Earticle

사람들의 의식이 변화함에 따라 아파트 시장은 급자 중심에서 소비자 중심으로 변화하고 있다. 공동주택에 대 한 수요와 공급이 다변화되고 있으며, 건설회사는 결함을 줄여서 완벽한 주택을 소비자에게 전달하고자 노력하고 있으 며, 이를 통해 브랜드 가치를 높여 거주자의 기대 수준을 만족시키기 위해 많은 활동을 하고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 공동주택에 대한 하자 및 이로 인한 분쟁은 계속 증가하고 있다. 이는 하자에 대한 명확한 인식이 부족하고, 또한 체계 적이고 효율적인 관리가 이루어지지 않고 있다는 사실을 보여주고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 진주에 완공되어 있는 공동 주택 거주자가 제공한 데이터를 조사, 분석하여 하자 예방, 하자 감소, 그리고 유지 보수를 위한 기초 자료를 제시하는 데 목적이 있다.

With the increasing consciousness of the people, apartment houses construction market is changing to consumer-centered from supplier-oriented. Due to housing supply rate rise and apartment houses volume increases, the construction proportion of construction companies are increasing about the apartment houses. In addition, the supply and demand of apartment houses has been diversified, construction companies with perfect construction to reducing defect are trying to increase the brand value and to satisfy expectation of resident about the quality. But defect disputes of apartment houses continue has been increasing. This tells the fact that systematic and efficient management does not occur, without clear recognition of defects. Hence, this study investigate and analyze data written by the residents in the apartment in Jinju, prevent defect, eradicate defect, presents a basic data for maintenance.

Mitochondrial cytopathies represent a heterogeneous group of multisystem disorder that preferentially affects the muscle and nervous systems. Mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme complexes (MRC) defect can be the cause of many unexplained neurological disorders including epilepsy, cerebral palsy, delayed development and hypotonia. We retrospectively reviewed clinical and laboratory features of 16 patients who showed defects in MRC activity, confirmed by biochemical assay from spectrophotometry in muscles to characterize clinical and laboratory features for MRC defects and provide more precise diagnosis and effective treatments. In the patients with uncontrolled seizure activity, developmental regression, characteristic features of bilateral symmetric high signal intensity at deep nucleus and/or white matter in T2WI, the mitochondrial cytopathies should be added to the list of differential diagnoses. And lactate elevation in magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can be useful in the diagnosis of mitochondrial cytopathies.

국내에서는 80년대 이후 도시인구가 급증하면서 공동주택의 보급률이 많아졌다. 공동주택의 보급률이 높아짐에 따라 발생하는 하자에 대한 대책과 방지대책에 대한 관심 또한 많이 증가하고 있다. 공사 중에 발생되는 부실시공과 공사완료 후에 나타나는 하자는 자원의 낭비, 경제적 손실로 이어진다. 주택의 하자는 입주자들에게는 정신적, 물리적인 피해를 주고, 또한 주택건설업체에게도 경제적인 손실 및 업체의 신뢰도에도 큰 영향을 주는 것이므로 하자발생을 최소화하는 것은 매우 중요한 일이다. 하자의 발생비율이 많은 공정보다 발생 비율이 작지만 그 영향도를 하자보수비나 난이도, 입주자 영향 등으로 평가하면 하자의 중요도는 달라지는 경우가 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 사례분석을 통하여 건축공사의 하자발생 유형, 원인을 토대로 하자예방을 위한 공종별 중점관리대상을 도출하여 기획, 설계, 시공의 건축 단계별 적용 대상 선정을 제안하고자 한다.

A rapidly growing urban population since the 1980s, penetration of the apartment house were increased. Attention of Prevention of defect that occur caused by increasing the penetration of the apartment house has been increasing. Fraudulent Construction Works Occurring during of Construction Works and defects of appear after the completion cause waste of resources, economic losses. It is very important to minimize the occurrence of defects because defects of Apartment House caused mental and physical damage to tenant and also It gave a great impact credibility of business and economic losses to Construction company. Even the proportion of defect are smaller than other process in whole process of construction. But if you assessed that by cost of repair, level of difficulty and influence of resident, the importance of defects could be different. Therefore, in this study, through a case study to find out the type, reasons of defects and selected priority management by work types to prevent and decrease the defect.

