Earticle

이 글은 명(明)나라 진사원(陳士元)이 찬집한 『몽점일지(夢占逸旨)』｢식의편(食衣篇)｣을 통해 음식/물(物)이 꿈의 화소로 등장한 꿈이 어떤 의미와 상징성을 가지고 있으며, 삶에서 어떤 작용을 했는지 살펴보는 데 목적이 있다. ｢식의편｣은 삶의 기본 요소인 ‘식(食)’과 ‘의(衣)’를 다루고 있는데, ‘식(食)’은 섭취 대상이 되는 ‘음식’과 먹는 ‘행위’를 모두 포함하는 용어이다. ‘식(食)’의 행위는 몸 가운데 외부와 내부의 경계이자, 내/외부를 연결하는 상징적 신체 기관인 ‘문(門)’의 역할을 하는 입으로 들어간다는 점에서 중요하다. 이 연구에서는 꿈속 ‘식’의 대상을 섭취 가능한 것(음식)과 불가능한 것(물(物))으로 나누어 살펴보았다. 섭취 가능한 꿈 화소로는 과일과 환약/약재, 식물, 자연물 등이 있으며, 섭취 불가능한 꿈 화소로는 책, 구슬, 효(爻), 구름 등이 있다. 섭취 가능한 것들을 먹는 꿈은 대체로 임신, 출산, 질병 치유 등 신체 내부에서 일어나는 변화, 능력 획득 등 신체 내부의 변화, 즉 ‘내적 변화’로 이어진다. 섭취 불가능한 것을 먹는 꿈은 대체로 몽자의 욕망과 깊이 연관되어 있으며, 이 가운데서도 지식, 문재(文才) 등을 상징하는 것을 먹는 꿈은 몽자의 ‘질적 변화’로 이어진다. 꿈속의 먹는 행위는 대부분 ‘삼킴(呑)’이라는 용어로 묘사되는데, 이는 온전한 소화와 흡수를 의미한다. 꿈의 세계에서 섭취 가능한 것과 불가능한 것을 먹는 것은 본질적으로 큰 차이를 가지지 않으며, 식(食)의 행위를 통해 몽자(夢者)의 내부로 들어간 음식/물(物)은 내적 변화라는 공통된 지향점을 가진다. 이는 ‘의(衣)’가 주로 명예, 사회적 지위 등 ‘외적 변화’로 이어지는 것과 대조적이다. 사람의 몸 안으로 들어온 것은 몽자의 ‘내적 변화’, 또는 ‘질적 변화’로 이어지며, 이는 음식/물 꿈의 가장 큰 특징이라고 할 수 있다.

This study aims to examine the meanings, symbolism, and practical implications of food and material objects functioning as dream motifs, focusing on the “Shiyi pian(食衣篇)” (Chapter on Food and Clothing) in Mengzhanyizhi(夢占逸旨) compiled by Chen Shi-yuan(陳士元) of the Ming dynasty. While the “Shiyi pian” addresses “food”(食) and “clothing” (衣) as the fundamental necessities of life, “food” here encompasses both the dietary substances ingested and the transgressive act of “eating” itself. The act of eating holds profound significance as it occurs through the mouth—a symbolic organ that serves as a “gate” delimiting and connecting the body’s internal and external realms. This paper categorizes the objects of dream-eating into two groups: ingestible substances (food) and non-ingestible items (material objects). Ingestible dream motifs include fruits, pills/medicinal herbs, plants, and natural elements, whereas non-ingestible motifs comprise books, pearls, hexagram lines (yao), and clouds. Dreams of consuming ingestible substances generally lead to “internal transformations,” such as bodily changes like pregnancy, childbirth, and healing, or the acquisition of new capabilities. Conversely, dreams of consuming non-ingestible items are deeply intertwined with the dreamer’s latent desires; among these, ingesting items symbolizing knowledge or literary talent triggers a “qualitative transformation” of the self. In these accounts, the act of eating in dreams is predominantly described through the term “swallowing”, which implies complete digestion and assimilation. Crucially, within the dreamscape, consuming the ingestible and the non-ingestible yields no intrinsic difference; regardless of the object, substances entering the dreamer’s interior through the act of eating share a common orientation toward internal transformation. This sharply contrasts with “clothing,” which primarily correlates with “external transformations” such as honor and social status. Ultimately, this study demonstrates that the internalization of external entities into the human body invariably manifests as the dreamer’s internal or qualitative transformation, which constitutes the most defining characteristic of dreams involving food and material objects.

