Earticle

Background The production of personalized short leg brace (SLB) and insole orthoses using three- dimensional (3D) printing offers efficiency and addresses limitations of traditional methods involving plaster molds. To fabricate 3D printing orthoses, a 3D scanner capable of acquiring personalized models of individual lower limb segments is necessary. Thus, investigating the reliability and validity of clinical application of a 3D scanner is a foundational step in customized orthoses production. Purpose To verify the reliability and validity of lower leg and foot measurement data related to the SLB fitting process obtained through 3D lower limb scanning equipment. Study design A cross-sectional and repeated-measures study design Methods This study involved 40 adult participants. Inter-rater reliability of a novel 3D scanner was assessed through measurements performed by two different raters within a 3-day interval. Criterion validity of the 3D scanner was verified through comparison with physical measurements. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to investigate inter-rater reliability and criterion validity for measurement variables of the 3D scanner equipment. Results The inter-rater reliability for the 3D scanner showed excellent correlation with ICC 0.90 or higher for most measurement variables. For the validity of the 3D scanner, ICC values of rater A ranged from 0.84 to 0.96 (p<0.01) and those of rater B ranged from 0.91 to 0.99 (p<0.01). The average ICC value was 0.86 for navicular height, medial malleolus height, and lateral malleolus height variables. However, most ICC values showed very good and reliable correlation. Conclusions The inter-measurement reliability of each measurement variable through test-retest of the 3D scanner equipment showed a high level of good correlation. There was a high level of correlation for most measurement variables between caliper measurements directly performed by the rater and 3D scanner measurements. Therefore, production and clinical application of 3D printing-based personalized SLB and insole orthoses could correct, manage, and treat various musculoskeletal diseases of the lower extremities through clinical use of 3D scanner equipment.

사고장애는 정신증 스펙트럼의 핵심 증상 중 하나로, 사고의 와해, 비논리성, 빈곤의 차원을 포함하며, 정상 사고에서부터 정신증적 사고까지 이어지는 연속선상에서 차원 적으로 나타나는 특성으로 이해된다. 이러한 차원성은 비임상 집단에서도 사고장애가 다양한 수준으로 나타날 수 있음을 시사하며, 이를 측정하는 것은 정신건강 위험 요인을 조기에 탐색하는 데 기여할 수 있다. 사고장애의 평가에서 로샤 검사는 근거 기반성을 입 증해 왔으나, 실시와 해석의 복잡성으로 인해 폭넓은 활용에 제약이 있었다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 비대면에서 실시 가능한 간소화된 자기기입식 로샤 검사를 통해 사고장 애 지표(WSum6)를 평정하여, 해당 지표의 구성 및 준거 타당도를 탐색하고자 했다. 이를 위해 대학생 113명을 대상으로 비대면 환경에서 간소화된 4-카드 로샤 검사를 실시하여, WSum6를 산출하고 그 분포와 특성을 분석하였다. 또한 정신건강 문제로 인 한 치료 경험 여부를 수집하였고, 부적응적 성격 특성 및 임상적 증상을 평가하기 위해 밀 론 다축 임상성격 검사(MCMI-IV)를 활용하였다. 분석 결과, WSum6는 MCMI-IV의 조현병 스펙트럼, 조현형 성격, 양극성 스펙트럼, 일반화된 불안 척도와 유의미한 정적 상관을 보였으며, 외현화 증후군을 나타내는 반사 회성 성격, 알코올 사용 척도와는 두드러진 상관관계가 나타나지 않았다. 또한, 정신건강 문제로 인한 치료 경험이 있는 집단에서 WSum6가 유의미하게 높은 수준으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 비대면 자기기입식 로샤 검사를 통해 비임상 집단에서도 사고의 혼란과 관련된 변인을 평가할 수 있음을 확인하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 정신건강 위험성을 평가하 는 비대면 심리평가 도구으로서 로샤 검사의 활용 가능성을 제시하는 기초 자료를 제공 한다.

Thought disorder is a core symptom of the psychosis spectrum, characterized by derailment, illogicality, and poverty of thought. It is understood as a dimensional construct that ranges from normal to psychotic thinking along a continuum. This dimensionality suggests that thought disorder can manifest at varying levels even in non-clinical populations, making its assessment valuable for identifying mental health risk factors at an early stage. The Rorschach test has demonstrated evidence-based utility in evaluating thought disorders but has been limited in its broader application due to the complexity of administration and interpretation. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the structure and criterion validity of the thought disorder index (WSum6) using a simplified self-administered version of the Rorschach test in a remote setting. The study involved 113 university students who completed a simplified 4-card Rorschach test in a remote environment. The WSum6 scores were calculated, and their distribution and characteristics were analyzed. Additionally, information on mental health-related treatment history was collected, and maladaptive personality traits and clinical symptoms were assessed using the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV (MCMI-IV). The results showed that WSum6 was significantly positively correlated with the schizophrenia spectrum, schizotypal personality, bipolar spectrum, and generalized anxiety scales of the MCMI-IV, but did not show notable correlations with externalizing syndromes such as antisocial personality or alcohol use scales. Furthermore, WSum6 scores were significantly higher in groups with a history of mental health treatment. This study demonstrated that a self-administered Rorschach test conducted in a remote setting can effectively evaluate variables associated with disorganized thinking even in non-clinical populations. The findings provide foundational evidence for the potential use of the Rorschach test as a remote psychological assessment tool for evaluating mental health risks.