Atorvastatin is one of the most widely prescribed medications for dyslipidemia treatment. In Korea, post combined therapy with ezetimibe, a 73-year-old woman was reported by a community pharmacy to have experienced visual field defect, which recovered after drug discontinuation. She had never experienced this symptom before, and several studies have reported an association between use of statins and visual disorders such as blurred vision, diplopia, and cataract. Blockage of cholesterol accumulation, oxidative stress, or myopathy is expected to be a cause of this symptom. Naranjo scale, Korean causality assessment algorithm (Ver.2), and World Health Organization-Uppsala Monitoring Center (WHO-UMC) criteria were the three tools used to determine causality between the visual disorder and atorvastatin. The results represent ‘probable’, ‘certain’, and ‘probable/likely’ causality, respectively. Our results, in combination with a review of literature, indicate that ocular adverse effects are highly likely related to atorvastatin.

The number of apartment houses is increasing steadily. However, quality management and defect prevention management of apartments house are insufficient to reduce defects. Defects cause the residents' complaints to grow and resulting in collective complaints and lawsuits. In apartment houses, pre-check of prospective residents before completion is conducted to improve the quality of apartment house and the satisfaction of residents. In this study, the residents' pre-check data are collected and analyzed and then the methods are developed to mitigate problems and reduce the occurrence of defects. As a result of this study, in order to verify the improvement method for the reduction of the secondary defect, it was confirmed that the defect was reduced by 30% or more by applying it to a pilot project. The proposed improvement method which is improvement of the maintenance standard and the improvement of the finishing construction procedure in this study will contribute to the quality control of the construction, improvement of residents' satisfaction, and reduction of defect repair cost.

본 연구는 건설 하자소송 판례(민사중심)와 중대재해처벌법 판례(형사중심)를 연계 분석하여, 품질관리와 안전관리 간의 상 관성을 규명하였다. 하자소송에서는 미시공·변경시공 등 시공단계 품질결함이 주요 쟁점으로 보였다. 중대재해 판례에서는 관 리감독 미흡과 안전보건체계 미이행이 가장 빈번한 위반 사유로, 대표이사 실형 및 법인벌금 사례가 확인되었다. 두 체계는 모 두 *‘관리 부실’이라는 동일 원인에서 비롯되며, 기술적 감정결과가 법원의 판단 근거로 작용하였다.이에 따라 품질관리 강화 와 안전보건관리체계 구축을 통합한 예방형 관리시스템이 필요함을 제시하였다.본 연구는 향후 감정데이터의 법적 활용도 제 고 및 재해예방형 제도 개선의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다.

우리나라는 2000년에 제조물책임법이 제정하여 2002년 7월 1일부터 시행하였으며, 제조물의 제조, 설계, 표시등의 결함으로 인하여 발생한 손해에 대한 제조업자 등의 손해 배상책임을 규정하고 소비자의 결함 입증부담 경감과 피해자의 보호를 도모하자 하고 있다. 제조물의 표시등의 결함은 지시결함이나 경고결함에 관한 것으로 제조자는 그 위험에 의한 사고를 방지 회피할 수 있도록 소비자에게 정보를 제공하여야 하나 이를 이행하지 않아 발생된 결함이다. 본 논문에서는 A사(社)의 공기정화기 B모델 사용설명서에 나타난 정보제공사항을 주의 경고표시 가이드 등에 따라 검토하였으며, 그 결과 일부 지시 및 경고사항에서 보완해야할 사항이 발견하였다. 보완사항은 제안사항으로 기업내부 에서 처리하되 전문성이 부족한 분야는 외부의 PL전문가의 협력하에 바람직한 개선안이 도출될 수 있을 것이다.