This study approaches Percy B. Shelley’s poetry from the perspective of ‘eating’ to clarify the eco-centric consciousness in his poems. The organic process of eating is tied with, what M.　M．Bakhtin (1895–1975) called, ‘dialogic imagination’. As both require ‘interaction between subject and object’ and have ‘dialectic developments’, the linking of eating and dialogic imagination is quite suitable for explaining the intrinsic relation between the inside and the outside, one and the other, and human beings and nature. The eating in this study　has gradual steps following every natural dietary process: 1) A Prescription for Natural Diet, 2) Indigestion as the Absence of Communication, 3) Digestion as Communication with Nature, and, in conclusion, 4) The Production of Biocentrism. Shelley’s early production, Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude, acts as ‘A Prescription for Natural Diet’ by showing what prevents a natural diet. The poem shows a young poet who wants to satisfy his mental hunger for his soul not the physical one for his body. Prometheus Unbound shows ‘Indigestion as the Absence of Communication.’ The indigestion comes mainly from the lack of consideration of ‘the eater’ for ‘the eaten’ clearly seen from the eagle who violently devours the liver of Prometheus. Queen Mab clarifies ‘Digestion as Communication with Nature.’ The queen asks humans to extend their senses to accept and comprehend “all that the wide world contains”(21). Only after the extension does she believe, “no longer now / He slays the lamb that looks him in the face” and “see(s) a baby sharing his meal with a basilisk”(28). All of the processes lead organically and naturally to ‘The Production of Biocentrism.’ In the poetry of Shelley, the biocentric world is one in which “An equal amidst equals stands” (28), as Queen Mab says. Bakhtin’s dialogic imagination denies absolute or authoritative (monologic) consciousness, believing that reality is based on the interactions of a variety of subjective (dialogic) consciousnesses. ‘Eating’ in Shelley’s poem, consequently, is considered to be a dialogue between ‘the eater’ and ‘the eaten’ without any discrimination between ‘superiority and inferiority’ nor between ‘strength and weakness’―a poised and harmonious dialogue between human beings and nature. With the ‘physical and existential’ dialogue, human beings recognize the object eaten, nature, without which they cannot survive. This daily-based recognition may be the most powerful remedy for the existing environmental war. Consequently, “eating” in Shelley’s poetry is considered to be a “dialogue” between human beings (the eater) and nature (the eaten). And with the ‘physical and existential’ dialogue, human beings recognize the object eaten, nature, without which they cannot survive. This daily-based recognition can be the most powerful weapon against the existing environmental war.

The purpose of this study is to classify the lifestyles and eating out behaviors of foreign students in Vietnam and to derive purchasing behavior and to understand the difference of the attributes of eating out behavior according to the characteristics of life style of Vietnamese students. First, as a result of verifying the effect of lifestyle of Vietnamese students on food consumption behavior, four factors of lifestyle were examined: social dimension, consumer life dimension, quality dimension of personal life, psychological dimension, (+), Respectively. Second, as a result of verifying the effect of lifestyle on purchasing behavior, four factors of diet lifestyle were found to be positive (+) in both social dimension, consumer life dimension, personal life quality dimension, Respectively. Third, as a result of verifying the effect of eating out behavior on purchase behavior, eating out consumption behavior showed a positive (+) influence on purchase behavior.