본 연구에서는 5가지 충동성 하위 유형(부정 긴급성, 계획성 부족, 지속성 부족, 감각추구 및 긍정긴급성)이 다양한 위험행동 및 정신병리와 차별적인 관련을 가진다는 다차원적 충동성 모델(UPPS-P)의 가정을 국내 대학생을 대상으로 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 대학생 641명을 대상으로 UPPS-P 척도와 폭식, 음주문제, 도박, 비자살적 자기 상해 행동, 위험 성 행동, 경계선 및정신병질 성격특성, 학업 불성실성 등의 위험행동 및 정신병리를 측정하여 상관과 단계적 중다회귀분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 폭식, 경계선 성격 및 경계선 성격의 자해행동은 부정 긴급성이주된 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 긍정 긴급성은 음주문제, 도박문제 및 정신병질과 유의미한 관련을 보였으나 설명량이 매우 작아, 긍정 긴급성이 고유하게 혹은 주된 영향을 미치는 위험행동을 확인하지 못하였다. 계획성 부족과 지속성 부족은 도박빈도, 도박문제, 정신병질, 자기 상해 행동, 학업 불성실성 등을 주요하게 설명하는 것으로 나타났다. 감각추구는 학업 불성실성과위험 성 행동에 주된 영향을 미쳤다. 이로써 다양한 위험행동이나 정신병리에 기여하는 충동성은동질적이지 않다는 점을 확인하였다. 끝으로 본 연구의 의의, 제한점 및 후속연구의 방향에 대해서 논의하였다.

This research aims to see if the UPPS-P five factors(negative urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, sensation seeking, positive urgency) are differentially related to various risky behaviors such as binge eating, drinking problems, gambling, risky sexual behavior, or non-suicidal self-harm behavior for college students. To do this, a stepwise multiple regression analysis is used to check whether the UPPS-P five factors are differentially related to various risky behaviors among 641 college students. The result reveals that negative urgency significantly predicts binge eating, borderline personality feature and self-harm behaviors. Positive urgency significantly predicts drinking and gambling problems and psychopathy personality feature. The relative contribution of positive urgency to these behaviors is so small that it is hard to confirm which risky behaviors are specifically or mainly influenced by positive urgency. Lack of premeditation and lack of perseverance was found to explain gambling frequency, gambling problems, psychopathy personality feature, deliberate self-harm behaviors, and school habits. As a result, it was confirmed that the UPPS-P five factors are differentially related to various risky behaviors.

Purpose: This study was conducted to test criterion-related validity of the Critical Patients' Severity Classification System (CPSCS) developed by the Hospital Nurses' Association by examining relationships with brain injury severity measured by Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), recovery state measured by Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), and days of stay in ICU of brain injury patients. Methods: Prospective correlational research design was adopted by including 194 brain injury patients admitted to ICU of one university hospital. Results: The score of CPSCS appeared to significantly discriminate the severity of brain injury. Among nursing activities in CPSCS, Respiratory therapy, IV Infusion and Medication, Monitoring, Activities of Daily Living (ADL), Treatment and Procedure were significant to discriminate the severity of brain injury. Respiratory therapy, Vital Signs, and Monitoring appeared to significantly discriminate the recovery states of 1- and 3-months. Nursing activities significantly contributed to predict the days of ICU stay were Respiratory therapy, ADL, and Teaching and Emotional Support. Conclusion: CPSCS developed by the Hospital Nurses Association appeared to be valid to discriminate or predict brain injury severity, recovery states, and days of stay in ICU for brain injury patients.

본 연구에서는 사회 선희도 반응(SDR; social desirability responding)이 자기보고형 성격검사의 준거 관련 타당도에 미치는 영향을 탐색하고자 하였다. 구체적으로, 해외 법인에 파견된 91명의 주재원들의 공감성, 친화성, 협력성 등의 성격 특성들이 현지인이 평가한 준거들을 예측하는데 있어 SDR의 두 요인인 인상관리(IM) 및 자기기만적 고양(SDE)이 어떤 효과를 가지는지를 살펴보았다. 이전 연구들에서 제시한 예측변인과 준거간의 관계에 대한 SDR의 억제(suppression) 또는 조절(moderation) 효과를 본 연구에서 확인한 결과, 이전 연구들에서처럼 억제 효과는 나타나지 않았다. 다만, 조절 효과의 경우에는 IM의 경우에는 나타나지 않았지만, SDE의 경우에는 유의한 조절 효과가 일부 나타났다. 즉, SDE가 낮은 수준을 보일수록 예측변인(공감성과 협력성)과 준거간의 관련성이 더 커지는 결과를 보였다. 마지막으로 SDR의 두 요인을 구분하는 것의 중요성에 대해 논의하였으며, 자기보고형 검사에서 나타나는 SDE에 대한 추가 연구의 필요성을 제안하였다.