한국기독교의 양적 성장은 1990년대 후반부터 멈춰 섰고, 신자들의 교회 출석 또한 감소하고 있다. 그 이유로는 한국사회의 근로형태가 주 5일 근무로 전환되어, 주말에는 도시를 떠나 여가를 즐기는 라이프스타일로 전환되어, 반드시 모 교회에 출석해야 한다는 의식이 낮아져 가고 있고, 게다가 인터넷의 급속한 보급으로 인해 사이버예배(동영상예배)를 비롯한, 각 교회 홈페이지의 동영상설교가 등장하면서 신자들은 교회에 직접 가지 않고도 언제 어디서나 인터넷을 통해 예배를 드릴 수 있는 시대가 되었기 때문이다. 교회는 불완전한 사람들이 모여서 만들어진 공동체이다. 교회는 인간의 연약함과 불완전함을 인정하고, 하나님의 사랑 안에서 서로 감싸주고 위로하면서, 어려움에서 일어설 수 있도록 용기를 북돋아 주는 공동체다. 그러나 교회는 불완전한 사람들이 모여 있기 때문에 여러 문제들이 발생하고 있고, 이와 같은 교회 안의 문제로 인해 갈등하는 사람들 또한 많다. 사이버예배를 비롯한, 각 교회 홈페이지의 동영상설교, 그리고 기독교 TV채널 등은, 교회문제로 갈등하는 기존의 신자들을 교회라는 공간에서 완벽하게 분리시켜 주었다, 그러나 공동체성과 인격적인 만남이 결여된 사이버공간은, 온전한 예배와 인격적인 공동체를 구현할 수 없었으므로, 신자들을 일정기간 동안은 교회에서 완벽하게 격리시켜주었지만, 그 한계점에 도달하면, 공동체성과 인간관계가 결여된 사이버예배를 드리던 신자들이 다시 교회로 되돌아오는 아이러니한 결과를 초래하였다. 본 연구는 사이버예배(동영상예배)를 비롯한, 각 교회 홈페이지의 동영상설교와 같은 예배기능 대행물들이 믿지 않는 비신자들에게 다가가는 선교적 역할보다, 기존의 신자들, 즉 교회생활에 회의를 느끼고 있는 신자들에게 교회에 직접 가지 않고도 사이버예배를 드림으로써 주일성수를 하였다는 의식을 심어주는, 대리 만족의 도구로써의 역할을 하고 있는 현 상황과, 사이버예배의 결함으로 지적되고 있는 '공동체성' 즉 인격적인 만남이 없는 영상만의 예배가 결국은 신자들을 다시 교회로 되돌아오게 하는, 아이러니한 결과를 도쿄 T교회의 사례를 통해 고찰하였다. 공동체성과 인격적인 만남이 결여된 디지털 사이버예배의 지속적인 시청은 결국, 인격적인 만남을 희구하는 인간에게, 아날로그적인 인간관계로의 복귀, 즉 교회로의 복귀를 촉발 시키는 역할을 할 것으로 사료된다.

Korean Christianity stopped growing since the latter half of 1990. As the society introduced five day work week, people’s lifestyles have changed to going out of cities and enjoying their leisure time on weekends. The internet dissemination has allowed each church to post their worships on their websites, which meant that people can stay home and have Sunday worship instead of going to church. For these reasons, Korean Christians have been showing decreasing number in church attendance. Church is a community where imperfect people are gathered. Not only church explains people’s imperfectness and effeminateness but also encourages them to comfort and help each other under the love of God in order to overcome difficult situations. Since people in church are imperfect, many problems arise and people come into conflicts with them. Worshiping in cyberspace such as watching an online minister’s sermon and Christians TV channels separates Christians from church. As cyberspace couldn’t realize a proper worship service and create respectful community spirit due to lack of a meeting with respect, Christians were isolated from church for a certain period of time. However, when Christians finally realized the lack of human relations by watching worship in a monitor, an ironic result came up such as Christians returning to the church. This research paper includes how worshiping in cyberspace provides a refuge to Christians who feel doubt about their social life at church, but at the same time, want to rationalize and justify their belief in God. Furthermore, this paper considers the irony of Christians returning to church from cyberspace worship due to the absence of community spirit and connection between other Christians, using the T Church case in Tokyo as an example. Community spirit without a meeting with respect such asAworshiping in cyberspace will lead Christians to turn back to church in order to regain human relationships.