Stunting is a serious public health problem in Indonesia. Madura Island, which is?inhabited by the Madurese ethnicity, had a very high stunting prevalence. The cultural factors of stunting mainly focus on food, food taboos, and early complementary feeding or prelacteal feeding practices. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the eating concept and its association with child feeding practices and stunting among the Madurese ethnic group?in Indonesia.This qualitative study was conducted in Sampang District, Madura Island, East Java, Indonesia. A total of 61 informants participated in this study (25 informants of in-depth interviews, 26 informants of FGDs, and 10 families in observations). Data collection consists of culture, values, and beliefs in child feeding practices that influence children’s nutritional status. The analysis used was content analysis by emphasizing the meanings, themes, and concepts of eating and stunting.Stunting was considered a normal condition rather than a nutritional problem. The concept of eating is “eating rice.” Eating without other dishes is acceptable as long as there is rice on the plate. This concept affects inappropriate complementary food feeding practices and malnutrition among children under five. Overall, the study contributed to the improvement of the stunting reduction program by addressing how Madurese thought about eating and stunting.

Eating disorders have traditionally been addressed using symptom-centered behavioral models, often overlooking the deeper psychological structures involved in their origin and maintenance. This article proposes a clinical perspective grounded in the structural model of trauma and dissociation, which conceptualizes eating disorders as manifestations of an internal world shaped by unintegrated traumatic experiences and early attachment disruptions. It examines the protective function of symptoms, the role of the body as a somatic archive of traumatic memory, and the dynamics of non-integrated self-states and dissociative parts. Drawing upon clinical case analysis and theoretical evidence, the article argues that effective intervention must include work with the internal system, validation of each part involved, and the establishment of a secure therapeutic alliance. It concludes that only trauma-informed psychotherapy oriented toward structural integration can support profound and sustained recovery in individuals with eating disorders.

Humans need to obtain nutrients from foods for survival and health. Culture and belief play important roles in food selection and intake. Throughout human history, dietary factor has been one of the important factors inducing and causing outbreaks of infectious diseases. If unhealthy eating behavior, like eating raw/undercooked food or meat and products from wild animals, are not abandoned, foodborne infectious diseases will remain an important risk factor of outbreaks and epidemics. The misconception of dietary culture is one of the important factors that triggers unhealthy eating behavior. Therefore, it is vital to change people’s conceptions and knowledge about what is healthy to eat, in order to completely eliminate unhealthy eating behavior and prevent the recurrence of foodborne infectious diseases. Meanwhile, many factors such as family, society, region, and religion should be involved in.

Humans need to obtain nutrients from foods in order to survive and be healthy. The requirements of energy and nutrients are different due to differences in race, age, sex, and physical activity level. People living in different places take nutrients from different kinds of food; therefore, nutrition is a cultural biological process rather than a simple physiological and biochemical process. Food intake can directly influence one's biological function through life, as its results are on a biological level. When people eat, the process can be influenced by economic, politics, culture, and many other factors.

Although it is not used today, barnyard millet and foxtail millet were staples, especially for people living in the cold and mountainous areas in Japan. The Northern part of Iwate prefecture was the largest area for barnyard millet production, but its production had almost disappeared up to the late 1960s during the high economic growth period. The disused process and how people felt along with the mood during that time are not well examined. Articles in Iwate no Hoken (hygiene in Iwate), a local journal that was published by the Iwate prefecture National Health Insurance Organization from the mid-1950s to the late 1960s, were examined. This journal was mainly composed of a reader’s column or letters about every aspect of daily life, such as medicine, family problems, diet, education, culture, business, and readers’ autobiographies. Many articles indicated that people hid the fact that they ate millet. The rapid shift from millet to rice was accompanied by a change in their community from a selfsufficient society to a consuming society. The pleasure of eating white rice seemed to be fully suppressed by their financial problems regarding buying electric products, agricultural equipment, motorcycles, and food. Many laborers had to work outside of their hometown and the younger generation, especially girls, left their community. The editorial office concluded that the self-sufficient society had become a consuming society.