This study aimed to examine how social desirability responding(SDR) affects the criterion-related validity of self-reported personality. Specifically, this study examined how SDR, impression management(IM) and self deceptive enhancement(SDE) can take distinct effects on criteria when personality traits of 91 expatriates such as empathy, cooperation, and friendliness predict their performance criteria. Although previous studies suggested either suppression or moderation effects of SDR, the results indicated that there was no suppression effects but statistically significant moderation effects of SDE on the link between each of some predictors(empathy and cooperation) and expatriate’s negative emotional expression and helping behavior in organization rated by peers(host country nationals). However, such effects were not supported in case of IM. The importance of specifying two factors of SDR and suggestions for the future research were discussed.

본 연구는 DSM-5 기반 청소년 도박장애 진단 척도에 대한 신뢰도, 구성개념 및 준거관련 타당도를 확인하고 DSM-5 도박장애 진단기준의 심리측정적 특징과 DSM-Ⅳ, GPSS의 심리측정적 특징과 진단 분류의 정확성을 비교하기 위하여 수행되었다. 참여자는 경남 지역 청소년 2,654명이었으며, 모든 참여자에게 표준화된 진단기준 질문지를 실시하였다. 신뢰도, 타당도, ROC분석을 실시한 결과, DSM-5 기반 청소년 도박장애 진단 척도는 만족할만한 신뢰도, 타당도, 그리고 진단적 분류 정확성을 보였다. DSM-Ⅳ의 병적 도박 진단기준과 비교해 볼 때, DSM-5 기반 척도의 신뢰도, 타당도, 그리고 진단적 분류의 민감도 및 거짓 양성 오류에서 비슷한 수준을 보였다. 추가적으로 각 척도의 심각도 분포의 차이를 확인하기 위하여 교차분석을 실시한 결과, GPSS의 문제군에 비하여 DSM-Ⅳ 병적 도박 집단과 DSM-5 도박중독 집단의 비율이 낮았다. 마지막으로 앞선 결과를 토대로 청소년도박장애 진단의 유용성 및 정확성에 대한 논의를 제시하였으며, 진단 척도의 활용 방향에 대한 시사점을 제시하였다.

This study aimed to examine the reliability, construct validity, and criterion-related validity of a diagnostic scale for adolescent gambling disorder based on DSM-5. In addition, it aimed to compare the psychometric properties of the DSM-5 gambling disorder diagnostic criteria with those of DSM-IV and GPSS, and to examine the accuracy of diagnostic classification. The researcher’s administered a standardized diagnostic criteria questionnaire to all 2,654 adolescent participants in Gyeongnam Province. Reliability, validity, and ROC analyses demonstrated that the DSM-5-based-diagnostic scale for adolescent gambling disorder had satisfactory reliability, validity, and accuracy in diagnostic classification. A cross-tabulation analysis further examines the differences in each scale’s severity distributions. The analysis revealed that the DSM-IV pathological gambling group and the DSM-5 gambling disorder group had a lower proportion of problems compared to the GPSS problem group. Finally, a discussion of the usefulness and accuracy of diagnosing gambling disorder in adolescents is presented based on the findings above, with implications for the future use of diagnostic scales.

이 연구는 국외에서 개발된 초등교사열의 척도가 국내 초등교사를 대상으로 사용할 수 있는지 에 대한 타당성을 살펴보는 데 주목적이 있다. 이를 위해 전문가 검토와 탐색적 요인분석결과를 토대로 218명의 초등교사를 대상으로 최종문항의 타당성을 살펴보았다. 자료분석 방법은 첫째, 초 등교사열의 척도의 구인타당성을 확인하기 위해 문항별 상관분석, 탐색적 요인분석을 하였고, 추 출된 모형의 적합도 확인을 위해 확인적 요인분석을 실시하였다. 둘째, 본 척도의 준거타당성을 확인하기 위해 초등교사효능감, 교사-학생효능감과 초등교사열의의 요인들 간의 Pearson 적률상 관분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과는 첫째, 정서참여, 사회참여: 동료관계, 사회참여: 학생관계, 인지참 여 등 4요인 16문항이 초등교사열의 척도의 요인으로 추출되었고 이에 대한 모형이 적합함을 확인 하였다. 둘째, 준거척도와의 상관분석결과, 교사열의척도의 하위요인들은 초등교사효능감의 하위 요인들 중 정보기자재효능감과 행정업무효능감와 낮은 상관분포를 나타냈으나, 자기조절효능감, 창의적 체험활동 지도효능감, 생활지도효능감, 교과지도효능감과는 높은 정적상관을 보였다. 또한 교사-학생관계 효능감의 하위요인들은 초등교사열의의 하위요인들과 높은 정적상관계수를 나타 냈다. 이를 통해 한국판 초등교사열의 척도의 변별적 및 수렴적 준거타당도를 확인할 수 있었다. 이상의 연구결과를 바탕으로 본 연구에서 타당화한 초등교사열의 척도에 대한 학교현장과 교사교 육에서의 활용가능성에 대해 논의하였다.