Purpose: The purpose of this case study series was to introduce successful implant cases that used the palatal bone in patients with severe maxillary alveolar bone atrophy or defects. Case Presentation: In this case series study, a total of four patients underwent implant placement in the palatal bone of the maxilla. A total of 6 implants were installed using the palatine bone. The patients' ages ranged from 40 to 73 years with an average age of 63.5 years. The patients had maxillary sinus-related diseases, such as maxillary sinusitis, oroantral fistula, and dentigerous cysts, prior to implantation. To achieve initial stability, the implants were placed on the palatal side, and buccally tilted. The average postoperative recovery period was 8 months. No postoperative complications occurred in any of the cases, and the approach was used without reported issues. Conclusion: Implant treatment by securing the initial fixation in the palatal bone is a good alternative when an implant must be installed in a patient who requires extensive and invasive bone graft.

Mandibular bone depression, also known as Stafne bone cavity, is defined as a bone depression filled mainly with salivary gland tissue. Parotid gland bone defects are infrequently observed. We report the case of a 52-year-old male patient who underwent radiographic examinations due to temporomandibular joint dysfunction, and a radiolucent area was detected in the mandibular ramus, with a provisional diagnosis of traumatic bone cyst or parotid mandibular bone defect. The patient was then referred for magnetic resonance imaging, which demonstrated a hyperintense area eroding the mandibular ramus, which corresponded to glandular tissue. Although the defect was a benign lesion, radiolucencies in the mandibular ramus lead to concerns among professionals, because their radiographic features can resemble various intrabony neoplastic lesions, such as giant cell tumors or benign tumors of the parotid gland.

Partial anomalous pulmonary vein connection (PAPVC) is a rare congenital abnormal cardiac defect involving the pulmonary veins draining into the right atrium (RA) directly or indirectly by venous connection. Ninety percent of PAPVCs are accompanied by atrial septal defect (ASD). To our knowledge, there is no previous report of PAPVC with ventricular septal defect (VSD) without ASD in Korea, and in this paper, we report the first such case. A 2-day-old girl was admitted into the Chonnam National University Hospital for evaluation of a cardiac murmur. An echocardiogram revealed perimembranous VSD without ASD. She underwent patch closure of the VSD at 5 months of age. Although the VSD was completely closed, she had persistent cardiomegaly with right ventricular volume overload, as revealed by echocardiography. Three years later, cardiac catheterization and chest computed tomography revealed a PAPVC, with the right upper pulmonary vein draining into the right SVC. Therefore, correction of the PAPVC was surgically performed at 3 years of age. We conclude that it is important to suspect PAPVC in patients with right ventricular volume overload, but without ASD.

When a well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma invades the adjacent organ, the treatment of choice is en bloc surgical resection. After tracheal resection, the tracheal defect can be repaired in various ways. Depending on the invasion depth of the tumor or the defect circumference of the trachea, primary closure, reconstruction of surrounding muscles, or end-to-end anastomosis can be used. A 70-year-old man was diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancer with tracheal invasion. The patient was treated by total thyroidectomy with tracheal window resection of the invading trachea. The defect was reconstructed with an anterolateral thigh free flap. At 12 months after surgery, the patient leads a social life without any discomfort and has an acceptable voice. This case is reported along with associated techniques and reviews of related articles.

Ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip and/or palate (AEC) syndrome, also known as Hay-Wells syndrome, is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by congenital ectodermal dysplasia. It is caused by mutations in p63 gene. Six isoforms are generated from the TP63 gene mutation and the main isoform expressed in postnatal skin is Np63a, which functions as a key regulator of epidermal integrity. We have experienced a 1-day-old female baby with skin erosions, ankyloblepharosis, and cleft palate that require treatment for skin care and feeding difficulties. Missense mutation in TP63 1657th T → A transition was found in the genetic test performed in the patient, and this genotype has not been reported in a previously variant. The patient was found dead at 91days of birth and the cause of death was estimated by aspiration.

Double-chambered right ventricle (DCRV) is an uncommon congenital anomaly in which anomalous muscle bands divide theright ventricle into two chambers; a proximal high-pressure and distal low-pressure chamber. It may be associated with midright ventricular obstruction. It is commonly associated with other congenital anomalies, most frequently perimembranousventricular septal defect (PM-VSD). We herein present 5 adult patients with concomitant DCRV and PM-VSD who varied intheir symptomatic presentations and the ways of management.