Purpose of this study is to demonstrate severity of Binge Eating Disorder (BED) is different from that of general obesity and to examine the effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on BED-prone college students. To do this, the following scales were used: Binge Eating Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Social Discomfort Scale, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Study I investigated pathological eating behaviors as well as psychological distress in three different groups: two obese groups with and without BED and a healthy control group. Ten participants for each group were selected: two obese groups among 50 obese women from a weight clinic in South Korea and the healthy control group with normal weight among a college population in South Korea. The findings showed that BED patients had more pathological eating behaviors and psychological distress than the other two groups. Most BED patients want weight-loss treatment when they seek help. However, the study suggests that treatment for BED should first be directed at the disordered eating and associated psychopathology rather than the obesity itself, even though BED patients are found in obese population. In Study II, 24 BED-prone college students among 600 college students were randomly assigned to CBT(eight weekly sessions during active treatment) or to no-treatment control group. At the end of the active treatment, binge eating was significantly reduced among those actively treated relative to those on no-treatment control group. Furthermore, CBT produced significant or at least marginally significant improvements in all psychological variables (self-esteem, impulsiveness, and social discomfort) relative to baseline, and they even improved more at the 6-week follow-up. The results support the efficacy of CBT as a preventive intervention for BED-prone college students. In spite of its several limitations, the present study clarifies the distinctiveness of BED from obesity in psychological factors along with pathological eating problems and recommends CBT as an effective treatment for BED-prone individuals.

Purpose: Emerging evidence indicates that eating patterns?particularly skipping meals and eating alone?are associated with excess body weight. However, few studies have assessed whether these behaviors contribute to weight gain across different age groups. This study examined the associations of skipping breakfast or dinner, and of eating those meals alone, with overweight or obesity among Korean adults compared to children and adolescents. Methods: This cross-sectional secondary analysis used data from the 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Information on skipping meals, eating alone, and sociodemographic characteristics was obtained via self-report for adults and proxy report for participants under 12 years of age. Overweight or obesity was determined from measured height and weight. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed separately by age group. Results: Among adults, eating dinner alone was associated with higher odds of obesity (odds ratio [OR]=1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.06?1.52). Among adolescents, skipping dinner three or more times per week was associated with higher odds of obesity (OR=2.60, 95% CI=1.04?6.54). No significant associations were observed in children. Skipping breakfast or eating breakfast alone was not significantly associated with overweight or obesity in any age group. Conclusion: Although the cross-sectional design precludes causal inference, the findings suggest age-specific links between eating behaviors and weight status. For adults, reducing solitary dinners may help prevent obesity, whereas for adolescents, preventing frequent dinner skipping could be beneficial. Nursing strategies promoting shared mealtimes in adults and regular dinners in adolescents may help address obesity in Korea.

Eating (also known as consuming) is the ingestion of food, typically to provide a heterotrophic organism with energy and to allow for growth. Hands are most vital for cooking sustenance and for eating. Many individuals find eating with hands unhygienic, primitive, and nauseating; however, eating food with hands is associated with not just the body but also the psyche and soul. There is rationality behind the Indian routine of eating with fingers. Different types of vessels are used as needed to set up the sustenance . In Indian families, distinctive leaves such as banana leaf and jerk teak leaf are used for serving food. While eating in abundance, one must use hands to feel the food. Eating with a spoon or fork is often the current practice and is considered clean and advantageous; however, the vast majority of people do not understand that there is reasoning behind eating sustenance with hands. Eating by sitting on the floor has multitudinous advantages and is yet to be popularized in different regions across Asia.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between unhealthy eating behavior and depression in adolescents, with confounding variables adjusted. Methods: This study is a secondary analysis of the data collected from the 2013 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS). The analysis included 72,435 participants (36,655 male and 35,780 female). The data were analyzed by x2 test, t-test, and logistic regression analysis using SPSS Version 21 by complex samples analysis. Results: Compared with male adolescents with healthy eating behavior, those who with unhealthy eating behavior were more likely to suffer depression with other factors controlled (OR=1.37, 1.07~1.75). On the other hand, female adolescents with unhealthy eating behavior were less likely to feel depressed compared with female adolescents with unhealthy eating behavior and with other factors controlled (OR=0.98, 0.64~1.50). However, it was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that healthy eating behavior may be a protective factor against depression in male adolescents, but not in female adolescents. Furthermore, our results suggest that the longitudinal associations between mental health and healthy eating behavior and other lifestyle factors are complex.