This study aimed to examine and validate an elementary teacher engagement scale (ETES) in Korea. To investigate the construct validity of the ETES, data were collected from 218 elementary school teachers. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed for the construct validity. Results showed the model of ETES consisting of four factors and 16 items was appropriate. A Pearson correlation analyses between ETES, the elementary teacher self-efficacy scale, and the teacher efficacy scale for teacher-student relations were conducted for criterion validity. Results indicated that subscales of the ETES were positively correlated with the elementary teacher self-efficacy scale and the teacher efficacy scale for teacher-student relations except for smart media efficacy and administrative work efficacy of elementary teacher self-efficacy which have a low correlation with the sub-factors of the ETES. Thus, convergent and discriminant validity was confirmed. Based on the above results, it was found that the ETES can be used for elementary school teachers in Korea. Several practical implications of ETES were discussed for effective teacher education.

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the validity of the 'Enterprise Health Promotion Index', a tool for assessing health promotion activities of worksite developed by the Ministry of Employment and Labor and the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency. Methods: This is designed a methodological study that evaluates the validity of the Enterprise Health Promotion Index. For this study, a questionnaire survey was conducted for the workplace health professional and safety professional, and a total of 297 data were extracted as final data. We developed the informal health promotion needs and activity measurement tools. The correlation coefficient between the score of the enterprise health promotion index and the score of the informal health promotion tool was analyzed for the criterion validity evaluation. Results: The criterion validity of the Enterprise Health Promotion Index and activity index were supported by finding moderate (r=.597) and high (r=.783) correlation coefficient. However, the requirement index has low levels of criterion validity (r=.364). Conclusion: Based on these results, we suggest to improve the utility of the corporate health promotion index by developing user manual, active public relations, and providing briefing sessions.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine test-retest reliability and criterion-related validity of a trunk stability robot when measuring the weight-bearing symmetry static sitting and standing in stroke patients. Methods: For 27 stroke patients, weight-bearing symmetry was assessed twice, 7 days apart. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1) and minimal detectable change (MDC) were used to examine the level of agreement between test and retest. The criterion-related validity of weight –bearing symmetry was demonstrated by Spearman correlation of modified Barthel index (MBI), the sit to stand test (STS), the timed up & go Test (TUG), and the function in sitting test (FIST). Results: the test–retest agreements were excellent for the weight-bearing symmetry of static sitting (ICC2,1: 0.90) and standing (ICC2,1: 0.89). It all showed that the acceptable MDC for the weight-bearing symmetry of static sitting and standing was 0.11 and 0.16, respectively (highest possible score<20 %), indicating that the measures had a small and acceptable degree of measurement error. The weight-bearing symmetry of static sitting was significantly correlated with the TUG(r=-0.45) and FIST(r=0.46)(p<0.05); the weight-bearing symmetry of static standing was also significantly correlated with MBI (r=0.65), TUG (r=-0.67), FIST (r=0.61)(p<0.01), and STS (r=-0.47)(p<0.05). Conclusion: The weight-bearing symmetry of static sitting and standing assessed by the trunk stability robot showed highly sufficient test-retest agreement and mild-to-moderate validity. It could also be useful for clinicians and researchers to evaluate balance performance and monitor functional change in stroke patients.

The current investigation is a study which aims to examine the reliability of automated essay scoring(AES) and investigate the validity of writing (sub)constructs that Criterion would/would not measure. Criterion evaluated test-takers’ essays written for assessed iBT TOEFL independent writing tasks by comparing human raters’ evaluation. In particular, the current study explored which essay features were most closely related to each of the six different analytic dimensions of Criterion. Five types of prompts were employed to create a writing test administered to fifty college students in Seoul. The result showed that the agreement between human-rater and Criterion was moderate. In addition, three essay features(development, organization, and grammar/usage) were crucial factors to predict the holistic score in human rating while organization also was the most powerful predictor of AES overall scores. Also, mechanics and sentence variety/constructions were the second and the third strong factors to predict writing scores in AES. This factor discrepancy in measuring writing scores might reflect that a few sentence constructions were differently evaluated between Criterion and human raters. This result suggests that the feature dimensions in Criterion need refinement in its construct dimensions. The findings have some implications in teaching process writing to students and in using AES.