Bronchopleural fistula is an unnatural communication between the bronchial tree and pleural space. Closure of the bronchial stump using various muscular flaps has been previously reported. There have been few reports on treatment of large defects with bronchopleural fistula accompanied by surrounding muscle injury. We report on our experience with two patients suffering from large defect with bronchopleural fistula, who were treated with free flaps. No recurrence of bronchopleural fistula was observed during follow-up.

Point mutations in the human cardiac homeobox gene NKX2.5 are associated with familial atrial septal defect (ASD), atrioventricular (AV) conduction disturbance, as well as sudden cardiac death. To date, more than 60 NKX2.5 mutations have been documented, but there are no reports in Korea. We are reporting the first Korean family with ASD and AV block associated with a novel mutation in the NKX2.5 coding region. A 9-year-old boy presented with a slow and irregular pulse, and was diagnosed with secundum ASD and first degree AV block. The boy's father, who had a history of ASD correction surgery, presented with second degree AV block and atrial fibrillation. The boy's brother was also found to have secundum ASD and first degree AV block. There were two sudden deaths in the family. Genetic testing revealed a novel mutation of NKX2.5 in all affected members of the family.

If the replantation on the original position is not possible, the amputated tissue of a hand may be used as a donor for recovering hand functions at other positions. This procedure is termed 'heterodigital replantation'. An 63-year-old male patient who was in press machine accident came to Our Hospital. He had large dorsal soft-tissue defects ($5{\times}3cm$) on his left long finger and complete amputation on his left index finger through the proximal interpharyngeal joint. Replantation was not indicated because crushing injury of index finger was severe. So we decided to use index finger soft tissue as heterodigital free flap for the coverage of the long finger defect. The ulnar digital artery and dorsal subcutaneous vein of the free flap were anastomosed with the radial digital artery and dorsal subcutaneous vein of the long finger. The heterodigital free flap provided satisfactory apperance and functional capability of the long finger. The best way to treat amputation is replantation. But sometimes surgeon confront severely crushed or multi-segmental injured amputee which is not possible to replant. In this situation, reconstructive surgeons should consider heterodigital free flap from amputee as an option.

If the replantation on the original position is not possible, the amputated tissue of a hand may be used as a donor for recovering hand functions at other positions. This procedure is termed 'heterodigital replantation'. An 63-year-old male patient who was in press machine accident came to Our Hospital. He had large dorsal soft-tissue defects ($5{\times}3cm$) on his left long finger and complete amputation on his left index finger through the proximal interpharyngeal joint. Replantation was not indicated because crushing injury of index finger was severe. So we decided to use index finger soft tissue as heterodigital free flap for the coverage of the long finger defect. The ulnar digital artery and dorsal subcutaneous vein of the free flap were anastomosed with the radial digital artery and dorsal subcutaneous vein of the long finger. The heterodigital free flap provided satisfactory apperance and functional capability of the long finger. The best way to treat amputation is replantation. But sometimes surgeon confront severely crushed or multi-segmental injured amputee which is not possible to replant. In this situation, reconstructive surgeons should consider heterodigital free flap from amputee as an option.

Anomaly of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery arising from the right sinus of valsalva is frequently seen with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). The association of the LAD coronary artery with ventricular septal defect (VSD) is uncommon. We described an anomalous origin of the LAD coronary artery from the right sinus of valsalva with ventricular septal defect in a 38-year-old male patient suffering from atypical angina. The LAD coronary artery arose from the right sinus of valsalva, just next to the right coronary artery. There was a single opening in the membranous part of the interventricular septum. From this case, we suggest that angiography is useful for both documenting anomalies of the LAD coronary artery associated with VSD and for determining the safest surgical procedures.

Sinus of Valsalva aneurysms are rare. Sinus of Valsalva aneurysms are frequently associated with ventricular septal defect (VSD)and aortic regurgitation. They often remain asymptomatic until abruptly presenting with acute chest pain and heart failuresecondary to rupture. Here, we describe a case of 20-year-old man who presented with chest pain with a history of VSD. Initialwork-up concluded that the patient had VSD associated membranous septal aneurysm. Four years later, the patient presentedwith symptoms of heart failure. Work-up showed that the ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm was the cause of symptoms. Due to its close proximity to the aortic annulus, sinus of Valsalva aneurysm should be differentiated from membranous septalaneurysm.