Purpose: This study was to translate the Diabetes Eating Problem SurveyeRevised (DEPS-R), originallydeveloped for adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus, into Korean, and to determine its factorstructure while testing its validity and reliability among Korean adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Methods: The participants were recruited from the Diabetes Center of a university hospital or type 1diabetes camp. A total of 205 Korean adolescents aged 13e18 years diagnosed with type 1 diabetescompleted a self-reported questionnaire. After the DEPS-R was translated into Korean (KDEPS-R),confirmatory factor analyses were performed and the criterion and convergent validity were tested. Results: This four-factor model was validated using a confirmatory factor analysis. The sensitivity andspecificity of the KDEPS-R based on the Korean version of the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (KEAT-26) as thecriterion for eating disorders were .52 and .81, respectively. The KDEPS-R scores significantly correlatedwith the glycated hemoglobin levels and the Korean versions of the Beck Depression Inventory-II andKEAT-26 scores, indicating convergent validity. The Cronbach a for the total score was .85. Conclusion: The KDEPS-R is a reliable and culturally validated tool for evaluating diabetic eating disordersin Korean adolescents with type 1 diabetes. The KDEPS-R can help investigate related prevalencerates and test the effectiveness of intervention programs for Korean adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the influence of social media affinity on eating attitudes and body dissatisfaction among adolescents in the Philippines. Methods: The participants were 114 junior high school students enrolled in 7th to 10th grade in Cavite Province, Philippines. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS, using descriptive statistics, the independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple linear regression. Results: The factors affecting eating attitudes were body dissatisfaction (β=-.47, p<.001), social media affinity (β=.33, p<.001) and grade (10th grade) (β=-.28, p<.001), and the factors influencing body dissatisfaction were eating attitudes (β=-.65, p<.001) and social media affinity (β=.17, p=.041). Conclusion: In order to promote healthy eating attitudes and to improve body satisfaction among Philippine adolescents, educational strategies tailored to social media users will be needed.

The goal of this study was to investigate the influences of overall and specific negative emotions affecting eating behaviors, especially, binge eating. This study first examined the influence of each specific negative emotion (anxiety, anger, and depression) on binge eating of bulimics through self-report questionnaires, and then conducted a laboratory experiment in order to clarify a causal relationship between binge eating and anxiety. With 357 results of BULIT-R, K-EAT, DEBQ, and EES tests, this study first showed that negative emotions had significant correlations with binge eating. Moreover, it also demonstrated that anxiety was the most influential negative emotion that affected eating behaviors by bulimic and normal eaters. The laboratory experiments were conducted with 52 participants in order to examine a causal relationship between anxiety and binge eating. The result indicated that bulimic eaters eat more when they are irritated or worried, but normal eaters eat less in the same situation.

Objective: This cross-sectional pilot study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the Korean version of the Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool-10 (K-Pedi-EAT-10).Methods: To translate, culturally adapt, and validate the Korean version of the Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool-10 (K-Pedi-EAT-10).Results: The K-Pedi-EAT-10 demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α=0.956) and strong test?retest reliability (ICC=0.988; 95% CI, 0.971?0.995). Content validity indices were high (I-CVI>0.80 for all items; S-CVI/Ave=0.92 for relevance, 0.88 for clarity). Children with dysphagia showed markedly higher K-Pedi-EAT-10 total scores (16.15±9.24) than controls (0.31±0.72; U=9.5, Z=-4.053, p<0.001), confirming discriminative validity. Higher K-Pedi-EAT-10 scores were observed in children with aspiration (Penetration-Aspiration Scale [PAS]≥6) than in those without (p<0.05). Significant correlations were found between K-Pedi-EAT-10 total and PAS scores (r=0.705, p=0.007), confirming its potential utility as a screening tool that reflects aspiration severity without radiation exposure from videofluoroscopic swallowing study. Receiver operating characteristic analysis yielded an area under the curve of 0.98 (95% CI, 0.95?1.00) and identified a cut-off score of 19 for predicting aspiration, with 100% sensitivity and 85.7% specificity.Conclusion: The K-Pedi-EAT-10 is a reliable, valid, and non-invasive tool for screening pediatric dysphagia. Its strong psychometric performance supports its potential use for the early identification and timely intervention of children at risk for dysphagia in clinical practice.