현재 한국에서는 거짓말탐지검사의 채점과정에서 '일관성' 기준을 사용하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 현재 한국에서 사용하고 있는 거짓말탐지검사 기법의 채점 기준 중 '일관성' 기준의 실증적 타당성을 검증하고자 하였다. 구체적으로는 한국에서 이루어지고 있는 거짓말탐지검사의 채점과정에서 '일관성'을 실제로 고려하고 있는지의 여부를 검증한 후 '일관성'을 고려하여 채점하는 경우와 그렇지 않은 경우에서 거짓말탐지검사 결과의신뢰도(Cronbach' $\alpha$)와 정확성이 어떻게 달라지는지를 파악하였다. 본 연구는 실제 현장에서 '일관성'을 고려하여 채점 한 원채점자료와 '일관성'을 고려할 수 없도록 가공하여 채점한 실험채점자료를 분석하였다. 원채점자료와 실험채점자료는 동일한 검사관들이 채점하도록 하였다. 그 결과 현재 한국에서는 거짓말탐지검사의 채점과정에서 '일관성'을 고려하고 있는 것이 확인되었다. 신뢰도는 원채점자료가 .93, 실험채점자료가 .91로 비슷한 수준이었다. 정확성은 검찰의 기소 여부와 거짓말탐지검사 점수에 의한 판정을 지표로 사용한 잠재계층분석(N=182)의 결과를 실제 거짓말 여부를 판단하는 기준으로 사용했을 때 원채점자료에서 76.9%, 실험채점자료에서 61.5%로 나타났다. 논의에서는 이러한 결과가 나타난 원인과 한국에서 사용하고 있는 '일관성' 기준이 거짓말탐지검사 채점에서 갖는 유용성에 대하여 논의하였다.

For scoring polygraph charts, the Prosecutors' Office of the Republic of Korea uses a consistency criterion in which an elevated signal on one physiological channel is scored as a deceptive response only if the signal is also elevated on other channels. In the current study, the effects of this scoring criterion on reliability and accuracy (validity) of polygraph scores were assessed. Polygraph tests on 26 suspects were evaluated twice by the same examiners. The examiners used the consistency criterion in the first evaluation. In the second evaluation, the examiners were prevented from using the criterion; the signals from each physiological channel were separated and randomly arranged before they were rescored by the same examiner. Reliability was assessed by the variation among the scores for each suspect. Accuracy was assessed by establishing a standard, based on a Latent Class Analysis model, using the results of polygraph tests on each of 182 additional suspects. Reliability and accuracy were both improved by the use of the consistency criterion which therefore was recommended.

The Korean government’s move to implement criterion-referenced assessment in secondary schools has impacted the nation socially and politically, as well as educationally. Since education policy is a matter not of only education itself but of a nation’s politics, culture and economy, the issue of criterion-referenced assessment has been hotly debated before and even during its implementation. With the government’s interest in implementing criterion-referenced assessment, this study examined the validity of its use using argument-based approaches to validity. Although the government’s attempt to implement criterion-referenced assessment in second education is worthwhile, it needs careful scrutiny with regard to the potential positive or negative effects of the new assessment program. This study showed how to build and support (or refute) arguments for (or against) the use of criterion-referenced assessment in the domain of English language subjects from various aspects. More specifically, it illustrated how to pose proper research questions based upon theoretical underpinnings of argument-based approaches to validity. By clarifying these issues, it is hoped that this study provides a better all-around understanding of criterion-referenced assessment in secondary English education and assessment in Korea.

생성형 인공지능(artificial intelligence [AI]) 서비스는 전 세계적으로, 특히 인구 대비 이용자 비율이 세계 최상위권인 한국에서 빠르게 확산되고 있으며, 이에 따른 의존성 부작용에 대한 우려와 타당화된 선별 도구의 필요성이 제기된다. 그러나 한국 이용자의 생성형 AI 의존성을 조사한 실증연구는 극히 드문 실정이며, 기존 연구는 대학생 표본에 의존하고 생성형 AI 의존성의 다차원적 특성을 다루지 못해 일반화에 한계가 있다. 본 연구는 ‘인지적 집착’, ‘부정적 결과’, ‘금단증상’의 3차원으로 구성된 고 등(Goh et al., 2025)의 생성형 AI 의존성 척도(generative artificial intelligence dependency scale [GAIDS])를 타당화하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 한국적 맥락에서 GAIDS의 타당도와 신뢰도를 검증하기 위해 본 연구는 2026년 3월, 한국 성인 1,271명을 모집하였고, 그 중 생성형 AI 이용자 895명이 본 분석에 포함되었다. 분석은 세 단계로 진행되었다. 첫째, 한국형 GAIDS에 대한 확증적 인자분석을 실시하여, 싱가포르 및 미국 표본에서 확인된 GAIDS의 다차원적 구조가 한국 표본에도 적용 가능한지 검증하였다. 분석 결과, 3차원 측정 모형은 한국의 생성형 AI 이용자에게도 적합하였으며, 일련의 신뢰도 지표가 기준치를 충족하고 수렴타당도와 판별타당도가 확보되었다. 둘째, 한국, 싱가포르, 미국 간 다집단 확증적 인자분석을 이용한 측정모형 불변성 검증을 수행하였다. 분석 결과, 구조 불변성과 측정단위 불변성은 지지되었으나, 절편 불변성과 잔차 불변성은 확립되지 않았다. 구체적으로 세 국가 간 적재치는 안정적이었으나, 생성형 AI 의존성의 3차원에 대한 평균 점수는 싱가포르 및 미국과 비교하여 한국에서 더 높게 나타났다. 셋째, GAIDS 점수와 정신건강 지표, 생성형 AI 이용시간 등 기준 변수들 간의 상관관계를 조사하여 기준타당도를 검증하였다. 그 결과, 부정적 결과와 금단증상 수준이 높을수록 자아존중감은 낮고 외로움, 불안, 우울 수준은 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 생성형 AI 이용시간은 인지적 집착, 부정적 결과, 금단증상과 비슷한 크기로 양의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 이러한 실증적 결과를 바탕으로 본 연구는 생성형 AI 의존성 측정과 관련한 학술적 의의를 논의하고, 한국 맥락에서 타당화된 GAIDS가 생성형 AI 의존성 위험군을 조기에 선별하고 적기에 개입하는 데 유용한 도구임을 제안하였다. 끝으로, 연구의 한계를 논의하고 후속 연구를 위한 제언을 제시하였다.

