle driving scenario in terms of the driver’s various emotions and situations. By acquisition of bio signal data from attached electrodes on the driver’s hand, the response time for changing the vehicle control mode and the control response time was measured in the manual driving mode, and it was confirmed that the control latency time is less than the commercialized response time of 830ms in autonomous vehicle control.

본 연구는 블루투스 기반의 암호모듈을 활용하여 전산기 및 클라우드 데이터를 암․복호화 하는 파일관리 보안시스템으로 개인정보의 오남용과 사회적, 국가적 정보보호 측면에서 반드시 필 요한 솔루션이다. 클라우드 환경에서 SFMS(; Safe File Management Security) 관련 블루투스 암호 모듈에 대한 H/W와 S/W를 개발하여 펌웨어 개발과 암호키 생성 및 발급, 시스템 모바일용 Client 프 로그램, 키 관리 시스템 등을 적용하였다. 단말 내부 암․복호화는 파일별로 키값이 별도로 존재함으로 해킹 자체가 원천적으로 불가능 한 높은 안전성을 확보할 수 있는 SFMS 개발하였다.

This study is a file management security system that encrypts and decrypts computer and cloud data by using Bluetooth based cryptographic module. It is a necessary solution in terms of abuse of personal information and protection of social and national information. We developed H/W and S/W for SFMS(: Safe File Management Security) related Bluetooth module in cloud environment and implemented firmware development, encryption key generation and issuance, client program for system mobile and key management system. In the terminal internal encryption and decryption, SFMS was developed to ensure high security that the hacking itself is not possible because key values exist separately for each file.