Purpose: We aimed to examine the relationships between obesity and the level of social support for healthy behaviors, amount of physical activity (PA), and dietary habits in African Americans. Methods: The subjects were 412 university students who visited a health promotion center at North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, USA between September 1, 2009 and April 30, 2010. We administered a social support survey, the National Institutes of Health Fruit, Vegetable, and Fat Screener, the Paffenbarger PA Questionnaire, and measures of body mass index, waist circumference (WC), and blood pressure. Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance and logistic regression analyses. Results: Results showed that men in the overweight group had WC and systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurements associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and below average PA; those in the obese group had WC, SBP, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) measurements associated with CVD risk and below average PA. Women in the overweight group had WC and SBP measurements associated with CVD risk, and those in the obesity group hadWC, SBP, and DBP measurements associated with CVD risk and below average PA. Logistic regression analysis showed that increasing PA by 1,000 kcal/week decreased the prevalence of obesity by 9.3% in men and 9.0% in women. Conclusion: Thus, low PA was a significant risk factor for obesity among African Americans. However, the level of social support and consumption of fruits, vegetables, and fat were not found to be significant risk factors in this study.

The Valle de Tenza region, located in the Department of Boyaca?Colombia, shows a transition situation from the family farming of various food crops to coffee farming following an agribusiness model. From this perspective, in order to understand the current scenario of food sovereignty in Guateque and Guayata, two cities of the Valle de Tenza, this study evaluated socioeconomic, environmental, and cultural aspects based on questionnaires and semi-structured interviews applied to peasant families that practice family farming and/or coffee farming. Moreover, these same aspects were also evaluated among urban food consumers. These evaluations aimed to assess the perception of the interviewees about the availability of regional food crops and current eating habits in relation to those from a decade or more ago, in addition to investigating their knowledge about the traditional cuisine of the region. The cultivation of regional food crops used to prepare local and regional traditional dishes such as piquete , sancocho , and different amasijos based on corn and sagu ( Maranta arundinacea ) has been significantly reduced. The investigation revealed changes in the eating habits of the Valle de Tenza inhabitants due to the consumption of processed foods and the reduced cultivation of local traditional food crops. As a consequence of this transition to coffee production, the most representative traditional foods are being replaced by more profitable crops, including coffee and some fruits not traditionally grown in the Valle de Tenza and with more local and regional acceptance. This reduction can affect food availability and change the gastronomic and cultural identity of the Valle de Tenza population, among other aspects related to food sovereignty.

Eating has been regarded as a regulatory behavior in coping with negative affect. However, individual differences in the relationship between negative affect and eating behavior remain relatively unexplored. This study aims to investigate this association while examining the role of potential moderators, namely thin-ideal internalization and impulse control difficulties using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) methodology. Female participants (N=72) aged 18 to 29 years completed a 7-day EMA protocol and questionnaires. Daily EMA measures included negative affect (NA) and caloric intake. Hierarchical linear modeling was applied to analyze the data. NA did not significantly predict caloric intake at the within-person level. However, the non-significant association between NA and caloric intake was negatively moderated by thin-ideal internalization on the between-person level. The moderating role of impulse control difficulties was not significant. These findings extend prior research on risk factors of emotional undereating and they highlight the importance of further research. The limitations of this study and suggestions for future research have been discussed.