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) services are rapidly diffusing globally, particularly in South Korea, which boasts one of the highest user-to-population ratios in the world. This rapid adoption raises concerns regarding the adverse effects of AI dependency and highlights the need for validated screening tools. However, empirical studies investigating generative AI dependency among Korean users remain exceedingly rare. Moreover, existing research is limited in generalizability due to a reliance on undergraduate student samples and a failure to address the multidimensional nature of generative AI dependency. This study aims to validate the Generative Artificial Intelligence Dependency Scale (GAIDS) developed by Goh et al. (2025), which comprises three dimensions: cognitive preoccupation, negative consequences, and withdrawal. To test the validity and reliability of the GAIDS in the Korean context, this study recruited 1,271 Korean adults in March 2026. Among them, 895 respondents who reported using generative AI services were included in the main analysis. The analysis proceeded in three stages. First, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the Korean version of the GAIDS was conducted to test whether the multidimensional structure confirmed in the Singaporean and U.S. samples is applicable to the Korean sample. The CFA results indicated that the three-dimensional measurement model demonstrated a good fit for Korean generative AI users, confirming both convergent and discriminant validity, with a set of reliability measures satisfying conventional criteria. Second, a measurement invariance test using multigroup CFA across Korea, Singapore, and the United States was conducted. The results supported configural and metric invariance, but scalar and residual invariance were not established. Specifically, factor loadings were stable across the three countries, but the mean scores on the three dimensions of generative AI dependency were higher in Korea compared to Singapore and the United States. Third, criterion validity was tested by examining the correlations between the GAIDS scores and criterion variables, including mental health indicators and generative AI usage time. The results showed that higher levels of negative consequences and withdrawal were associated with lower self-esteem and higher levels of loneliness, anxiety, and depression. Additionally, AI usage time was positively associated with cognitive preoccupation, negative consequences, and withdrawal at similar magnitudes. Based on these empirical findings, this study discusses the academic implications for the measurement of generative AI dependency. The Korean-validated GAIDS is proposed as a practical tool that can be used to screen at-risk users at an early stage and to guide timely intervention. Finally, suggestions for future research are provided, along with a discussion of the study’s limitations.

이 연구는 OECD의 교수·학습 국제조사(TALIS) 2024 자료를 활용하여 좋은 일터로서의 학교(GSTW)의 신뢰·자부심·동료애 3요인 측정모형이 여러 국가에 걸쳐 측정동일성을 충족하는지를 검증하고 준거타당도를 실증하였다. 연구문제는 다음과 같다. 첫째, GSTW의 3요인 측정모형은 수렴타당도 및 판별타당도를 충족하는가? 둘째, GSTW 측정모형은 참여국에 걸쳐 측정동일성을 충족하는가? 셋째, GSTW 합성점수는 이직의도·직업부담감·학교 추천 의도를 유의하게 예측하는가? 넷째, GSTW 잠재평균은 국가 간에 어떠한 차이를 보이며 대한민국은 어떻게 위치하는가? 자료 구조와 모형 적합도를 검토하여 확정한 53개 교육시스템 55,862명을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, GSTW의 3요인 상관 모형(CFI=.959)이 단일요인 모형(CFI=.727)을 압도하였다. 둘째, 정렬 최적화법으로 측정동일성을 검증한 결과 비동일 모수의 비율이 11.1%로 25% 기준을 밑돌아 근사적 측정동일성이 확인되었으며, 이에 국가 간 잠재평균 비교가 정당화되었다. 셋째, GSTW 합성점수는 이직의도(β=−.293)와 직업부담감(r=−.432)을 부적으로, 학교 추천 의도(r=.577)를 정적으로 유의하게 예측하였다. 넷째, 정렬된 잠재평균 비교에서 대한민국은 53개국 중 42위였으며, 특히 자부심이 하위 4번째로 뚜렷하게 약한 차원으로 나타났다. 이 연구는 GSTW 개념의 국제적 측정 타당성을 처음으로 실증하고, GSTW를 활용한 후속 국제비교 연구의 측정론적 토대를 제공한다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

This study used OECD TALIS 2024 data to examine the cross-national measurement invariance and criterion validity of the Great School to Work (GSTW) scale, a three-factor construct?Trust (in the principal), Pride (in the profession), and Camaraderie (with colleagues)?originally developed for Korean elementary school teachers. The research questions were as follows. First, does the three-factor GSTW model show convergent and discriminant validity? Second, does the model satisfy configural, metric, and scalar invariance across participating systems? Third, does the GSTW composite predict intention to leave, job strain, and school recommendation intention? Fourth, how do observed GSTW means differ across countries, and where is Korea positioned? Analyzing 55,862 teachers from 53 educational systems?determined after examining the data structure and model fit?the results were as follows. First, the three-factor correlated model (CFI=.959) substantially outperformed the single-factor model (CFI=.727). Second, measurement invariance was examined using the alignment method; only 11.1% of parameters were non-invariant?well below the 25% guideline?indicating approximate invariance and justifying cross-national comparison of latent means. Third, the GSTW composite significantly predicted intention to leave (β=?.293), job strain (r=?.432), and school recommendation intention (r=.577) in the expected directions. Fourth, based on the aligned latent means, Korea ranked 42nd of 53 systems, with Pride being the fourth-lowest and markedly the weakest dimension. This study provides the first international validation of the GSTW framework and establishes a methodological foundation for future cross-national comparative research using GSTW.

수렴, 판별 및 집합타당도를 검정하기 위해서는 연구자가 선행연구 결과를 바탕으로 검증하고자 하는 도구와 비교측정도구로 측정한 점수의 상관관계의 정도와 방향에 대한 가설을 세우고 시행해야 한다. 분석결과가 사전에 기획하였던 가설을 만족하였을 때, 그 타당도가 만족하였다고 할 수 있다. 준거타당도는 검정하고자 하는 도구가 측정하는 개념과 같은 개념을 측정하는 표준화된 도구가 있는 경우에 실시한다.

Before evaluating convergent, discriminant, and known-groups validity, it is suggested to design an instrument that reflects hypothetical relationships or differences with other comparator instruments or groups. For criterion validity, a gold-standard instrument measuring the same construct should be carefully selected.

이 연구는 지체장애인의 운동참여제약을 측정할 수 있는 운동참여제약 측정도구(Constraints in Physical Activity Scale for people with physical Disabilities: CPASD)를 개발하는 데에 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 이 연구에서는 Messick(1995)의 통합적 타당도, Benson(1998)의 강력한 구인타당도 프로그램 틀 을 기반으로 한 다섯 가지 단계로 연구를 설계하였고, 지체장애인 264명을 대상으로 공통요인모형과 측정모형을 적용하여 CPASD의 타당도 증거를 체계적으로 제시하였다. 이 연구의 결과와 논의를 토 대로 결론을 제시하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, CPASD는 구인타당도의 증거를 제시하였다. 요인구조의 해 석가능성과 요인계수의 적합성을 통해 지도자 제약, 경제적 제약, 편견, 운동환경 제약으로 구성된 4요인, 17개 문항으로 개발되었다. 둘째, 개발된 CPASD의 요인구조(지도자제약, 경제적제약, 편견, 운 동환경제약)는 통계적으로 구분됨과 동시에, 기존 운동참여제약 관련 이론을 안정적으로 반영하였다. 셋째, 개발된 CPASD는 준거관련타당도 증거를 제시하였다. 지도자제약, 편견은 긍정적 운동정서와 부적인 상관관계를, 지도자제약, 편견, 운동환경제약은 부정적 운동정서와 정적인 상관관계를 나타내 었다. 따라서 후속 연구에서는 CPASD의 요인로 도출된 지도자제약, 경제적제약, 편견, 운동환경제약 과 관련된 현재의 제도, 실태 등을 재평가할 필요성이 대두되고, 이를 위해 CPASD를 활용한 인과관계 검증, IRT 이론을 적용한 현실 수준정도를 판단할 필요가 있다.

The purpose of this study was to develop the Constraints in Physical Activity Scale for people with physical Disabilities(CPASD) which measures the constraints in physical activity of people with physical disabilities. For this study, the 5 step analytic framework of unified validity developed by Messick (1995), the framework for conducting a strong program of construct validation by Benson (1998) method were applied. Furthermore, the validity of CPASD was systematically presented by applying common factor model and measurement model to 264 persons with physical disabilities. The conclusion based on the results and discussions of this study is as follows. First, CPASD presented evidence of job validity. Four factors (17 items) were developed, consisting of leader constraints, economic constraints, prejudice, and exercise environment constraints through the analysis of the factor structure and the fit of factor coefficients. Second, the factor structure of the developed CPASD (leader constraint, economic constraint, prejudice, exercise environment constraint) was statistically distinguished and stably reflected the existing exercise participation constraints theory. Third, the developed CPASD presented evidence of the validity of the criteria. Leader constraints and prejudice were negatively correlated with positive motor emotions, leader constraints, prejudice, and exercise environment constraints were positively correlated with negative motor emotions. Therefore, in future research, it is necessary to reevaluate the current system and actual condition related to leader constraints, economic constraints, prejudices, and exercise environment constraints derived as factors of CPASD. To do this, it is necessary to judge the degree of reality based on the causal relationship verification and IRT theory using CPASD.

Purpose: This study was conducted to test criterion-related validity of the Critical Patients' Severity Classification System (CPSCS) developed by the Hospital Nurses' Association by examining relationships with brain injury severity measured by Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), recovery state measured by Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), and days of stay in ICU of brain injury patients. Methods: Prospective correlational research design was adopted by including 194 brain injury patients admitted to ICU of one university hospital. Results: The score of CPSCS appeared to significantly discriminate the severity of brain injury. Among nursing activities in CPSCS, Respiratory therapy, IV Infusion and Medication, Monitoring, Activities of Daily Living (ADL), Treatment and Procedure were significant to discriminate the severity of brain injury. Respiratory therapy, Vital Signs, and Monitoring appeared to significantly discriminate the recovery states of 1- and 3-months. Nursing activities significantly contributed to predict the days of ICU stay were Respiratory therapy, ADL, and Teaching and Emotional Support. Conclusion: CPSCS developed by the Hospital Nurses Association appeared to be valid to discriminate or predict brain injury severity, recovery states, and days of stay in ICU for brain injury patients.

1974년부터 시작된 고교 평준화 정책은 다양한 찬 ·반 논쟁을 거치면서도 현재까지 28개 시가 도입할 정도로 꾸준히 확대되어 왔다 . 그러나 이렇게 확대 시행되어온 교육정책이 정사례가 빈번하다. 특정 교육정책 적용 여부를 검토하고 결정할 때 객관적인 기준 없이 지역 여론을 위주로 판단하는 것은 올바른 교육정책 결정 행위로 보기 어렵다 . 이에 본 연구는 특정 지역이 고교 평준화 정책의 도입 여부를 판단할 때 어떤 기준으로 검토하는 것이 타당한지 탐색해보았다 . 그 결과 ① 일반계 고교 입시경쟁의 과열성과 그에 따른 중학교 교육의 비정상적 운영 정도 , ② 일반계 고교 간 교육여건의 균등성 , ③ 해당 지역 주민들의 여론 , ④ 고입경쟁 미래 예측 , ⑤ 고교 학군 및 학생배정 방식 결정제시해 보았다. 본 연구에서 제시한 검토 기준들은 추후 좀 더 다양한 논의가 필요하겠지만 고교 평준화 정책과 관련된 만성적인 논쟁을 피하면서 동시에 지역 특성만을 고려한 현실성 있는 검토 기준을 제시해 보고자 하는데 그 의가 있다

The High School levelling Policy has been continually expanded on 28 cities since 1974, despite of many kinds of debate about it. However this policy has been introduced by public opinion in the city without any proper criteria for validity checking. When we decide acceptance or rejection of certain educational policy, it is inappropriate to introduce it depend on only public opinion in the city without objective validity. According to these problems, this study developed validity checking-criterion to apply the high school levelling policy. So the criteria will guide policy makers and stakeholder when they decide whether accept or not it. After conducting such research, five kinds of criterion were developed as followings. First, competition for academic high school entrance exam and competition for high school entrance exam and irrationality of secondary education, second, equality of educational conditions among academic high schools, third, public opinion, fourth, forecasting for competition of academic high school entrance exam, fifth readiness of decision for catchments area and students allocation. It is necessary for us to discuss more intensively about criteria introduced in this study. However this research is meaningful to introduce the checking-criterion that reflect our regional characteristic without continuing controversy about high school revelling policy.

이 연구의 목적은 2012년에 제작된 KSES(Korean-type Social Exclusiveness Scale)의 기준관련 타당도를 검증하는데 있다. 기준관련 타당도를 검증하기 위해 사회적 배제개념과 맥락이 유사한 소외를 기준을 하였다. 시이맨(M. Seeman)의 연구결과를 중심으로 만들어진 박영숙(1997)의 “소외측정지표”를 기준으로 하여 KSES의 동시적 타당도를 살펴보았다. 결과는 사회배제성 전체 값은 소외의 정도와 강한 상관성을 보였다. 소외 하위 범주인 무력감, 자기소외, 무의미성, 사회적 고립, 무규범성 등 모든 범주와 KSES의 측정치는 높은 상관성을 보였다. 다만 무규범성과 KSES의 하위 영역 간 낮은 상관성을 보이는 경우가 있었는데, 이는 평균비교검증(t-test)를 통해 근거를 보완하였다. 이로써, KSES(2012)는 소외측정지표를 기준으로 한 타당도를 검증하였다.

This Study purposed to test criterion-related validity of Korean-type Social Exclusiveness Scale(KSES 2012). For this purpose, the criteria is “alienation” that is similar to the context of social exclusion’ concept. To test the criterion-related validity of KSES, I selected Park(1996)’s alienation indicator that developed based on Seeman’s studies. I found the strong correlation within alienation indicator and KSES. Alienantion indicator include 5 sub-categories; powerlessness, meaningless, normlessness, social isolation, and self-estrangement. These sub-categories correlated with KSES’ domains. In case of normlessness, it had weak correlation with KSES’ domains. But, the problem is solved through the analysis of t-test. Through this research, the crierion-related validity of KSES is tested.